فهرست مطالب mehdi izadi

The purpose of the current research is to design and explain the political behavior model of managers in government organizations. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of execution method, and inductive-deductive in terms of the logic of data collection. The statistical population includes 30 experts (professors and managers of government organizations), selected by purposeful sampling. Data collection tools include semi-structured interviews. In the data analysis, thematic analysis and the MICMAC software were used, and to prioritize the factors affecting political behavior, for the interpretative structural approach, the ism method was used. The results of the findings showed that 11 main categories were identified in 6 levels. Also, the findings showed that in the sixth level, social cultural gap and personality traits of people had the most effect compared to other factors, although cultural weakness was the most effective factor. Public belief is placed at the fifth level of the model. At the fourth level, there are political will of people and image management and organizational evaluation. At the third level, there is the individual power of people. Organizational processes and organizational elections and appointments are at the second level, and at the last level are the model of laws and regulations and the structure of government organizations.

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that is relatively common in the distal extremities. Primary SS of bone is an extremely rare finding. Here in this report, we present a 44‑year‑old male patient referred with bone and later bone fracture that was finally diagnosed with primary SS of thumerus. So far, 13 documented cases of primary SS of the bone have been reported. The current case is the second known case of primary SS of humerus. Our case was treated with both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies associated with surgical tumor removal and prosthesis implantation. Follow‑up of the case demonstrated significant remission but with late metastasis and subsequent advanced chemotherapy regimens.

Conservation agriculture is a powerful factor in accessing future food needs. Protective agricultural practices can preserve and regenerate soil. Conservation tillage is a method for managing droughts to maintain ground water, as well as reducing agricultural production costs and increasing soil organic matter. According to the research, about 60% of the mechanical energy used in mechanized agriculture is related to soil tillage operations. The precision of the use of field implements and logs is important for any kind of tillage equipment (Larney et al., 2017). Appropriate tillage methods, depending on the soil type and climatic conditions, can be effective in achieving suitable water conditions in the soil. When the soil is facing limited water supply, tillage is done to maximize soil moisture retention. Energy consumption analysis can show how to reduce energy input into the production system and increase energy efficiency. In order to deal with and prevent such a situation, conservation is considered as an effective solution in many countries of the world. One of the basic goals of each production sector, such as agriculture, is to increase production and reduce costs. Therefore, it is important to determine economic indicators by determining production costs and yield, as well as determining the ratio of profit to cost (Erdal et al., 2007). In this research, the energy and economic indices and seed yield for different protective tillage systems of wheat cultivation with wheat yield approach were compared.

In this research, the state of energy consumption and economic efficiency of different tillage systems in native conditions of agricultural plain of Naz was investigated for wheat. Tillage systems included conventional tillage (CT), no tillage and no plant remnants (NT), minimum tillage using combinate (MTCO), minimum tillage using no tillage planting machine (MTNT), no tillage with plant remnants (NTR). The purpose of this study was to study the energy consumption and economic efficiency of different soil tillage systems in native conditions of Naz Sardinia plain.

wheat cultivation, the MTCO system had the highest wheat grain yield and energy indices, the system with a ratio of 4.84 to 4.9% energy, to 29.9 kg.MJ-1 of energy efficiency, and to 3.42 MJ.kg-1 of intensity Energy is the best system for wheat cultivation in terms of energy indicators. The NTR system with direct energy consumption of 4570, indirect 17163, renewable 2561 and non-renewable 19398, as well as energy systems of 4376 MJ.ha-1, in general, was the least energy-consuming system in terms of energy, but had a low yield of 5025 kg.ha-1 of wheat Should be. Looking at the obtained values ​​for economic indicators of protective systems in wheat cultivation, NT and NTR systems in profit and cost indicators and economic productivity are respectively 13.8 and 13.4% higher than the CT system, and also with 22 and 21% higher gross profit compared to the CT system, both showed acceptable yield for these indices. Also, in the Economic Indicators section, despite the lower cost of production for the NTR system, the MTCO system has 26% higher performance and higher sales prices and 25.5% lower than the NTR system and 35.2% more gross margin than the NTR system. MTCO system has the best status among 5 systems in terms of profit-to-cost and economic efficiency indices with 34.4% difference compared to CT system. In general, MTCO, MTNT, NT, NTR and CT systems are maximal to minimum for all gross profit, gross margin, profit-to-cost, profitability, and sales margins, respectively.

