mehdi pourtaheri

Climate change may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social damages; In addition, vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought, so the purpose of this study is to assess the regional vulnerability of Sistan and Baluchistan and provide appropriate strategies to reduce vulnerability to drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk and its three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity); The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to the social and economic development of the region. In general, places with the highest level of exposure, in the overall index, experienced the most vulnerability, also, places with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought.

Considering the importance of small businesses in the country's economy, clusters can provide a suitable platform for the sustainability of tourism destinations due to their many relative and competitive advantages. Therefore, the current research aims to explain the spatial clustering of small businesses in tourist villages. This research has been done in a descriptive survey method, which is based on a survey of experts and stakeholders. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with 189 ecotourism Ecolodges in the 9th Territorial Region (North, Razavi, and South Khorasan). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally determined the number of 26 villages. Data analysis was done using GIS software. The results of the multi-criteria analysis technique showed that the villages of Namagh, Mazinan, Zaferanieh, Arzeneh, and Karimo have stronger potential than the other villages studied, and the results of the Gutman model showed that the villages of Kang, Zafaranieh, Khorashad, Firouze, and Ruyin have They are at a high level in terms of wealth compared to other studied villages. Also, the characteristics of small rural business clusters were examined and the results showed that small rural tourism businesses in the region do not have geographical and sectoral concentration, in terms of internal and external linkages, horizontal communication and the vertical between rural small businesses and other businesses has been excellent in most cases and poor in some cases.

Tourists are looking for memorable experiences while traveling, and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. For this purpose, the main goal of the current research is to identify the factors influencing the creation of memorable experiences for tourists from rural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to collect data, both the librarymethod using documents and the field method through questionnaires have been used. 384 questionnaires were completed by tourists who had traveled to the tourist villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabeh-Shandiz counties.

In general, 8 factors affecting the creation of positive memorable experiences and 2 factors affecting the creation of negative memorable experiences were extracted. The most effective factor in creating positive memorable experiences was the authenticity and credibility factor, as well as the inappropriate environmental management factor, the most effective factor in creating negative memorable experiences.

In general, these factors can have a significant impact on attracting tourists and creating memorable experiences for them. Providing platforms for culture and basic hospitality of local residents and preserving rural identity and authenticity are among the suggestions that can be made.

Originality/value:

 the theoretical literature on factors influencing the creation of positive and negative memorable experiences of rural destinations is very limited, therefore this study provides a new understanding regarding the factors influencing the formation of memorable experiences of rural destinations, which are used by managers of rural destinations to increase loyalty and attracting more tourists.

Rural housing is one of the most important components of the biological and social base of every household, which plays an important role in ensuring the comfort and convenience of its residents. In this regard, providing sustainable rural housing as housing that is socially, economically and physically compatible with the environment has become a fundamental problem in rural areas; Therefore, the aim of the current research, which was carried out using the DIMTEL technique, is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district of Kazeron city and to introduce the effective and efficient factors. In this regard, in order to select the sample size according to the size of the region, stratified method was used and in some cases, snowball method was used.In order to identify indicators, factors and variables affecting the sustainability of rural housing in Belyan district, with a special emphasis on field study and research studies in this specialized field, 7 factors were identified along with 21 items, and the basis for the design of Dimtel questionnaire was used as the main research tool in field studies. took The statistical population of the present study included three groups, and a total of 30 questionnaires were completed. The obtained alpha of the questionnaire was 0.91, which shows high reliability. The results of statistical studies show that the most important influencing factor (ri) on the stability of rural housing in the study area is the physical factor, the most important effective factor (cj) is the psychological factor, the most effective and effective factor (ri ci) is the psychological factor, and in terms of the total intensity Effectiveness and effectiveness (ri-ci) in the sustainability of rural housing, the economic factor has a causal role and the infrastructural factor has a causal role.

Spatial planning of eco-lodge value chain governance allows us to understand how the eco-lodge life cycle is affected by the results of the communication networks and the degree of coordination and trust between the links (vertical and horizontal) in the chain helps to form clusters. Hence, close interactions between value chain links, support markets, empowering environment, vertical-horizontal communication and the final market in the dimensions of partnership, integration, efficiency and effectiveness, etc. cause sustainable spatial development. This research has been done using a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with a total of 189 ecotourism resorts in the 9th region of the country (North, Razavi and South Khorasan)). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally 26 villages and 38 ecotourism resorts were determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. Findings based on the Gabriel test showed that participation indicators with an overall average of 2.98 and efficiency with an average of 2.95 are more important than other indicators of spatial planning governance of the value chain of eco-lodges. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that all spatial planning indicators of ecotourism eco-lodge value chain governance are in an unfavorable situation and the results of gray relationship analysis, in this case, showed that the studied villages in terms of spatial planning of ecotourism resort value chain governance in the region are not equal.

