mehran nasiri

Soil erosion is one of the global problems that threatens water and soil resources. Protecting and recovering bare and uncovered soils, as well as diverting surface runoff from the soil, are an efficient method for reducing soil erosion in sensitive and erosion-prone areas. Among the activities to prevent soil erosion are to maintain the natural vegetation of the area and stabilize bare and uncovered soils with the help of temporary or permanent methods. The use of erosion control blankets is a soil bio-engineering method that can effectively reduce runoff and sediment and increase slope stability. Therefore, the current research aimed to temporarily stabilize soil using protective covering treatments, such as jute, straw, wood chips, Festuca grass cover, and nano zeolite super absorbent, to reduce the amount of runoff and sediment.

The study area is the Darabkola Forest (the educational-research forest of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources), with an area of  about 2612 hectares located in the southeast of Sari City between 52° 14′ E and 36° 28′ N. To measure the amount of runoff and sediment in the Darabkola Forest, plots with dimensions of 70 x 50 cm and a depth of 10 cm were created using galvanized sheets. Then, plots were placed on the ground with a slope of 3%. Erosion control blanket treatments made of jute filled with wood chips, straw, and nanozeolite superabsorbents were prepared and located in the plots, as well as jute cover, jute cover with Festuca grass, and Festuca grass. Rain simulation tests were conducted for each sample (30 minutes with an intensity of 50 mm.h-1) and the amount of runoff from the plots was measured at 5-minute intervals using a graduated cylinder placed at the bottom of the plots. Sediment concentration was measured by weighing the samples after settling the runoff and passing it through filter paper. Sediment concentration was calculated by dividing the amount of sediment by the volume of runoff. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA for seven treatments. Duncan's test was used to compare the means. Pearson's correlation analysis was also used to investigate the relationship between runoff and sediment concentration in runoff.

The results of statistical analysis showed that the highest amount of runoff (0.77 mm.h-1) belonged to the control treatment, and the lowest amount was recorded in the treatment of straw and the Festuca herbaceous species (0.24 and 0.27 mm.h-1, respectively). Overall, the straw treatment reduced the amount of runoff by 69% and the Festuca herbaceous species treatment reduced it by 64% compared to the control plot. The results of sediment concentration revealed 63% and 52% decreases in the amount of sediment in the samples belonging to the treatment of jute cover and jute cover together with Festuca species, respectively, compared to the control plot. The highest sediment concentration was measured in the control sample (7.13 g/ml). The presence of Festuca in the soil reduced the sediment by 2%, which shows that the presence of a herbaceous species such as Festuca does not considerably reduce the sediment concentration compared to the other treatments such as jute. Examining the coefficients obtained from Pearson's correlation analysis between runoff rate and sediment concentration in runoff for different treatments indicated that the stabilizer addition to the soil reduced sediment and reduced surface runoff in some treatments. A positive and significant correlation was found between runoff and sediment in wood chips, straw, Fesuka, and nanozeolite treatments, while a negative and significant correlation was recorded for Jute + Festuca and the Jute treatment.

This research demonstrates that the use of erosion control blankets with combinations of different materials, such as straw and stubble, nanozeolite, and wood chips, along with the Festuca grass cover, can reduce runoff volume and reduce soil erosion and waste, especially in forest road trenches containing soils without vegetation. Moreover, grass cover (such as Festuca) increases water permeability in the soil and prevents soil loss. Therefore, using these erosion blankets can reduce soil erosion around forest roads.

In Hirkan forests, fine-grained clayey soils have created many problems in construction projects, especially road construction, due to their swelling, and have caused the instability of the road surface and as a result, the pavement has been damaged. Fine-grained soils are problematic due to unfavorable technical properties, especially plastic properties, low permeability, low strength, changes in pore water pressure, changes in volume, texture, chemical properties, and grain structure, and may present complex engineering problems for construction. One of the ways to improve the swelling characteristics of the soil is soil stabilization. Soil stabilization is the use of natural or synthetic additives to improve the mechanical properties of soil. Lime and plant waste are cheap, available and easy to use materials.

