masoud nazeri

Water is one of the most significant factors limiting the production of horticultural crops. To confront drought stress, an experiment was designed as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block. Treatments included placing the pumice bag next to the tree in two levels — [no bag (B0), one bag (B1)], different levels of irrigation — [50% (I50), 75% (I75), and 100% (I100)] — and root inoculation with fungi — [mycorrhiza (Fm), Trichoderma (Ft), and no fungus (F0)]. The highest LA and SLA were measured in the B0I100Ft treatment. The maximum chlorophyll index was measured in the B1I75Ft treatment. The highest yield was measured in the B1I100Fm treatment, which increased yield by 2.1 times compared to the control. Treatments that placed the bag next to the tree and had a sufficient irrigation level yielded more. The highest concentrations of N, Zn, and K were measured in treatments with lower irrigation levels. Only irrigation and bag placement had a significant effect on P. The highest phenols, anthocyanins, antioxidants, and vitamin C were measured in the B0I50F0, B0I75F0, B0I50Ft, and B0I75Fm treatments, respectively. According to the results, the B1I75Fm treatment saved 25% in water consumption, while maintaining good fruit productivity and quality.

Sunburn is one of the significant problems in pomegranate growing, which reduces fruit yield and quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the application of antiperspirants on the quality and biochemical properties of pomegranate fruits. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments include 2% solution talc (T), zinc oxide (ZnO), kaolin (K), zinc oxide+talc (ZnT), talc+kaolin (TK), zinc oxide+kaolin (ZnT), zinc oxide+talc+kaolin (ZnTK), shading with 50% light passing and control (sprayed with water). The highest edible fruit was measured in the ZnO treatment. The maximum and minimum thickness of fruit peel was measured in the control and shading treatments, respectively. ZnO treatment reduced the thickness of the fruit peel by 30.8% compared to the control. The lowest temperature of fruit and leaf was measured in shading and ZnT treatment, respectively. The control treatment produced the lowest Fv/Fm and leaf area, (LA), and the shading treatment resulted the highest Fv/Fm, LA and chlorophyll. ZnO treatment increased Fv/Fm and LA by 11.95% and 15.55%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest anthocyanin and phenol of juice were recorded in shading treatment. The highest fruit peel phenol and the lowest fruit peel lipoxygenase activity were measured in the ZnTK treatment. The results indicated that the ZnO treatment is a suitable treatment due to the decrease in the percentage of fruit peel and the increase in the Fv/Fm and the decrease in the activity of the lipoxygenase enzyme.

Methamphetamine (MA), is a widely abused synthetic psychostimulant that leads to irreversible brain damage manifested as cognitive impairments in humans and animals. The novel object recognition (NOR) task is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of non-spatial memory in rodents. This test is based on the natural tendency of rodents to spend more time exploring a novel object than a familiar one. NOR test has been used in many studies investigating cognitive deficits caused by MA in rodents. The objective of the present study was to review neurobiological mechanisms that might be responsible for MA-induced NOR alterations. 

A PubMed search showed 83 publications using novel object recognition and methamphetamine as keywords in the past 10 years. 

The present study revealed different MA regimens cause recognition memory impairment in rodents. In addition, it was found that the main neurobiological mechanism involved in MA-induced recognition deficits is the dysfunction of monoaminergic systems. 

NOR is a useful test to assess the cognitive functions following MA administration and evaluate the efficacy of new therapeutic agents in MA-addicted individuals.

More than a decade has passed since the bullying entered the literature of Iran's organization, and many researches have been conducted. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the studies of workplace bullying in Iranian society. Therefore, all the researches of the society in question have been studied and researched in terms of methodology. This research is development oriented and the method of data collection is library study. The statistical population of the research is all articles published in domestic scientific-research journals on the topic of workplace bullying, which includes 32 studies. Also for sampling, all elements of the society were investigated. This study was conducted in the six months of autumn and winter of 1401, and articles with the title of workplace bullying, organizational bullying, and occupational bullying in terms of 8 parameters, including: Frequency of researches in each year, specialized field of researchers, organizational affiliation of researches, research approach, data analysis method, data collection tools, antecedents and consequences of bullying, and the studied work environment., have been examined. Also, since the beginning of bullying in the organizational literature of the current society, the years 1398 & 1400 have contained the most researches, and Islamic Azad University has been the leader, with ten published researches. Finally, according of the study, it is suggested that the researches be conducted with a qualitative, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis approach so that the consequences and antecedents of this type of behavior can be better and more understood in the current culture.