Eventually, the MTCO system, with its superiority in energy and economic indicators, was introduced as the optimal option for tillage and planting of wheat in the native conditions of the agricultural plains of Naz.

The aim of this research was investigating understanding of Tehran’s second ‎elementary school students of the fraction concept (part-whole subconstruct) based on APOS and ‎SOLO theories. This study’s method was descriptive-survey ‎method, its statistical population was Tehran’s second elementary school students in the academic ‎year 1397-1398 and its sample was 598 people of the statistical population that selected by multistage sampling method. A test with an unusual task used for collecting data. The content validity of the research tools were confirmed by experts and scholars of mathematics education, and the reliability of the research tools was obtained based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.7. Results of this ‎study showed that students have a limited understanding of fraction’s concept and they have common misconceptions. The most common misconceptions ‎found include: (1) Disregarding the requirement of ‎equal parts in part- whole ‎subconstruct; 2- Understanding fraction in part- whole subconstruct as ‎the part-to-part ratio & 3- ‎Using approximate partitioning ‎to determine the exact fraction of the specified part.‎ Analyzing the responses based on the APOS theory also revealed students did not have ability to use this concept in dealing with unusual situations. In analyzing ‎the responses based on the Solo model, more than 60% of the responses were ‎in the multistructural level. The suggestions of this research ‎are not to over-emphasize the part -whole subconstruct, creating ‎equal opportunities for developing other subconstruct‎s of fraction and emphasizing on ‎conceptual learning of procedures and algorithms relative to fraction ‎concept in content and ‎opportunities presented to students.‎

This research was conducted with the aim of ‎investigating ‎Mathematical-Task Knowledge and Common Content Knowledge ‎of ‎elementary School teachers of fraction concept in Tehran province. The method of this study was ‎descriptive-survey method, its ‎statistical ‎population included the elementary School teachers in Tehran province ‎in the academic year 1397-‎‎1398 and its sample were 137 ‎people ‎selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this study, a researcher-made test consisting of an unusual two-part task was used to examine the Mathematical-Task Knowledge and Common Content Knowledge ‎of ‎elementary teachers regarding the fraction concept.‎ The results of the study revealed that teachers do not have ‎suitable Mathematical-Task Knowledge and Common Content Knowledge of the fraction concept (part-whole sub-construct). ‎The overemphasis on part-whole sub-construct, lack of attention ‎to all aspects of part-whole sub-construct of fraction, and lack of ‎balanced attention to other sub-constructs of fraction concept in the ‎educational content of teachers and students can be part of the ‎possible causes of this weakness. Therefore, balancing the various ‎sub-constructs of fraction concept and disengagement from the part-whole approach in the educational content of teachers and students and improving elementary teachers' Common Content Knowledge and Mathematical-Task Knowledge through courses and workshops are the suggestions of this study.