Tourism is taking a new path and a new approach in tourism is being formed, which can be called experience-oriented tourism. Experience-oriented tourism is a new concept of tourism that expresses the new desires and attitudes of tourists regarding the concept of travel and tourism. Therefore, the current research seeks to achieve the following goals: Identifying the components and criteria that explain experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions and then presenting a suitable model of experience-oriented tourism in creative cultural attractions. Therefore, by interviewing 16 people from Tehran, 12 attractions were identified as creative cultural attractions of the studied area. In the following, 20 experts in the research field were interviewed in a semi-structured way using judgmental and snowball sampling methods. In the form of qualitative method of content analysis with inductive approach and with the help of MaxQda21 software, the research data were coded. After each interview, the coding process was done and the research model was drawn with three-step coding. The findings indicate that 10 main components or categories, which are mental image before the visit, individual characteristics, expectations and motivation, creative experience, the course of memorable experiences, environment and atmosphere of experiences, satisfaction, loyalty and lasting memories, are the most essential components identified. They are creative in forming an experience-oriented tourism pattern in cultural attractions.

The rural environment as the bed of human life and activities is a multidimensional issue. In the meantime, the issue of rural leisure is one of the broader issues that are reflected at the national and regional levels, and it is necessary to conduct research in all its dimensions, especially the use of leisure lands. Due to this necessity, this research intends to study and analysis the distribution of leisure land use in the villages of Maragheh city.

This research is of descriptive-analytical type and documentary-field methods have been used to collect its information. In this study, first, the required information in the field of subject and region was collected and then based on a process method using SPSS data analysis and summarization as well as integration and combination of information layers and in addition to matching the results and a more accurate understanding of the problem has been done in field studies.

The research findings showed that, among leisure uses, cultural and religious uses are of equal importance and have the first priority from the villagers' point of view. Also, the pattern of distribution of land uses has an unbalanced pattern and only the villages of Varjoui and Nova have a higher level of enjoyment.

 Many researchers in the fields of geography, social sciences, agriculture, and environment have defined the village and rural place. In Iran it has been mostly defined for providing government services and from a political-administrative-demographic point of view. However, some researchers and thinkers in Iran have paid attention to other dimensions of rural and rural places such as the rights of places, biological aspects, the system of rural society and its spatial aspects. We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident of each settlement is an understanding of the biological-residential phenomenon. This requires that they first know its definition and use it as a guide and guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. This becomes even more apparent when researchers and facilitator want to develop rural planning for these settlements with a qualitative methodology. Because when a person offers different definitions of their place of residence with the participation of other people, different needs and wants will be raised. It is possible that by satisfying these needs and wants, and with the help of the villagers themselves, outsiders and stakeholders will develop a settlement.

 The method of this research is qualitative as well as fundamental in nature in the sense that it seeks to conceptualize the core of the subject. In addition, it seeks to respond to the development needs of local communities and local and regional development organizations. It also has a phenomenological approach, strong philosophical basis, and an interrogative-deductive strategy. Also, considering the reserves of rural settlements from the definition of the village and its true nature, it seeks to research this phenomenon. During the research process, focusing on rural groups, integrating them into their daily lives in the form of additional participatory workshops using tools such as interviews, group discussion, the concepts of which are used and done in the context of 5 interviews semi-structured and 5 participatory workshops with the participation of rural groups (Agricultural activists, industry and services), youth, executive officials and council, trustees and investors, active population and women.[R1] 

 We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident is to understand and become familiar with the biological-residential phenomenon. It is necessary to first know its definition and to consider it as a guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. Therefore, according to the phenomenological method of dominating the research and the participation of the research participants, the following semantic units were suggested from their point of view to define the village: demographic – geographical, functional, social solidarity, sociology, psychological, aesthetics – architecture, environmental, institutional, systematic and spot-spatial.

 Re-conceptualizing words such as village can be instructive and a way to open up the needs and wants of a rural settlement, because through the link between its integrated implementation and a systematic look at new approaches of development, it can be considered as an institution to unfold its dimensions. The villages of Sumaghan and Mula-e-Anbar as a biological-residential phenomenon need that at first resident and the rural development planners come up with a comprehensive definition of the village, that itself is done as a guideline for its development. This process becomes more apparent when it plays a role researchers and facilitators should define, as well as develop and plan for these settlements with a qualitative methodology and perhaps phenomenology, and with an interrogative-deductive approach. Also, in new and alternative development subject, when planning for settlement, relying on rural concepts increases its feasibility. Looking at some of the researches done as well as the cores of the research, it can be realized that doing any planning without the participation of the stakeholder in the planning process undoubtedly underscores its efficiency and efectiveness. The outcome of this study was a participatory definition of the village by the participants, which is facilitated by the authors: The village is a collection of geographical spaces and bio-residential spots that have multiple functions of agriculture, production, services, industry, tourism, etc. It has a much smaller population than urban settlements and has a strong social solidarity. And the external and internal relations are very extensive to their far and near settlements. Also, its essential features are the spirit of effort and production.