In this research, a fixed amount of three percent hydrated lime along with reed plant ash from Phragmites australis with a mixing ratio of three, six, nine and twelve percent to the road bed soil of the study area located in the educational and research forest of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources - Darabkala was added and then soil mechanics tests including: Atterberg limit, standard compaction test, California bear ratio(CBR) test and uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) test were performed in three repetitions after the processing period. In this research, a constant amount of three percent hydrated lime along with reed ash with a mixing ratio of three, six, nine, and twelve percent was added to the road bed soil of the study area.

The results show that the liquid limit and plasticity index decreased and placticity limit of the soil increased. The maximum dry weight of the samples decreased with the increase of reed ash, and the highest value of 14.52 KN/m3 was recorded and the lowest value of 11.97 KN/m3 was recorded in the soil sample with 3% lime and 12% reed ash. In CBR test, an increasing trend was recorded from 4.9% to 9.7% in the soil sample containing 3% lime and 12% reed ash. The result of the uniaxial compressive strength test in three time periods of 7, 14 and 28 days on the samples shows that the highest value of uniaxial compressive strength is 2.6 Kg/cm2 in the sample containing 3% lime and 6% reed ash after 28 days.

Based on the findings of this research, it was concluded that reed ash can be used as a suitable pozzolanic material to stabilize the bed soil of the forest roads in the study area, and the ratio of three percent lime and six percent ash can be used for 28 days to stabilize the bed clay.

Today, off-road vehicles are used for nature tourism and also for competitions. In fact, off-road riding is also known as a kind of sport. The invasion of several cars into the forest and the lack of knowledge about environmental factors cause the damages to the soil and vegetation around the road. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of off-road vehicle traffic on the trees around the road in terms of wound area, wound depth, location of wound on the trunk or root and the reason of injury by each factor.

This study was carried out in the Hajikla-Tirankali (Mianshe) forestry plan. For this purpose, the off-road path and control plot (outside the off-road route) was considered. The impact of off-road vehicles on the trees around the road was investigate according to wounding and slope gradient.

The results showed that in trees closer to the roads the wound depth is more than wound area, and also in trees farther away from the road the wound area is more than wound depth. The depth at a distance of 50 cm from the road is 2.55 cm, at a distance of 100 cm from the road, 1.2 cm and at a distance of 15 cm from the road, the wound depth is 1.7 cm. The damage to the trees in terms of the location of damage was 12% from the soil horizon to collar of trees, 56% from the collar to one-meter height of trunk and 32% from one meter to two meters’ height of the tree. The highest rate of damage to trees was recorded for the location of collar to one-meter height of trunk and the lowest rate of damage was recorded for the soil horizon to tree collar. According to result, the rate of damages due to collision of the body and wheel of the car with the trunk is 42%, collision of the roof or crown of the car with the tree is 30%, wound due to cut by winch wire is 16% and root wound due to tire wear is 12%. The depth and area of the wound increased by increasing in longitudinal slope. The average wound depth was recorded 1 mm in the 7% slope, which that increased to 3.4 mm in the slope of 20%.

Due to the registration of off-road as an official sport, it cannot be avoided. But by educating people and making them familiar with environmental demands, the damage can be reduced. Creating fixed and exciting tracks and preventing entry into the forest is one of the effective solutions.

The creation and construction of a forest road disturbs the natural balance of water flow in the forest area. This balance can be maintained to a large extent by installing culverts and building side channel in different traffic routes. culverts or drainage structures, as well as the road surface, often show behavior and signs before any kind of abnormality and destruction as a result of the effects of different vehicles on the road, which are related to the behavior of these signs. The ability to identify the severity of destruction and act on protection in time.

In this research, the static and dynamic anomalies of the culverts and forest road surface in different traffic levels in series one of Reyhanabad and series one of Pajim of Al-Ghadir Khalil Shahr forestry project were investigated. First, the specifications of all culverts (pipes, Made of concrete) including the thickness, diameter and length of the culvert, depth, slope and angle of its installation, the slope of the road and the flow rate of the culvert in the routes with different traffic numbers, measured with meters and inclinometers. The flow rate was calculated by measuring the cross section of the flow and the flow velocity according to the hydraulic radius, Manning's coefficient and flow slope. In the section of static anomalies, the level of health of the culvert in 4 floors was checked, as well as the unpaved road condition index (UPCI-unpaved road condition index) was measured. The dynamic abnormality includes the amount of vibration of the culvert when passing vehicles, which was calculated with the vibration meter application.

