فهرست مطالب masoud samian

Agricultural producers are facing various risks. A group of these risks are production risks that affect the production or performance of the producer; Among these risks, we can mention weather changes, diseases, pests, etc. The second group of risks, so-called price risks, affects the price received by the producer or the price paid for his input, and as a result, causes fluctuations in prices. The third group of risks is called policy-making or institutional risks. Producers always face this group of risks; The fourth group of risks, which are called market risks, are caused by the market conditions of agricultural products and the lack of market infrastructure. The fifth group of risks that the government must take necessary measures to face are health risks. Here, we do not mean the consumer's health, but the producer's health. Because the producer, as a human being, performs a part of the production process, which in many cases has no replacement; Pricing policies and tools include tools whose policy variable is to support the price received by the producer for the product or the price paid for the inputs used in production. This article seeks to the effect of price policies on the optimal cropping pattern (Case study: Kobudarahang Plains).

In this research, to investigate the impact of price policies, the approach of positive mathematical planning is used, in which many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical planning have been removed. Therefore, considering the aforementioned advantages and its novelty compared to other agricultural policy analysis methods, and considering that the mentioned method is one of the mathematical planning methods, it has been chosen as the methodology of the present research for the analysis of the desired policies. The secondary data in this research was obtained from the Jihad Organization of Agriculture, Regional Water, Iran Statistics Center, etc., and finally 11 scenarios including price, input, and irrigation efficiency scenarios were compiled and implemented in Kabudar Ahang Plain using GAMS software.

The results of applying the scenario of removing the guaranteed price policy and pricing products with the world price and the exchange rate of 42 thousand Rials in the Kabudar Ahang Plain showed that as a result of applying this policy, the area under cropping in the region has decreased drastically, so that the area under cropping in the area has decreased from 135,439 hectares to 79,501 hectares. (41%) decreases. The largest decrease in the cultivated area is related to dry wheat with a 70% decrease. The results of applying the scenario of removing the guaranteed price policy and pricing products with the world price and the exchange rate of 136 thousand Rials in the Kabodar Ahang plain indicated that by applying this scenario, the area under cropping will decrease by 30%. The third scenario investigated regarding the guaranteed price in this study is the continuation of the policy of guaranteeing the price of agricultural products according to the approved prices of the 2019-2019 crop year in the Kabudar Ahang plain, as a result of the application of this policy, the area under cropping in the entire region will decrease by 39%, which is the largest decrease in the area under cropping It is related to the low-yield crops of rainfed barley (67 percent) and dry wheat (48 percent). On the other hand, as a result of applying this policy and according to the prices of the crop year 2019-400, the area under cropping of cucumber, potato and blue wheat has increased the most and the orders increased by 129%, 82% and 51%. Another important point regarding this policy is that water consumption will be reduced by 39%.

This study examines the effect of microcredit accounts, Empowerment of rural women and rural development. Survey research was conducted in the second half of 2021. The study's sample comprises rural women in microcredit accounts in Karim Abad and Parluk villages in Saleh Abad County in Hamedan Province.

A questionnaire was used for data collection, but interviews, observations, and field studies were also used. Experts confirmed that the questionnaire had a valid face. The questionnaire was given to credit, economy, banking, and financial credit experts to determine its reliability. As a result of Cronbach's alpha analysis, a value of 0.82 was obtained, which is very satisfactory. SPSS software was used to analyze the data to identify the key factors.

Based on the value of variance, we present five significant factors that influence microcredit accounts of rural women in this study: economic and motivational factors (16.051), social damages (14.701), satisfaction (14.545), empowerment of employment (9.057), and investment development (7.371).

The rationalization sessions should be held for those not members of such credits to familiarize them with the development of such distinctions and encourage them to engage in profitable occupations. A further suggestion is to establish a communicative network among these credit institutions in other villages to share experiences and learn from one another.

The number of all Handmade-Carpet cooperatives was 38 including 366 members. Of those members 181 people were selected as the samples through Morgans' sampling table. A proportionate selection method was used to select the fit samples from each cooperative. The validity of the questions was done by experts' views and recommendations. The reliability of the questions was tested through Alpha's test (alpha =0.874 to 0.909). After gathering data, SPSS software was used to analyze and describe the data. In descriptive part, both frequency tables and central statistics such as mean, median and mode as well as discrepancy statistics such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation were used. In analytical part, correlation and regression analysis methods and Mann-Whitenny and Kruskal- Wallis tests were used. The correlation's results showed that there was a significant relationship between variables attendance into training courses, income's amount from the cooperatives, the level of content relevancy, the level of objectives relevancy, the level of educators' knowledge, the level of training methods relevancy and the the effectiveness of the training courses. In addition, the results of regression analysis by a stepwise method revealed that the variables the level of objectives relevancy, income's amount from the cooperatives, and the level of educators' knowledge were determined 81.6 percent of dependent variable (the training courses' effectiveness).

The main purpose of this s tudy was to inves tigate the Inhibitors of e-learning (non-face-to-face) fromthe viewpoint of the Faculty of Agriculture of Bu Ali Sina University. The scope of this s tudy of the FacultyAgriculture of Bu Ali Sina University. The required data for the research has been collected using a survey andques tionnaire method. In order to determine the reliability of the ques tionnaire, the ordinal theta coefficientwas used, 82% for 46 ques tions. The sample population of the Faculty Agriculture of Bu Ali Sina Universityincludes 81, that were selected by random sampling in several s tages (n=63). Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the barriers to e-learning. The results of the exploratory factor analysis show thatimplementation obs tacles such as low facilities for evaluating learning progress in courses, low facilities of eelectronic education sys tem for the continuation of learning activities by faculty members, low facilities, in the electronic education sys tem in terms of providing the possibility of feedback by the members of the academics taff, the low level of permission to the learner or the teacher to change the way the lesson is presented,the low level of encouragement of the electronic education sys tem in the communication between learnerand teacher have the mos t significant effect in obs tacles, as a result, removing these obs tacles leads to the development of education It will be electronic.