Networks are studied and analyzed in two structural and functional aspects. Within this framework, the structural characteristics of networks are the result of their physical representation and independence of their use. Hence, the structural analysis of the road network enables us to generate semantic information (concerning village dynamics) and enrich useful spatial data. The topology or geometrical characteristics of the network can be analyzed through some algorithms of graph theory. The present research was conducted to analyze the structural pattern of rural road access network based on apple crop and export relationships in Maragheh.

Research data were collected from 43 sample villages and 12 cold stores of agricultural crops (located in some villages) receiving apple crops from other villages. Data were analyzed using the network analysis method through UCINET.6 software.

The results showed that the access network in the study area had a star network pattern and among the studied villages, Gol village had a higher concentration compared to other villages.

Concentration of storage equipment and storage of agricultural products such as cold storage in some villages and also the relatively good condition of access roads to these villages has increased the centrality of the above villages and the formation of a star pattern in the access network of the region. This has led to reduced access and isolation of villages far from the center of the network and thus reduced the incentive to produce in these villages. Therefore, considering the effect that the type of road network model has on the ease of access, distance and cost of villagers' access to services, especially services related to the type of rural products such as warehouses and cold storages of agricultural products, Therefore, it is recommended to provide a link among the villages through clustering to facilitate the access of villagers to the cold stores and save their cost, time, and distance.

Today, environmental quality of health has become one of the most important issues in rural settlements. In other words, in the development literature and its related approaches, the issue of environmental health and efforts to promote this indicator is of great importance at the level of rural communities. However, due to the relative importance of the concept of health and environmental quality in different spatial-temporal conditions, the researchers are faced with a lot of complications.But due to the relative importance of the concept of health and environmental quality in different spatial-temporal conditions, there are also significant challenges for researchers. For this reason, the analysis of the health of the quality of the environment requires the availability of specific indicators that are in full compliance with the facts and allow the full recognition of the characteristics of the studied population. This research, while identifying and introducing the environmental quality components, has been designed to provide a new methodological framework using experts' opinion polls. For this purpose, 153 indicators were identified including 21 ecological indicators, 21 economic indicators, 50 socio-cultural indicators and 61 physical-space indicators for assessing and assessing the environmental sustainability of rural areas. Therefore, a more realistic assessment of sustainability the health of the quality of the environment is provided in rural settlements. Environmental-ecological component with 7.38 points, socio-cultural component with 5.74 points and economic component with 5.42 points in the next rank. Also, the results of the technique of the cumulative ratio estimation method (ARAS) indicate that the physical-space component with 0.867 was ranked first, the environmental-ecological component with 0.816 in the second rank, the economic component with 0.580 in the third rank and sociocultural with 0.460 in the fourth rank contract.

At the intra-rural level, the term "rural form" can be defined as the physical structure and pattern of rural elements and in other words, defines rural form as the spatial pattern of the large, inert, permanent physical objects in a rural. In this regard, five general/ basic elements of rural Form are building type; infrastructures; land use; density; layout that base is for assay, evaluation and or organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (RDT); because of Rural deteriorated texture (RDT) is often created without any pre-defined plans and they have irregular structures. Thus, they need planning and coordinated intervention so that they could be organized. In this regards, yet scientifically appraisal has been not for Basic elements ranking for organizing of rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method has been introducing as a one of the most application ranking methods recently. Therefore, research aim is use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method for ranking and evaluation of rural deteriorated textures with emphasis on Basic elements of rural Form. 

The method of this research was descriptive and usage; Data gathering was done through library and field. 260 rural household questionnaires & 15 local manager in fifteen of rural deteriorated textures in the metropolises around of Tehran in eight provinces of the Tehran province selected (by using Kernel Density Estimation methods (KDE) & GIS software) and 15 questionnaires of the expert researchers (to have weight to criterias) were described and analyzed. In research being implemented by using the known indicators through entropy method & with regard to their importance are weighted & then being ranked according to these indicators & Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. Too, being used SPSS and EXCEL. 

Based on the results of criterias, Saleh abad sharghi rural is more favorable in Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Ghaleh boland rural, Hesar mehtar, Atashan, Mazdaran, Ramin, Hasan abad bagherof, Zavareh bid, Hesar koochak, Vastar, Jafar abad bagherof, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Kabir abad; Yahar, Mashhad firuzkuh by use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. 