The results showed that with the increase in the installation depth of the culvert and the number of traffic, the numerical value of UPCI decreases. The lowest UPCI index values were recorded in longitudinal slopes of less than 5%. The health of the culvert increased with the increase of its installation angle. On the other hand, the lowest values of culvert health were recorded in longitudinal slopes of less than 5%. In general, the lowest level of vibration was recorded in the case of unarmored culverts that were installed at a depth of 50-100 cm, with a longitudinal slope of 5-8% and an angle of 100-120 degrees on low-traffic roads. In the routes with more than 4 vehicles per day, the vibration level of the culvert was estimated to be 2.24 Richter and in the routes with less traffic, the vibration level of the culvert was estimated to be 1.99 Richter. The reinforcement and the depth of the culvert also had a positive effect on the level of vibration of the culvert.

During road construction, observe points such as loading capacity, timely stabilization of the road, taking into account the shear position, timely compaction as well as implementing consolidation operations, taking into account hydrological properties (number of culvert crossings, water flow rate, transverse slope and moisture regime), creating ponds, applying operations. A course in road maintenance (current and periodic) on a continuous basis in forest roads, compliance with depth, reinforcement, longitudinal slope of the road, angle of installation relative to the axis of the road and taking into account the number of traffic in the design of the culvert It is necessary and can be effective in its health, vibration and efficiency.Key words: Unpaved road condition index, Gravel road, Forest road, Tubing.

In the northern provinces of Iran, especially Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces, the percentage of landslides is relatively high due to the construction of forest roads. Considering the importance of road maintenance projects during the implementation of the forest respiration plan, it’s necessary to zoning areas suseptble to landslides. Given that the effects of the forest respiration plan were not studied; in this study we investigate the effect of respiration plan on the maintenance projects of forest roads. The purpose of this study is landslide hazard zoning around forest roads by considering the ground control points (GCPs) and modeling the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides around forest roads.

Darabkola forest in the southeast of Sari was selected for this study. First, the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides were identified in the region. Then the layers of slope, slope direction, road network, soil and buffer of distance from road, fault lines and waterways was prepared using the QGIS 3.61 software. Also, GCPs from area suseptble to landslide as well as recently occurred landslides were recorded separately using the GPS device and then digitized in QGIS environment. Prioritization was performed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and after applying the weight of the layers and reclassification, the final zoning map was obtained.

According to the results, 29.71 and 35.28% of the area have very low and low risk of landslides, respectively. Also, 21.75% of the area has a medium risk, 10.89% of the area equivalent to 289 hectares has a high risk and 2.37% of the area which is equivalent to about 63 hectares of the area has a very high risk of landslides. The results of accuracy of landslide zoning showed that from 29 points recorded as ground control points, 22 of them are located in areas with high and very high landslide risk and only 4 of them are located in areas with moderate landslide risk. Therefore, the results of zoning are consistent with the ground reality with high accuracy and showed less efficiency in only 3 cases. In Darabkola forest, due to the presence of marl bedrock and lack of drainage, several shallow landslides with distances of less than 200 meters along the road have been recorded, which are developing due to lack of management. Also, most of the landslides in the study area observed at a distance of less than 200 meters from waterways. Field visits show that most recorded landslides observed in areas where the road crosses along valleys and or intersects the valleys and due to lack of drainage, it causes multiple landslide along the road.

This study showed that zoning confirms the ground realities. Accoeding to the intersection of roads and waterways in the valleys, Darabkola forest roads need projects related to soil and water conservation. It seems that improving the road drainage and using soil bioengineering methods can help to improve road maintainance and vegetation cover in landslide area.

The root of trees is one of the most important living materials for stabilizing and reinforcing the cut and fill slopes of forest road. This study was conducted to investigate the tensile strength of tree species according to changes in lignin, cellulose and root extracts content.

Darabkola forest in the southeast of Sari-Iran was selected for this study. To determine the tensile strength of tree roots, root samples from tress including the beech, hornbeam, alder, Zelkova carpinifolia, Persian Ironwood and oak were collected by soil profile trenching method and then the test of tensile strength was performed. The amount of lignin, cellulose and ash for the roots of different tree species was also measured in the laboratory. One-way anova was used to compare the means of roots tensile strength and also multivariate analysis was used to classification of species based on cellulose, lignin, ash and other extracts content.