Workplace bullying in banks is a deviant behavior which has imposed huge physical and intangible costs on them; however, no model has ever been provided to manage it. This study is implemented to design a framework for workplace bullying management in the banking industry.

The present study was of qualitative nature and used the systematic approach of grounded theory. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with the banking managers. After interviewing the seventeenth manager, theoretical saturation was reached.

With the analysis of data, 350 codes, 60 concepts and 6 categories were obtained. The final framework was formed based on the central phenomenon of workplace bullying (persistent harassment) which includes the following factors: a. contextual factors (job characteristics, reaction to bullying, demographic characteristics), b. causal factors (fit environment for bullying), c. mediating factors (personality, social elements, educational system, family conditions), d. strategies (developing employee-oriented culture, enacting anti-bullying laws, effective human resource management), and e. consequences (individual, organizational, social). 

In addition to recognizing the antecedents and consequences of workplace bullying in the current culture, the important role of society in the formation of bullying and its interaction with the society is identified. Also, according to the findings, the victim's perception of the bullying process is considered to be a significant factor.

In order to control the bullying phenomenon and weaken its effects on the banking industry, it is suggested that this industry applies such strategies as anti-bullying laws, employee-oriented culture and effective human resource management, which were presented in this research.

Sunburn is one of the most important problems in pomegranate cultivation, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antiperspirant application on quality and biochemical properties of pomegranate fruits in Qom. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments were talc (T), zinc oxide (ZnO), kaolin (K), zinc oxide+talc (ZnT), talc+kaolin (TK), zinc oxide+kaolin (ZnT), zinc oxide+talc+kaolin (ZnTK), shading with 50% light passing and control (sprayed with water). The results showed that the fruit quality characteristics were significantly affected by treatments. The highest fruit skin thickness was observed in control and the lowest was seen in ZnT treatment. ZnK treatment resulted in highest aril length, but the other treatments had no effects on aril diameter, length and diameter of pomegranate kernel. The highest fruit skin phenol content was seen ZnTK treatment and the other treatments were almost at similar significant levels. The lowest pH of the skin and aril peroxidase were observed in the Shading and the combination of talc, kaolin and zinc oxide had the highest peroxidase activity. ZnK enhanced laccase activity by 77% compared to control. The highest and lowest lipoxygenase activity were measured in ZnTK and kaolin treatments, respectively. Because of its good peroxidase level and lower lipoxygenase and laccase activity, the zinc oxide seems to be a good treatment for increasing the quality of pomegranate fruits.

Improving water use efficiency in horticultural crops can be achieved by adopting appropriate practices. An experiment was conducted to reduce water stress in Peach var red top grafted on GF677. The experiment was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of bag placement beyond tree trunk (0, 1 and 2 bag/tree), irrigation rate (50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity) and fugues (0, Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma). The results indicated that the highest content of chlorophyll and fruit number were observed in 2 bag 100 irrigation and Trichoderma treatment which 18% was higher than that of control. The increased both trunk diameter and stem growth were achieved in the treatment 0 bag, 100 irrigation, Mycorrhiza, 1 bag, 75% irrigation and Trichoderma, respectively. Treatment 0 bag, 75% irrigation and 0 fungi had the highest content of total soluble solid (TSS) and TSS/Titratable acidity. In general, the treatment of 1 bag, 75% irrigation and Mycorrhiza led to increased growth, yield and quality of fruits.

The most important factor limiting the production of horticultural crops, especially in countries like Iran, is water deficiency. Application of appropriate methods to increase water efficiency in fruit trees is the most important factor for optimal fruit production. This study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications on Redtop peach trees grafted on GF677. Treatments included placing the bag near to the tree to direct the root to the bag and creating semi-hydroponic conditions that were performed at three levels without bag, one bag, and two bags. Also, to estimate the effects of the split root system in increasing water efficiency, different levels of irrigation were performed at three levels of 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity. Effective fungi inoculation at three levels including no fungus, Mycorrhiza glumus and Trichoderma harizanium were applied to evaluate the efficiency of water. Physiological and qualitative properties of saplings were evaluated 24 months after planting. The results showed that leaf growth parameters were significantly increased by bag insertion, fungal inoculation and irrigation. One bag placement, 75% irrigation capacity and inoculation of Trichoderma increased leaf fresh and dry weights by 62 and 52%, respectively. Fruit diameter and length were increased by 6 and 8%, respectively, in placement of two bags. Bagging was increased sugar content and titrable acidity compared to control. Mycorrhiza fungi enhanced titratable acidity and Trichoderma enhanced fruit firmness up to 9 and 32%, respectively.