Findings of the research show that the fifteen rural studied are different in terms of the status of the existing rural form (elements and components); that is to say Mashhad-e-firoozkouh rural is unfavorable compared to other rural areas in the existing status of Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Yahar rural, Kabir abad, Ghooeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesar koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof, Ramin, Mazdaran, Atashan, Hesar mehtar, Ghaleh boland, and ultimately Saleh abad sharghi are located in the east. In general, the current status of the rural form in Damavand province has less favorable conditions than other province; and Then are to arrangement; Pishva provinces, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei, Varamin, Firoozkuh, and ultimately Robat karim are located in the east. Hence, due to the undesirable condition of the rural form (elements and components), especially in nine of the above mentioned rural (including Mashhad firouzkuh, yahar, kabir abad, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesare koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof) or Particularly in five provinces (including Damavand, Pishva, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei), it is necessary to organizing (renovation) in various dimension of simultaneously and balanced with the participation and cooperation of the local people (as the main actors) and the organizations and institutions Concerned (public, private, and NGOs as facilitators).

Many approaches and strategies have been taken into consideration in order to overcome the development bottlenecks and challenges for employment development in rural areas. Tourism development is one of the programs in the field of tourism resettlement. Creating resorts is a practical way to achieve sustainable tourism development and the key to creating of a fun and meaningful ecotourism experience that in many parts of the world offers unique opportunities for rural development. This section deals with the history, culture and rituals of a country. that This form not only promotes employment, local economy development and sustainable tourism formation in the domestic dimension, but also in the external dimension, such as transferring culture and history, acquainting foreign tourists with ritual customs and advertising at no cost and recognition. Most of the world will follow from that such a country. Some believe that the opening up of resorts can play an important role in diversifying the rural economy within the tourism industry and view it as a means to stimulate national economic growth by overcoming underdeveloped ideas and improve the standard of living of local people. Indeed, the importance of tourism in the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions has encouraged many countries to invest and use all their capacities in this area.What is certain is that outsourcing, as a complementary economic function, flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local level, since all businesses in this world follow a particular form or a form that It describes their lives from beginning to end. On the basis of this life-cycle model, this article seeks to answer these questions: After a decade of operating resorts, especially in the study area, what kind of businesses are this? Are they at a stage in their life cycle?And what is their position in the market? Because it is believed that the life cycle model is a good tool for introducing new businesses to the market, adopting the right policies, understanding of the rate of return on investment and financial investment, it is the right tool to promote product behavior in a particular market. One of the different strategies is related to systematic market changes.

This is a descriptive-analytical article that has been done using library and field methods. In this first step, by analyzing domestic and foreign literature and experiences, the most important criteria and explanations of the life cycle of resorts in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions were identified in 4 categories (onset, conflict, growth and maturity). The follow-up was evaluated using the opinions of 30 experts (including rural development professors from universities in Golestan province and tourism experts from government departments) and 20 landowners who were purposefully sampled. Finally, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's Significance Difference (HSD) and Levon's test were used to analyze the data in SPSS software.

The results showed that the highest average score related to life cycle of resorts in the study area was from experts' point of view about conflict stage with 34.22% and the lowest rate was related to maturity stage with 11%. In other words, according to experts, this type of business is in the process of conflict. Whereas for the local community, the highest score in the life cycle process of the residences was related to the start stage with 38.76% and the lowest to the maturity stage with 15.83%. In fact, to the local community, boomerang resorts are in their early stages. The results of the Tukey test for categorizing homogeneous subsets also show that the two stages of involvement and growth are from the experts' point of view have the highest average. Most percentages are located on an independent floor. This difference is due to differing views of groups on employment, lack of infrastructure, system planning, policy making, raw materials supply, institutional support, sales of technology products and services. In addition, the analysis of the life cycle determinants of the resorts in the Turkmen Saharan region revealed that there is a significant difference between the three stages of starting, engaging and growing these types of businesses from the perspective of the sample community, while this difference is not visible at maturity. Accordingly, the 20 canopy resorts in the study area have considerable distance to reach their maturity stage.

Resettlement resorts are examples of locally owned small scale businesses that play an important role in environmental, economic, social and cultural reform of rural communities, with less pressure on the natural and human environment. Complementary economic performance flows alongside other manufacturing and service activities at the rural and local levels and can be a tool for economic development in local communities that has become common in rural tourism at the country level in recent decades, thus updating the infrastructure, Communication, Institution, Application of New Technologies, Attention to Development and Research.