The results showed that in beech, alder and Persian Ironwood, the measured rates of lignin were higher than cellulose levels. While in the Zelkova carpinifolia, the amount of cellulose was higher than others parameters, in beech and alder species (with higher lignin rate) the means of tensile strength was recorded less than other species, and for oak and hornbeam with higher cellulose levels, tensile strength was recorded higher than other species. The results of multivariate analysis based on tensile strength and numerical values of root decomposition showed three groups with high adaptability percentage (alder-beech, hornbeam-Zelkova carpinifolia and Persian Ironwood-oak).

According to the results, investigating the amount of lignin and cellulose in roots of different species as well as discriminant analysis with consideration of different factors can be a scientific method to select best species for soil bioengineering projects.

The roots of the plants are used as a kind of materials in the slopes preservation and resistance. Because in addition to helping to preserving and resisting the environment, it has recovery ability and has no harmful and negative effects on the environment and has no additional costs too. Plant cover is caused for pastiness between soil particles for having root system and has significant impact in slope stabilization, for this reason, the biological characteristics of different species has great importance. The quantity of reinforcement depends on root biotechnical characteristics such as root density and tensile strength. In this study assessed these biotechnical properties.

In this study, two non-native afforested stands of pine (Pinus Sylvesteres) and acacia (Robinia Peseudo acasia) and two natural stands with native species of hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) and summer alder (Alnus Subcordata) with similar habitat conditions (altitude,Slope and direction of slope, soil type, geology, etc) in the forest of Neka city (Neka-Zalmarud forestry plan) was and Six trees of each species were randomly selected for later analysis. The Root Area Ratio and tensile strength were investigated. Profile trenching method was used to analyze and compare their root distribution. The walls of the profile are divided into 10 cm horizons. Number and diameter of protruded roots in each depth were measured. Finally, the percentage of Root Area Ratio in each horizon was calculated. Standard Santam was used to determine the tensile strength of roots. Root samples were collected at the bottom (30% slope) of trees.

The results indicated that the Root Area Ratio were decreased with increasing depth According to the exponential function . The Root area ratio in non-native species is higher than native species. Which has obtained for Carpinus Betulus, Alnus Subcordata, Robinia Peseudo acasia and Pinus Sylvesteres, 0.033±0.002, 0.081±0.002, 0.026±0.018±0.177±0.015 percent respectively. The diameter range of the tested roots was 2-9 mm. The results of tensile strength tests showed that with increasing diameter, the amount of tensile strength according to the According to the exponential function decreased. There is a positive power relationship between root diameter and tensile force.

In this research tensile strength of native species is more than non-native one that has obtained for Carpinus Betulus, Alnus Subcordata, Robinia Peseudo acasia and Pinus Sylvesteres, 31.93±10.3, 17.57±6.98, 18.4±2.41, 9.77±5.46 Mpa respectively. The results of this work may help us when applying an efficient bioengineering technique

In order to strengthen and stabilize the soil masses in the range of soil till optimum, it should be used appropriate stabilization methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of excess ash as an additive to soil and improve soil properties. To do this, 15 soil samples from the forest road fill slope were randomly selected combined with 3, 6, 9 and 12 weight percent logging residual ash. In order to investigate the effect of addition of stabilizing agents on the chemical and mechanical parameters of soil in the studied area, the experiments Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio, moisture as well as acidity, electrical conductivity, phosphorus, nitrogen, organic matter and carbon were carried out on control and treated soil samples. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to compare the averages. The results of the experiment show that the addition of logging residual ash increased plastic limit and California bearing ratio and reduced liquid limit and plasticity index. Also, the results of one-way ANOVA showed that the mean difference in moisture, acidity and nitrogen were not significant (P>5%) while electrical conductivity, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter and carbon showed significant differences.