Empathy is defined as the ability to simulate the mental states of others. Recent studies havedemonstrated empathy-like behaviors in other animals including rats and mice. The objective of the currentstudy was to evaluate the effect of acute administration of morphine and naloxone on cognition andnociception changes following observing conspecifics undergoing nociceptive stimulus.

Adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 8 for each group). One cagemate received formalin injectioninto the hindpaw five times within a nine-day period and the other cagemate observed the pain while beingpretreated with saline, morphine, or naloxone [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]. Pain behaviors, anxiety-likebehaviour, locomotion, balance and muscle strength were evaluated in the observer animals.

Observing a cagemate in pain increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced thermal pain threshold in theobserver animals. Administration of morphine reversed these effects and naloxone did not affect the responses.

Results of the current study reveal an important role for opioid receptors (ORs) in empathy forpain, so that activation of this system dampens the empathy-like responses.

Today, one of the most important challenges of organizational behavior is the Personnel bullying in the workplace. Accordingly, the aim of present study is to identify of workplace Bullying antecedents and consequences through the meta-analysis of existing researches in this field. This research is an applied one in terms objective, descriptive in terms of research type, and quantitative in terms of data nature. The Statistical population of the study includes 146 valid internal and external papers, 18 of which were evaluated using judgment method. The criteria for selection of articles include using valid research method, surveying of Bullying antecedents and consequences, and the empirical research, which it has been analyzed using the CMA2 software. Identification reliability was obtained by the referees’ agreement on the selection of researches and classification. The coding reliability was obtained by referees’ agreement for use of specific concepts for coding the variables, and also the reliability of the significance level and effect size are obtained by agreeing to calculate the effect size of between the two Meta analysts. The results showed that the most important antecedents of workplace bullying include Stress, Organizational silence, HR management, Machiavellian character and Job demand; also the most important consequences of workplace bullying include Stress, Turnover Intentions, Negative affectivity and Burnout.

Pain is a unique and subjective experience that has a prominent function in animals’ survival. Observation of pain in others leads to alterations in pain sensation and affection, termed “Empathy for pain”. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of empathy on sensory and affective dimensions of pain and its effect on anxiety-like behaviors. In this study, male Wistar rats were used. Two cage mates were selected, one of which underwent administration of a noxious stimuli for 10 days and the other observed the conspecific in pain. Hot plate, tail flick, and conditioned place aversion were used to evaluate sensory and affective dimensions of pain, respectively. Anxiety-like behavior was assayed using elevated plus maze paradigm and time spent in open and close arms and number of entrance into each arm was recorded as the anxiety indicator within a 5-minute framework. Rats observing the cage mate in pain had a lower threshold to noxious stimuli in comparison to controls. They also had an increased aversion from painful stimuli, demonstrating heightened affective response to pain. Anxiety-like behavior was also enhanced in the observers. Results of this study demonstrate that both sensory and affective dimensions of pain are altered following observation of pain in a conspecific. Further studies evaluating the underlying mechanisms are encouraged to elucidate the role of different neurotransmitters in this phenomenon.

 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common infections which still affects individuals worldwide. The main route for transmission of H. pylori infection is the oral route and this microorganism has been detected in dental plaque. In past decades, there have been a number of controversies about the station of dental plaque in the recurrence of gastric H. pylori Infection after eradication by triple therapy. In this study, attempts have been made to illustrate the current body of high quality evidence in this field.  All relevant studies published between 2000 and 2017 were included in this review. The creditable databases were searched for relevant key words. The cross-sectional, experimental, and interventional investigations assessing the existence of H. pylori in the plaque, the state of plaque in gastric re-infection, the presence of co-infection between the oral cavity and stomach, the influence of triple therapy on the plaque, and the impression of periodontal treatments on prevention of recurrent gastric H. pylori infection were included.  Science metric review of literature demonstrated considerable disagreement with no definite conclusion. Due to the existing diversity in methodology and population groups, wide variation in results was reported.  Further homogenous studies are required to more clarify the “H. pylori in dental plaque” theory.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain can be appeared repeatedly following traumatic events. Although in acute stress condition, pain perception significantly covered by stress, few studies have discussed the changes in pain perception in a PTSD stress conditioning. In the present study, changes of facial acute pain and allodynia have been investigated in an animal model of PTSD.

Male Wistar rats were divided to two groups as control and under stress. PTSD was induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) method and confirmed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and rats plasma corticostrone levels. Acute facial pain and allodynia were evaluated by the eye wiping test and von frey test in the experimental groups.