An analysis of international organizations reflects the centrality of health as a key indicator of sustainable development. Today, environmental quality of health has become one of the most important issues in rural settlements. In other words, in the literature on development and its related approaches, the issue of environmental health and efforts to promote this indicator is of paramount importance at the level of rural communities. The method is a library-based quantitative study and data were collected based on documentary analysis and field survey. Based on this, the components and health records of environmental quality were identified as the basis for developing the questionnaire as the main tool for research in field studies. Based on the five priority classes of Prescott Allen's utility survey in the economic dimension of 28 villages, some villages are in a potentially poor situation (poor utility). In the social dimension of the total number of studied villages, 20 were undesirable villages, six villages were in the unfavorable condition (weak utility) and four also had a moderate utility. Regarding the physical utility, 23 villages were in a state of complete disadvantage, six villages were in a poor potential situation (poor utility) and 1 village had a moderate utility. However, in terms of environmental sustainability, 22 villages were in a state of complete disadvantage and eight villages in a state of poor potential status (poor utility).

 It is obvious that space distribution studies the how, why and stating the dispersion of the social and economic phenomena in the form of place, i.e. the position of these phenomena. How is the way of human phenomena dispersion and what differences dose the environment provide? Why is position of the human phenomena different in various places? So, it is possible to observe different dispersion of one phenomenon in mountain and in plain. The same is true about local games. They differ in various geographical areas. In this research, we attempt to answer this critical question: Do the geographical and spatial factors lead to diversity and dispersion of the indigenous games in various rural areas? Also we attempt to analyze the relation between environment stability and the kind of indigenous game. This paper is an applied research and the method is descriptive-analytic one. Data collection method is documental and survey. The results of the surveys through recognition and ranking those villages which have indigenous and local games in Khoresh Rostam region; also the social sustainability index for 90 individuals (over 40) in the villages show that the geographical factors affected severely on the villages' local games. Also they revealed that indigenous games (traditional and modern) have affected the villages' social sustainability i.e. traditional games are more effective than modern games on this concern.

With the growth of urbanization and the expansion of cities, suburban villages are influenced by their central city. The size of agricultural land is reduced, will change to residential and industrial use, and will shift to urban features, though they still have many differences with the city. In fact, the Rural Space Organization is transforming, growing and developing in a way that retains some of its traditional features and embraces many of the characteristics of urbanization. In this context, it can be said that the suburban villages are strongly influenced by the growth and development of the cities and their relations with their development, but these effects are manifested mainly in the increase of population and physical expansion of the rural settlements around the cities, and they have little to do with economic and social development within the framework of sustainable rural development. These villages usually face numerous challenges such as environmental pollution, inadequate land use allocation, excessive use of cars, unnecessary exploitation of resources, shifting the economic structure from a production-based economy to a consumer-dependent economy, weakening of village cultural customs and collapse of longstanding traditions of rural cooperation and participation, that pose many problems in achieving sustainable development of rural settlements. The growth of suburban settlements in the metropolitan area of Tehran, rather than being the result of new rural migrants or natural population growth, is the result of redistribution and relocation of the urban population within the metropolitan area of Tehran. One of the forces driving such developments is the uncontrolled policies of urban growth. The existence of such a trend demonstrates the need to plan and formulate a proper pattern for the villages in the suburbs in order to avoid sporadic and unstable growth concequences and to achieve a quality of life. However, smart growth strategy is being considered as a solution to environmental, social, economic and physical problems.

The purpose of this study is to identify ten indices of smart growth based on the typology of rural areas of the country and to evaluate the villages around Tehran metropolis based on these indices. The general approach of this study is quantitative and data collection based on library-documentary data and field survey. Indicators of smart growth pattern matching the characteristics of rural areas of the country were identified by experts in the field of rural studies and the basis of questionnaire design was used as the main research tool in field studies. 74 indicators were finally accepted by experts in the form of ten smart growth criteria. Based on distance variables, population between 1000-1000, population growth rate above 3% and having a physical development plan, 15 villages were identified. Cronbach's alpha technique was used to measure the reliability of the research instrument and the value of 0.805 was obtained, which indicates appropriate reliability of the research instrument. To determine sample size, Cochran formula was used. Considering the size of the statistical population of the villages in the study area which is 41845 people, 378 heads of households were selected as sample population.

Radar test was used to assess the intelligence level of suburban villages of Tehran metropolis.
Radar test results based on Prescott Allen's five spectrum show that the villages are in two situations; 7 villages in non-intelligent growth potential and 8 villages in potential non-intelligent growth status, and none of the villages are in medium status or smart growth. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between all villages in terms of smart growth pattern at alpha level of 0.05. Based on the Tukey test, it was found that the villages were divided into 4 floors. The villages of Zaman Abad, Ibrahim Abad and Sarbandan are on the first floor and tend to be sparse. Chehelghaz, Rye and Nouchman ghale villages are on the second floor; Abdul Abad Ghale, Qeshlagh Mallard and Mehrabad villages are on the third floor; Bagh Kamesh, Noamlak Ghale, Kordzar, Emameh Balah and Lalan are on the fourth floor; and in trendy condition, they are on the path to smart growth.