the aim of this research was the presentation of citizenship sports ecosystem framework analysis in Anzali city. The research is carried out qualitatively in terms of structural-functional analysis and case study within strategic levels in Anzali city. The statistical population consisted of two sections: human society (31 people) and information society (37 editions). The research instruments included three methods of library study, interviewing and Delphi technique. The Validity of the instruments based on the credibility of the resources and the people surveyed, content and formalism of the interview framework, calculate coefficients of Agreement between coders desirable. The findings showed that the dimensions of Anzali citizenship sports ecosystems includes a few general views. Individual citizenship, family, environment of citizen's life, media environment, trustee organizations, sports market, sports facilities, globalization of sport and sports participation. In addition to identifying the components of the citizenship sports ecosystem, the challenges and weaknesses of the platform were identified. Ultimately, proper and operational solutions Along with the pattern of division between correspondent organizations were presented. Based on the findings we can say Anzali Citizenship Sports Ecosystem Major capacities and capabilities on the one hand and challenges and threats on the other both structure and gender and smart adoption of strategies and strategies can simultaneously take advantage of opportunities, fixing challenges and achieve the goals.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is one of the common diseases of central nervous system. In the disease white blood cells attack to the sheath of the central nervous system, which is called myelin. The amount of MS infection in women is two or three times more men and infecting age range is between 15-50 years old that its peak is in 30 years. Multiple sclerosis can result in variable neuromuscular deficit including muscle weakness, spasticity, balance impairment and sensory disturbance. Walking difficulties and cognitive impairments are clinical hallmarks of people with multiple sclerosis. Among symptoms of the disease, growing attention has focused on cognitive functions. Cognitive deficit have been reported in 45-70% of people affected by this disease. Cognitive impairments can play a significant role in memory, attention, learning, performance, information processing ability and speed of information processing. One of the most important problems in MS patients is memory impairment. This memory involves the process of temporary storage of information and its application in the process of processing information and complex cognitive skills such as reasoning and learning; in other words, working memory is the result of controlling attention and maintaining concentration in a particular mental activity. In many daily activities, people often require performing an additional cognitive demanding task while walking. Therefore, purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive task on stance phase timing of walking in multiple sclerosis patients.

The current study design was a quasi-experimental with pre and posttest. Twenty volunteer men and women with multiple sclerosis (mean±SD age: 41.85± 12.59 years old and EDSS score 0-5) from Tehran (capital city of Iran) multiple sclerosis association were participated in this study and stance phase timing of walking measured in 3 different level by foot Medisense. Analysis of variance with repeated measurement test and Bonferroni post Hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (p<0.05).

Performance cognitive task had a significant effect on increased time of hill strike phase, foot flat phase, mid stance phase, hill off phase and toe off phase in right leg (p<0.001) and in left leg. In addition, performance of cognitive task had a significant effect on increased time of hill strike phase, foot flat phase, mid stance phase, hill off phase and toe off phase (p<0.001). Except for stage 2 versus stage 3 in left leg, there was a significant difference between the time of walking stance phase in all level in the left leg (stage 1 versus stage 2, stage 1 versus stage 3, stage 1 versus stage 4, stage 2 versus stage 3, stage 2 versus stage 4 and stage 3 versus stage 4) and right leg (stage 1 versus stage 2, stage 1 versus stage 3, stage 1 versus stage 4, stage 2 versus stage 4 and stage 3 versus stage 4).

Stance phase time in multiple sclerosis patients increased during cognitive task and multiple sclerosis patient walk slower during cognitive task.

  Swelling soil such as clay soil is known as unsuitable material for forest transportation due to the high volume change and mechanical defects. So, it is necessary to improve the mechanical properties of clay soil by silica content biologic stabilizers such as ash. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of corncob ash for enhancing the mechanical strength of soil in recommended forest roads of district two in Bahramnia forestry plan in Golestan province. In this study the waste of corncob plant was collected from farmlands of province. The nodes of stem which have higher content of Silica were separated and then grind and heated in furnace at 580°C for 2 hours. Produced ash didn’t have plastic properties and most of the particles had the size of smaller than 0.075 mm. In addition the swelling soil samples were brought from the recommended roads to the soil mechanic laboratory. Samples were treated by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% corncob ash and in curing times of 7, 14 and 28 days the tests of Atterberg limits (Plastic and liquid limits), standard proctor or maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength were done with three replications. Findings showed that plastic index decreased by increasing of corncob ash. With increasing the amount of ash content in the mixture, the maximum dry density of the mixture decreased and optimum moisture content increased. Proctor curves of the treatments of 10% and 5% were similar from curing time of 14 days and had significant distance from the curves of the treatments of 15% and 20%. This issue shows that the use of ash more than 10% couldn’t change the dry density and optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength of the mixture increased until adding 10% of ash, and then the trend didn’t change significantly. Increasing the curing time causes that the maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength to increase, whereas plastic index of soil decreased. In most of cases there wasn’t significant difference between the curing times of 14 and 28 days, in terms of unconfined compressive strength, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Findings indicated that because of the pozzolonic properties of corncob ash, it is enough to use the optimum amount of 5% and curing time of 14 days for improving the mechanical properties of swelling clay soil of forest road bed