Teachers need a variety of knowledge and competencies to teach mathematics well, and examining teachers' status of these skills and competencies can be a good area of research. One of the competencies needed by teachers is the competence of designing mathematical tasks. Mathematics task plays a key role in students' mathematics learning, and " what students learn is largely defined by the tasks they are given." There are various definitions of mathematics task in research literature. Watson and Sullivan (2008) define mathematics task as information that serves as the prompt for student work, presented to them as questions, situations, and instructions that are both the starting point and context for their learning. Various classifications for mathematics tasks have been presented so far. One of them is the classification of tasks according to the type of their function in the teaching process. In this type of classification, tasks are classified to 1- Warm up task; 2- learning task; 3- review task; 4- Practice task; 5. Assessment tasks. Assessment tasks are tasks that teachers use to evaluate students' performance, and because of the role and importance of assessment in the mathematics teaching and learning process, can play an important role in teaching and learning process. With considering the importance of the ability to design task, one of the appropriate situations that can study teachers' ability in this case by that, is the mathematical problem posing situation. Silver (1994) defines the mathematical problem posing as producing of a new problem from a situation or experience, new formulating of problems. Stoyanova and Ellerton (1996) classified problem-posing situations according to their structure into three categories: 1) free; 2) semi-structured; and 3) structured. A review of research literature revealed that one of areas deceived by researchers is examining relationship between teachers' task design ability and teacher' problem posing ability, and evaluating teachers' task design ability using problem posing situations. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate task design ability of new elementary Mathematics books’ provincial instructors based on ‎problem posing situations about addition and subtraction operations. The reason for this study of the two operations of addition and subtraction is the role and importance of these two operations in individuals' mathematical learning. Addition and subtraction is the foundation of school mathematics and has an impact on mathematical content across different grades. A descriptive survey method was used to conduct this study. The statistical population of the study consisted of the new elementary Mathematics books’ provincial instructors. 151 of whom participated in one of State Mathematics Supply Courses New Mathematics Textbooks for Elementary School were selected by convenience sampling. To collect the data. A researcher-made test was used in which their' assessment task design ability for two addition and subtraction operations was evaluated through the free problem posing situation. The posed problems by the participants were analyzed on two basis: 1) addition and subtraction and 2) task design. For the analysis of problems based on addition and subtraction operation axis, closed-ended symbolic problems were analyzed using Van de Walle et al. (2016) model and closed-ended verbal problems were analyzed using Riley et al. (1983) model. To analyze problems based on task design axis, symbolic problems analyzed regarding their open-ended and closed-ended responses and verbal issues analyzed based on 1- open-ended and closed-ended questions, 2- Shao (2018) model and 3- Shimizu et al. (2010) model. The results of the posed problems based on the addition and subtraction operations axis showed the problems that the teachers posed symbolically were more limited to the two forms of "unknown result (addition)" and "unknown result (subtraction)" and the problems presented in others formats were low (less than 10% each). The analysis of the verbal problems revealed that the problems were mostly in two modes of change and composition and percentage of problems in comparison form was very low (7%). It was also found that the verbal problems wasn’t not in the form of "Compare 6". The problems analysis base on the task design axis also revealed that very few of the posed problems (4% symbolic and almost 0% of verbal ones) were open-ended and most of them were closed-ended. The results of the verbal problems analysis revealed that although most of them had real-life contexts (89%) but there was no task designed to engage students in solving practical problems. The results also revealed that among the designed tasks, there was no task that was completely "authentic", "rich" and "complex", and although most of them involved students at the “application” level, they were tasks that link them With real life and application limited to mentioning an object or an event from the real world and not really contextual. On this basis, it can be concluded that most of them were low-level tasks. Given the impact of mathematics textbooks’ content on teachers' task design ability, it is suggested to improve the mathematics textbooks design capability so that the content of them can be modified to have necessary diversity generally in all topics and  specifically in both addition and subtraction operations. Another suggestion is enhancing teachers' task design ability, provide appropriate instructional content on mathematics tasks, and conduct empowerment courses and workshops based in these content. This study was conducted using convenient sampling method, so the results cannot be generalized to the statistical population. Accordingly, it is recommended that a similar study be conducted with appropriate sampling methods that can be generalized to the whole population. Another limitation of this study was that teachers were asked to design tasks for assessment. This can lead to limiting them in design of diverse tasks with regard to teachers' perception of assessment as final assessment. Accordingly, different studies are suggested to investigate ability of teachers to design task based on different tasks in mathematics teaching process.

The use of the traditions of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) in the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an can be considered as a step towards the discovery of the Qur'anic teachings and the acquisition of the seriousness of God Almighty. Considering the supreme position of the hadith in interpretive science, it seems that this source has not been properly used in interpretations by the emigrant. This article tries to explain how these potentials can be exploited after expressing the neglected capacities in the hadiths. In this regard, the generalization of the title of interpretive hadiths to all the hadiths that are in some way related to the meaning or meaning of verses is the first stage. Then, the areas of hadith that have been used less in commentary, such as exhortation and saereh, have been discussed and finally, the effect of the hadiths on the discovery of transversal, longitudinal and jerry meanings, and adaptation has been investigated.

Early and accurate diagnosis and management of surgical complications occurring after kidney transplantation are mandatory for the team managing these patients. Urinary leakage is one of the most important complications. In this paper we determine the incidence of urine leakage and its related factors in order to find ways for reducing this complication.

This descriptive study was performed in Al-zahra hospital, affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected by reviewing files of all the patients transplanted in this center from 2003 to 2008 and they were recorded in questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS software.

Of the total of 248 patients, 12 (4.8%) had urine leakage, 7 (2.8%) had urine obstruction and 7 (2.8%) had wound infection. There was a statistically significant relation between leakage and obstruction of the urinary system, as well as between urine leakage and wound infection. There was no statistically significant relation between the incidence of urine leakage and the recipient's age, sex and underlying diseases; age and sex of the donor; cadaver/alive or relative/non-relative donors, the dosage of corticosteroids, and the duration of anesthesia.

It is suggested that the technique of the surgery, not the other associated factors of the donor and recipient, is the main factor affecting urine leakage following kidney transplantation.