Although the suburban rural areas are heavily influenced by the growth and expansion of cities and their relationships with their development path, this impact is more pronounced in terms of population growth and physical expansion of rural settlements around the cities, and less as a sign of economic and socioeconomic development. Within the framework of sustainable development, they have their own village. In this study, we tried to evaluate the suburban villages of Tehran metropolis based on the smart growth model principles. To this end, based on existing research literature on the evaluation and analysis of smart growth components with special emphasis on rural areas, 74 items in the form of 10 principles including hybrid land use, intensive development, quality housing, attractive housing, pedestrian, environmental quality, optimized transportation, internal development, social participation and economic investment were designed and analyzed.
It can be deduced from the results of radar test and Alcan Prescott intelligence levels segmentation, that the villages under study are in no way in the position of a smart growth and potential smart growth (good) model and the process of rural development is more sprawl and potential dispersed growth (weak). Therefore, it can be said that the smart growth paradigm in the study areas has not returned to its position as a spatial strategy in regional and local planning policies, and is more susceptible to change, unintended and dispersed growth due to Tehran metropolitan policies and programs

The growth of suburban settlements in the metropolitan area of Tehran, is the result of redistribution and relocation of the urban population rather than being the result of new rural migrants or natural population in this metorpolitan.

with the start of planning in the new form in rural areas, there is a conflict between the demand of villagers from below with the view of planners from the above that there is no normative view of issues and little attention to the environmental quality of development, that have influence on deepening the conflict. determining the dimensions of environmental quality in rural planning on the part of villagers and local experts, The main objectives of this article will lead to the satisfaction of residents and success of rural planners. In order to attract the participation of people in the process of conceptualizing environmental quality dimensions and optimal planning, the Sharyar village was selected from the Lordegan county. The research methodology is a qualitative method, especially the formation of collaborative workshops and purposeful interviews with rural participants. Therefore, 36 people from the Sharyar village and local managers were in the form of 6 organized workshops and people’s expectations of the concepts of environmental quality in rural planning in various items were determined. There were 202 items of environmental quality concepts and finally, items were ranked by workshops themselves in the framework of 5 dimensions,  1 Pencil and 44 index. In physical-physical dimensions, 48 items in the form of 9 indicators, in social-cultural dimensions, 46 items in the form of 10 indicators, in economic aspect, 42 items in the form of 8 indicators, in the environmental dimension of 35 items in the form of 8 indicators, and in the political-administrative dimension, 10 items in the form of 3 indicators Arranged. At the end of this dimension, in the form of a strategic area with 21 items and in the form of 6 indicators, the country's planning system is proposed to evaluate the environmental quality of rural areas.

A careful study of the dimensions of human life in rural areas and its accurate recognition for the design and construction of suitable houses require a special look at rural housing research in terms of physical, technical, economic, cultural, social and environmental aspects. This research analyzes the records in the literature on rural housing by referring to scientific journals in the field. The findings of the study indicate that most of the research has been conducted in a descending order in the provinces of North Khorasan, Fars, Zanjan, and Sistan and Baluchestan The series of studies carried out can be classified under nine issues including rural house designing and modelling, sustainable housing, structural-functional changes in houses, native architecture of Iranian houses, planning and policy, facilities and credits, housing rehabilitation, analysis of housing indices, and geographic analysis of housing elements. The findings of this research indicate three main approaches adopted in the study of rural housing in Iran. As much as 83.58% of all the research has been conducted with quantitative methodology, 13.43% with qualitative method, and just 2.98% (two cases) with combined methodology. Also, as the results show, of all the rural housing research in the country, 34.22% is retrospective, 11.94% is prospective, and 53.73% has addressed the existing housing situation.

Despite the increasing importance of open and rural areas as one of the most fundamental design of local development projects in rural settlements in the country and efforts in the field of study and evaluation plan, slot studies (especially in With regard to the assessment process) in this area is the very tangible. Within this framework, strategic questions are: assessment schemes in the rural territory evaluated each generation and how much of the researcher-functional or process have been done? In fact, the aim of this study was to analyze the documents, papers evaluating rural plans in Iran, with emphasis on the fourth generation of evaluation criteria, the procedure is the meta-analysis. The results of the analysis show that in terms of evaluation, studies, 45.4% in the second generation (Functional Assessment), and 36.3% were in the first generation; and the third and fourth generation (evaluation process) each to 9.1% account. This shows lack of attention to the evaluation of the researcher-related schemes in rural Iran.