In recent decades, the agricultural sector in most developing countries has been influenced by a variety of government interventionist policies aimed at supporting this sector in comparison with other economic sectors. These policies cover a wide range of interventions that directly or indirectly affect the price and market of these products. In Iran, the agricultural sector and its sub-sectors have also been affected by these policies in recent decades. These interventions have been done mainly through controlling the price of goods, imposing quotas or paying subsidies on their production inputs. On the other hand, with increasing pressure for production and cultivation level, the sustainability of the exploitation system has been challenged, so the purpose of this study is to analyze the policy system of the agricultural sector and provide supportive strategies for optimal cultivation and sustainable development. The statistical population of this study in the first part to measure sustainability using the AHP method is experts and experts in the agricultural sector and in the second part secondary information is obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Regional Water, Statistics Center of Iran and .... Finally, 11 scenarios were developed and implemented in the Hamadan-Bahar plain using GAMS software. The results of the research for each of the studied scenarios showed that in using each scenario, the best scenario should be considered according to the upstream documents and the characteristics of the region,

This study was intended to investigate the economic, social and cultural effects of rural women’s micro credits accounts in Hamedan Province. The study was designed as a survey research which was conducted in second half of 2013. The population of this study were the rural women enrolled in such micro credits accounts in Karim Abad and Parluk villages in Saleh Abad County in Hamedan Province which was investigated and analyzed as a total population sampling. Questionnaire was used for data collection, but interview, observation and field study were also implemented. The face validity and the reliability of the questionnaire were examined which were quite acceptable. To analyze data, factor analysis was utilized to find the key factors which was conducted by SPSS software. The results showed that there were five main key factors affecting the micro credit accounts of rural women which were presented based on the following  variances value: economic and motivation issues (16.051), lack of social damages (14.701), satisfaction (14.545), occupation empowering (9.057) and investment development (7.307).

While promoting rural economic enterprises and businesses can contribute to create and strengthen entrepreneurship, this as a crucial strategy will accelerate rural development process. Through extending these businesses and strengthening entrepreneurship among rural people proper solutions can be found to combine resources both inside and outside the village. It can also assist to provide both prerequisites to improve quality of rural personal and social life as well as necessary tools for sustainable economy and environment for rural people. This study was an attempt to explore some solutions for creating, strengthening and promoting rural small businesses in Hamedan's rural areas. To achieve this, a qualitative methodology through interviewing with 25 experts in the area of rural development was used. A summarized content analysis technique also was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results showed the solutions to develop rural small businesses include implementation of training programs for improving rural skills and abilities especially in technical and economic activities, creation and enforcement the marketing networks, preparation of facilities and necessary possibilities such as banking, insurance and transporting facilities.

The main purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting optimal management of agricultural water in Hamadan's area. The statistical population of the study included all Hamadan's farmers. A number of 148 farmers were selected randomly through a proportional sampling method in two phases. Both questionnaire and interview techniques were used in order to collect data. The empirical and face validity of the questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts consisting of faculty members and natural resources specialists. The questionnaires’ reliability was tested by Cronbach’s Alpha technique and it was 91% (α= 0.91). In addition to quantitative methodology such as descriptive statistics and factor analysis a qualitative methodology was employed for dynamic simulation among variables through Vensim software. In this study, factor analysis technique was used through the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests. From the results, four key elements were identified as factors affecting the optimal management of agricultural water in Hamedan area. These factors were institutional and legal factors, technical and knowledge factors, economic factors and social factors.

This study was a qualitative research which was done by a case study approach. The samples were chosen from rural development experts of Hamedan Province during a snowball sampling process. The data were collected by the semistructured interviews. The data collection was done by faceto- face interviews, after the interview questions guide was determined. The theoretical saturation was attained by interviewing 25 respondents and at this point the interview process was laid off. The qualitative analysis of interviews was done by a content analysis method. The results showed that in order to develop and promote the rural women enterprises not only financial, domestic, managerial, educational and cultural supports are needed but some approaches like culturalization and educational programs are vital too.

Nowadays, thousands tons of chemicals material are used to increase agricultural production that provides a risky situation for the communities. Recently, biological or organic agriculture is considered to get rid of such problems. But this style of agriculture is facing with many difficulties and challenges. This study was performed in three phases by using Delphi method. In this regard, the statistical population of the study were 32 experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kohkiluyeh Va Buyer Ahmad Province, Iran. The results show that, regarding economic barriers, lack of governmental support; regarding social - cultural barriers, lack of consumption culture of organic products and regarding the political and administrative barriers, lack of clear policies and legislation in the field of organic farming are the main obstacles. Weakness in the education system for the production and consumption of organic products is also among the highest priorities in educational barriers. Education and culturalization in the field organic agriculture and appointing a special organization for this purpose seems to be essential. [Masoud Samian et al. Educational, Social, Economical Barriers of Organic Agriculture Implementation. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2012; 2(4):165-170].