SPS rats spent less time and made a fewer entries into the open arms of EPM (p < 0.05). The corticostrone level was significantly decreased in Stress + DEXA group compared to the Control + DEXA (p < 0.05). The number of eye wiping was significantly decreased in SPS-induced rats compared to the control (p < 0.001). The response threshold of applying von frey filament in face of SPS-induced rats was significantly increased compared to the control (p < 0.001).

Acute pain perception and allodynia of face area of rats was reduced in SPS-induced animals. Increased endogenous opioids in PTSD condition may lead to this observation.

Stress can alter response to nociception. Under certain circumstances stress enhances nociception, a phenomenon which is called stress‑induced hyperalgesia (SIH). While nociception has been studied in this paradigm, possible alterations occurring in passive avoidance (PA) learning after exposing rats to this type of stress has not been studied before.

In the current study, we evaluated the effect of chronic swim stress (FS) or sham swim (SS) on nociception in both spinal (tail‑flick) and supraspinal (53.5 ̊C hot‑pate) levels. Furthermore, PA task was performed to see whether chronic swim stress changes PA learning or not. Mobility of rats and anxiety‑like behavior were assessed using open‑field test (OFT).

Supraspinal pain response was altered by swim stress (hot‑plate test). PA learning was impaired by swim stress, rats in SS group did not show such impairments. Rats in the FS group showed increased mobility (rearing, velocity, total distant moved (TDM) and decreased anxiety‑like behavior (time spent in center and grooming) compared to SS rats.

This study demonstrated the simultaneous impairment of PA and nociception under chronic swim stress, whether this is simply a co‑occurrence or not is of special interest. This finding may implicate a possible role for limbic structures, though this hypothesis should be studied by experimental lesions in different areas of rat brain to assess their possible role in the pathophysiology of SIH

Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC), Central odontogenic fibroma (COF) and aggressive central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) are rare pathologic diseases affecting the jaws. While the Co-existence of two of them is reported in the literature, existence of all three conditions in one patient is an extremely rare entity. In the present report, initial biopsy revealed fibrosarcoma, therefore mandibular resection was performed for the subject. Sectional Histopathologic evaluation revealed the co-existence of three conditions through histopathologic evaluation. This report emphasizes the importance of precise microscopical evaluation of jaw lesions and thorough sectional examination of the lesions to reach the precise diagnosis. Treatment modalities and follow-up radiographs are also provided to help clinicians manage these entities.

The present study was performed on propose of assessment and comparison of stress, depression and emotional intelligence among medical students and engineering students This cross-sectional study was done on 383 student in 1st to 3rd year students of medicine, dentistry, nursing, computer science, electronics, and materials, 60 members of each subject were selected and classified randomly. The emotional intelligence questionnaire (SSEIT-33), the obtained stress (PSS-10) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) were used to assess the significance of the data which was examined and analized utilizing Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi-square, and t are independent groups, were analyzed. The mean score of emotional intelligence in the general population was121.4±13.4, the mean score of experienced strees score was 17.5±6.8, and the mean score of Beck depression test was 10.28±8.7. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between emotional intelligence and stress (r = - 0.417, p = 0.01) and between emotional intelligence and depression(r = -0.372, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between students of different disciplines in terms of emotional intelligence, stress and depression(p> 0.05); moreover, the relationship between age, gender, marital status and education level of emotional intelligence, stress and depression was not significant (p> 0.05). In concultion, the results showed that emotional intelligence was effective to lessen stress and depression, and the difference regarding to these technical components was not noticed between medical students and engineering students.. Therefore, the promotion of emotional intelligence in medical and engineering students appears to be necessary.

Female physicians, especially gynecologists and pediatricians, have a comprehensive knowledge of the complications caused by Cesarean section. These specialists play a pivotal role in raising maternal awareness, providing prenatal care, performing screening tests and delivery of healthy infants. Given the significant correlation between the type of delivery and the mental development of neonates, this study aimed to compare the rate of Cesarean section among female gynecologists and pediatricians with other specialists. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 179 female physicians with at least one living, healthy child in 2012. Data were collected using questionnaires including the degree of specialty, mode of delivery and the reason (medical or non-medical), maternal age at birth time and the employment status of the subjects. In total, more than 60% of the studied specialists chose Cesarean delivery for non-medical reasons, and the rate of C-section among gynecologists and pediatricians was 2.36 times higher compared to other specialists. In addition, the possibility of C-section declined to 42% with the increasing number of childbirths, and the risk of C-section increased between 25-30% with the age. Gynecologists and pediatricians preferred C-section 4.2 times than other specialists, and no significant differences were observed between the employment status of the subjects (faculty members vs. Others) and the choice of delivery mode. According to the results of this study, the preference of C-section for non-medical reasons was noticeably higher among gynecologists and pediatricians compared to other specialists. Therefore, these two groups could not be considered as a proper model to reduce the rate of C-section.