Sustainable housing can be considered as one of the important indicators of development and progress. Thus, identifying the characteristics and methods of providing sustainable housing is important. Sustainable housing is one of the basic needs which in terms of development and change in the living standards of rural areas displays varying aspects in old and new construction textures. Among the structural components of the village, sustainable housing is one of the most important ones and part of the overall identity of the village. Also, it is the illustration of functional integrity of the village texture. It seems that by passage of time, it has seen the most changes, which have caused a gap in the functional integrity of the structural texture of rural habitations. Therefore, the present study by using physio-environmental, physio-economic, and physio-social indicators, has assessed the sustainability of rural housing in the old and new structural textures in the villages of the central area of Kabudarahang Country. We tried to find out that with regard to the transformation in housing construction and structure, whether there is a significant difference between the sustainability of the old and new construction textures (sustainability of new and old housings).

10 villages and 300 households, including 150 households living in the old construction texture with traditional and old housing and 150 households of the residents living in the new construction texture with new housings were assessed separately.

The obtained results indicate a significant difference between old and new housings with regard to housing sustainability.

According to the analysis of responses given by households to questionnaires distributed among them, in the three dimensions of physio-environmental, physio-economic, and physio-social, the housings with old textures (old and traditional housing) possessed more sustainability degree compared to the new structural textures (new housing).

Development, a concept that is called often to process of moving from point to another that covers various aspects such as economic growth, structural change, industrialization, self-actualization and cultural, religious, national and individual self-reliance. A sustainable development is a new concept of economic growth. A growth that is as justice and opportunity for all people that living in the world; and not for a few selected individuals. Sustainability, in its vast sense, applied to the ability of ecosystems or any current system to continue function has been an indefinite future. Today unveiling poor results of government-oriented solutions of urban development plans, government consideration focused due to lower levels of urban and management and to the tangible dimension of urban life. Two important factors to achieve the appropriate development in local scale are; attention to role and importance of local governance and another is citizen’s participation in the decision-making. Therefore local communities in the cities are best center and workshop of management and participatory planning and there have the greatest social and spatial cohesion between other groups in spatial organization of the city. This research seeks to answer to this question: How the stability condition of the case study neighborhood? The aim of this research was to measurement of the stability of the Ekbatan neighborhood. In this study according to the research topic, the research method was been descriptive-analytic. Data and information collection method was documentary and survival. In the analytical part, discussed to review and test hypotheses, and examine relationships between independent and dependent variables in SPSS software. To test this hypothesis, was used the non-parametric binomial test. Statistical analysis has shown that, Ekbatan neighborhood in terms of community sustainability, according to sustainable development indicators, had high neighborhood stability and resulting Ekbatan neighborhood is considered as a sustainable neighborhood. The Ekbatan neighborhood in terms of sustainability, in the socio-cultural, environmental and physical indicators respectively with mean equal to 3/6977, 3/5166 and 3/4385 are stable and in the economic dimension, with mean 2/8241 are unsustainable. But in terms of overall sustainability the Ekbatan neighborhood with the 3/5286 average, was above from the average of Likert scale that is 3; and according to the overall sustainability significant level smaller than the 0/05, while reject the H0 hypothesis, the research hypothesis was confirmed and have been identified as a sustainable neighborhood that has a high stability.

Rural housing is naturally regarded as the manifestation of biological and socio-economic rural methods and its model and performance acts as a window towards the identification of prospects and trends dominant over rural life and activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial-physical zoning of sustainable rural housing in Lorestan Province. To this end, a descriptive-analytic research method was employed. In this regard, factor analysis was used to select the sample size and identify homogeneous areas according to the scope of the study. The results of factor analysis showed that the climate of the obtained area is the result of the interaction of three different components, i.e. thermal domain, humidity, and raining components. These factors with eigenvalues higher than one account for about 73.35 percent of the total variance. Thereafter, cities were clustered using Ward’s cluster analysis. Based on cluster analysis, the Province’s cities were placed in 3 climatic zones. After the specification of homogeneous regions, the data pertaining to the number of households, natural position and distance of every village to the city center were categorized and inserted into the GIS environment. In each zone, a number of queries, equal to the number of states created in GIS, were taken based on these three factors and the frequency of villages in each category was determined in homogeneous zones. Finally, a total of 50 villages were selected as the sample. The studies pertaining to areas of expertise were utilized to identify measurement indicators of sustainable housing and the parameters associated with them with special emphasis on the rural areas of studies. Accordingly, 4 domains, 13 variables, and 73 items in this area were identified and were placed as the foundation of the questionnaire development as the main instrument of the research in field studies. The rural households in Lorestan Province consisted the statistical population of this research. From this population, 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula and the same number of questionnaires was filled in. For the analysis of the data obtained from field studies, both descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were employed. The results derived from descriptive statistics show that there are some differences in housing spaces and specifications in various clusters in economic, social, biological, environmental, and physical domains. The results of one-tail t-tests indicate that there is generally a low level of sustainability regarding housing dimensions in different zones. Moreover, ANOVA results show that the semi-humid zone with hot summers and mild winters as well as the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters are placed in the same category in term of physical dimension. These zones enjoy a better status than the semi-humid zone with mild summers and cold winters. Similarly, the villages of the province are categorized into two classes, that is, semi-humid zones with mild summers and cold winters are of a more desirable situation in comparison with other zones in terms of economic status. In terms of social dimension, the villages under study are grouped into two categories. It is also shown that the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters suffer from a more unsuitable situation than other zones. Finally, it is concluded that all the three zones share the same situation in terms of the environmental dimension, as all three zones are placed in the same category.