In regard to importance of various pathologic factors affecting respiratory system and its role in the selection of specific therapies in the sheep, 626 slaughtered sheep were examined to describe the pathological lesions of lower respiratory tract at Urmia abattoir. A total of 114/626 lungs (18.12%) with macroscopic lesions were condemned and macro-microscopically examined. The specimens were processed through routine method for paraffin embedded sectioning (5-7micron) and stained by Hematoxillin& Eosin method. Incidence of lesions in order of frequency were interstitial pneumonia (51; 8.14%),verminous pneumonia(23;3.67%), atelectasis (22; 3.51%), granulomatous pneumonia (22;3.51%), chronic bronchitis (21; 3.35%), fibrosis (13;2.07%), adenocarcinomas (11;1.75%),chronic bronchiolitis (10;1.59%), hydatic cyst (8;1.27 %), pulmonary abscesses (7;1.11%), emphysema (6;0.95%), pleuritis (2;0.31%) and pulmonary edema (2;0.319%). The result of this study showed that interstitial pneumonia was interestingly predominant among other lesions of condemned lungs which may reflect a seasonal difference.

Any defects in street trees may cause injuries to human, vehicles and buildings. This research was investigated in the Babol city, Mazandaran province, in the northern state of Iran.Used the perfect inventory methods and measured the diameter at breathe height (DBH), height and hazardous criteria (dead woods, cracks or seams, decay, wound or cankers, root problems, weak branch unions and skew from vertical line). In each hazardous criterion classes compered the Slenderness (h/d); height (m) and diameter at breathe height (cm). The means of different between Slenderness (h/d), height (m) and diameter at breathe height (cm) in the hazardous criteria classes were estimated by ANOVA test. Data analyzing was done by SPSS16 software. Results showed that the mean of DBH and h/d in the hazardous class (class one) was higher the other classes in the seven hazard criteria, but mean height of tree in the class 3 (non-hazard classes) was higher quantity. Results showed that the different between three classes of hazard in the seven hazard criteria was significant. Overall results showed that the hazardous class (class one) has a higher h/d quantity and more hazardous potential

Wildfires as one of the natural events influence forest ecosystems. Global warming and it’s effect on lengthening of dry season along with accumulation of senesced litter may couple the effects of fire in forest ecosystems. Hyrcanian forests of Iran are often bothered from the natural and also manmade fires severely. The present study was conducted to investigate the spread rate of surface fire and the effective factors which influence on it in natural mixed forest of Chalmardi- Mazandaran، Northern Iran. The spread rate of fire was measured under different conditions which were simulated with different wind speed (1-16 m s-1)، slope classes (% 0-90)، species (Parrotia persica C. A. M.، Acer velutinum L.، Fagus orientalis L.، Carpinus betulus L.، Quercus castaneifolia L.) and thicknesses of leaf litter (1-8 cm). Results showed that the surface fire distributed intensively with increasing wind speed. This was also accelerated in greater slope degrees. Our findings revealed that the spread rate of fire increased with increasing litter thicknesses up to 4 cm and then decreased. The types of leaf litter influence the spread rate of fire، as leaves with small thickness (Fagus orientalis L.) and large width (Acer velutinum L.)، facilitate the fire transmission to neighbor litter by bending itself and increase the spread rate of fire، and leaves with greater (Quercus castaneifolia L.) and smaller (Carpinus betulus L.) thickness reduce the spread rate of fire due to the lack of rapid transmission of fire to the neighbor litter.