Effective post-operative pain management is one of the problems following root canal treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed analgesics in endodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of naproxen in controlling pain following root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.

This triple-blinded clinical trial was performed on 68 patients admitted to dental school for root canal treatment (RCT). Patients were randomly allocated to treatment or placebo groups. After performing RCT, the patients received naproxen (275 mg every 12 hours for 48 hours) or placebo. Patients were instructed to complete a VAS pain score at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after single visit root canal treatment. Patients were classified as having no, mild, moderate, or severe pain. Data were analyzed via SPSS software using chi-square and t-test.

Although there was a significant difference between naproxen prescription compared with placebo in 6 and 72 hour intervals, the effect of naproxen in controlling post endodontic pain in all intervals was more than placebo. In addition, the duration of pain was shorter in the subjects receiving naproxen.

Based on the results of the present study, naproxen could be suggested to control post endodontic pain in patients with irreversible pulpitis.

Sub-chronic swim stress is known to induce a prolonged hyperalgesia, which is mediated through NMDA and opioid systems. Nitric oxide is a soluble gas, which acts as a retrograde messenger that modulates the release of mentioned neurotransmitters. It is also involved in nociception and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO pathway in nociception and memory disruption induced by sub-chronic swim stress. Three sessions forced swimming stress protocols were applied to rats. Before each swimming session, pretreatment with L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.), L-Arginine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was made. Passive avoidance learning, nociception and anxiety-like behavior were evaluated 24 hours after last swim stress session. Results showed that step through latency was decreased after swim stress and it could be inhibited by pretreatment with L-NAME. Swim stress increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, which could be inhibited by pretreatment with L-NAME and L-Arginine. Reduced thermal threshold was observed in the nociceptive measurement after swim stress. Pretreatment with L-NAME could reverse this reduced threshold. The results of this study indicate that sub-chronic swim stress impairs nociception and passive avoidance learning. It seems that NO pathway have a modulatory role in these alterations.

Neurotoxicity of anticancer drugs complicates treatment of cancer patients. Vinblastine (VBL) is reported to induce motor and cognitive impairments in patients receiving chronic low-dose regimen. The effects of VBL treatment on motor, learning and memory functions of male and female Wistar rats were studied by behavioral related tests. Animals were given chronic intraperitoneal injections of VBL (0.2 mg/kg/week for 5 weeks) from postnatal day 23 to 52. Motor function was evaluated using grasping test and balancing was evaluated by the rotarod. Spatial learning and memory and anxiety-like behavior were determined using Morris water maze (MWM) task and open field test, respectively. Administration of VBL caused severe damage to motor and balance function of male rats in comparison to female rats treated with VBL and rats treated with saline. Memory and locomotion were affected in both male and female rats compared with saline treated rats, while a sex difference was also observed in these parameters; male rats showed more impairment compared with female ones. Both male and female rats showed cognitive impairments in MWM task and no sex differences were observed in these functions. Results revealed that VBL is a potent neurotoxic agent and despite the profound effect of VBL on motor and cognitive functions, it seems that male rats are more susceptible to motor deficits induced by VBL.

Formalin injection induces nociceptive bahaviour in phase I and II, with a quiescent phase between them. While active inhibitory mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for initiation of interphase, the exact mechanisms which lead to termination of nociceptive response in phase II are not clear yet. Phase II is a consequence of peripheral and central sensitization processes, which can lead to termination of the noxious stimuli responses; 45-60 minutes after formalin injection via possible recruitment of active inhibitory mechanisms which we have investigated in this study. To test our hypothesis, in the first set of experiments, we evaluated nociceptive response after two consecutive injection of formalin (50μL, 2%), with intervals of 5 or 60 minutes. In the next set, formalin tests were carried out in companion with injection of Naloxone Hydrochloride, a non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, pre-formalin injection and 30 and 45 minutes post formalin injection. While normal nociceptive behaviour was observed in the group receiving one injection of formalin, a diminished response was observed in phases I and II of those receiving consequent injection of formalin, 60 minute after first injection. While second injection of formalin, 5 minute after first injection, had no effect. Administration of naloxone (1mg/kg) decreased nociception in phase 2A; but had no effect on delayed termination of formalin test. The results of this study suggest the existence of an active inhibitory mechanism, other than the endogenous opioids, that is responsible for termination of nociceptive behaviour at the end of formalin test.