The concepts of quality of life and the quality of the environment is the action against the single dimension economic development at national level and physical development of urban scale. It merely is an effort to achieve quality standards in the urban board. Meanwhile the issue of quality in special residential areas such as deteriorated textures, due to the their large population and building density and their lack of organic relation with urban structure, has more importance and complicacy in comparison with other residential areas. Accordingly, trying to understand the concept of the quality of environment, indicators and affecting criteria on the amount of quality of these textures are identified. Indicators used in this research by looking at the subjective quality of the urban environment are the product of individual perception and satisfaction of citizens from their environment life. The study area is located in Abkouh in the Mashhad Metropolis region 1 Having the fact, this research is practical and its methodology is based on descriptive and analytical research method. For the measurement of the amount of environmental quality indicators of satisfaction, T test, to determine the significant relationship between individual variables and environmental quality indicators-Chi-square test and to determine the intensity and direction of the correlation between them Kendall Tau and Kramer test were used in the SPSS software. The results of research show that the rate of satisfaction of environmental quality indicators in the study area is on the lower level. It also was clear that the satisfaction of quality of environment has been taken the greatest impact of three variables including٫ education level and duration of residence in Abkouh

Current management pattern of the rural development plan, has caused to the different challenges (environmental, socio, economic, and physical) in the case study region (villages of Tehran Province) because of the Up-down and sector approach dominance. Thus, this study seeks to answer this strategic question that “how much management of the rural development plan has considered to the principles, framework and process of spatial planning in various stages of preparation ,implementation and evaluation of development plans in the study area,? " To answer that strategic question, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The required data have been collected by documentary and field methods. The study population is 129 village with more than 20 households in Shemiranat, Tehran and Rey Towns, that 12 villages were selected.The number of 12 questionnaires at the level of village's administrators (The Council /Rural manager) and 120 questionnaires at the level of heads of households have been distributed and filled. The statistical t-test is used to analyze. results showed that, with the exception of a few cases (like Chaleh-Tarkhan village that was average), generally, there is no meaningful differences between case study villages in terms of the amount of attention to the framework, principles and process of spatial planning in the preparation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of the rural development plan and actually, most of the villages have undesirable situation in discussed indicators.

Recently, MADM methods of spatial analysis has been expanded in Arc GIS. MADM methods are powerful set of techniques and processes to designing, evaluating and ordering decision alternatives. The purpose of the research is validity valuation of MADM methods in suitable urban spheres development of study area. We selected 8 criteria (slope, aspect, elevation, land use, distance of: river, city areas, main roads and fault). Method of research is descriptive–analytical. We used the AHP model in the software of Expert Choice for weighting the criteria. There are many MADM methods. In this paper we used four models (SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR and AHP). Then the above models are used to evaluate the criteria in case study by Arc GIS software. In this article also each model classified to 5 classes (very unsuitable, unsuitable, moderately suitable, suitable and highly suitable). Finally, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient in ERDAS IMAGINE software used for assessment validity of techniques. According to the kappa coefficient, AHP is 83.14% in the first rate. By comparing the results of each model AHP is the most appropriate.

Pistachio has high economic value as the non-oil exports of Iran therefore, and identification of prone areas for pistachios cultivation will provide necessary planning. By considering that each agricultural products requires special climate and specific environment, experts have particular attention to the land use planning based on the ecological model-land, resources with appropriate methods to identify and evaluate for specific goal. The purpose of this study is to identify ecological potential of pistachio cultivation areas in city of Damghan. In this regard, the analysis has been used for determining the ecological requirements, topographic index (height and slope), geology, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature; and then modeling and spatial analysis of data by using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) based on Vikor method and GIS software based on potentiality land of Damghan city for pistachio cultivation. Base on Vikor method, Damghan city for pistachio cultivation is divided into five sections: very suitable, suitable, middle, weak and unsuitable. Suitable and very suitable land, 68/96 percent, and middle land, 21/76 percent, are mainly placed at Ghahab Rostagh, Ghahab Sarsar, Home, and Damankooh districts. On the other hand, weak and unsuitable land is allocated 9/24 percent from city area that mainly placed at Roodbar, Tooye Darvar districts and allocated to the very thin strips from Home and Damankooh districts.