فهرست مطالب mehrzad mansouri

Investigations show that in Persian no significant research has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives. In this paper, near-synonymy relationship of ‘‘ziyâd and farâvân’’ size adjectives and their inflectional forms has been studied based on Behavioral Profile Analysis approach of Divjack and Gries (2006) and the data of Hamshahri 2 corpus (Alahmad and et.al, 2009). Accordingly in this study, first, by using AntConc software (2011) the data related to ‘‘ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari’’ size adjectives were extracted from the corpus and then were annotated on the basis of the morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The result of behavioral profile approach which is acquired according to hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the highest level of near-synonymy belongs to ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni’’, ‘‘ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’, ‘‘ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’, ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân’’ and ‘‘ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin’’ groups and the lowest level of near-synonymy is between ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’ and ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin, ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’ groups. Finally, annotation analysis based on Z-scores has specified all meaningful and meaningless ID-tags of size adjectives.

This study investigates the nature and structure of Persian incorporation within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM) as a fully synthetic approach that considers morphology as syntax. In this approach, the Root selects for an argument, and then the Root must be merged with that argument or adjunct before it merges with its category-determining feature bundle. So Roots allow being incorporated into them. They are not yet included in any category. In order to become nominal or verbal, they have to incorporate further into a category-creating head. Some linguists (Arkan, 2006; Karimi, 1997; Shaghaghi, 2007; Spencer, 1991, 1995) considered the incorporation process as a morphological phenomenon because within the framework of Baker's synthetic theory, data from their understudied languages violates Baker's syntactic principles, but DM can describe incorporated constructions inconsistent with syntactic conditions of Baker’s synthetic theory. It seems that DM, unlike previous approaches, can solve some challenges, such as combining the syntactic function of incorporated construction of concrete structures (Gerdts, 1988), changing the syntactic function of the element derived from incorporation (Baker, 1988), and some restrictions on modifier stranding for merging with verbs (Baker, 1988, 1996). The analysis made in this article shows that syntactic approaches need to be reconsidered to explain incorporation.

The present study has investigated the ideological structure of the Iranian newspapers in terms of the words used in representing the offenders, the victims, and the crimes in the framework of critical stylistics (Jeffries, 2010). To this end, based on a systematic random sampling, the crime-related texts were collected from six most widely published newspapers as Keyhan, Ettelaat, Resalat, Javan, Aftab, and Shargh from May 2016 to June 2017. Then, 50 issues of each newspaper were randomly selected and a one million-word corpus was developed and analyzed by AntConc software. The findings indicated that among 81 words used in crime representation, the crimes against individuals had the highest frequency with 33% and moral crimes with 1.5% were the least frequent. Also, the analyses of 108 extracted target words representing the offender and 76 extracted target words representing the victims showed that representing offenders and victims were based on age, gender, family relationships, occupation and social role, role in crime, as well as depersonalized representation. The representation of the offenders has been carried out most frequently in terms of the role in committing the crime with 62% and least frequently based on age with 4%. The representation of the victims has been done most frequently based on gender with 31.5% and least frequently in terms of occupation with 4%.

Extracting components to determine the author's personal style is one of the things that can show the author's style more accurately and better based on measurable parameters. One of these parameters is the study of the relative frequency of a particular structure. In this regard, the study of the syllabic structure of the row and rhyme can be effective. For this purpose, this research has tried to determine the frequency of construction and the syllabic pattern of rows and rhymes in Hafez's poems. The study also aims to examine the extent to which Hafez uses each of the syllable structures in the row and rhyme and the arrangement of these structures in each syllable pattern. This research shows that the ratio of syllable construction in Hafez's poetry is somewhat in harmony with the natural Persian language. In terms of syllable pattern, the poet has used a wide variety of patterns. In terms of frequency, the patterns used also have different frequencies. Although the poet has shown no interest in using open syllables in the one-syllable pattern, he has used this syllable well in multi-syllable patterns.This study shows that the poet has limitations in using some patterns, such as not using patterns that start with cvcc in two-syllable patterns. This study also shows that in the application of each of the constructions in total patterns, the construction of cv is superior to the constructions of cvc and cvcc. In terms of the average use of each of the three constructions in all row and rhyme syllables, cv syllables are in the first place and cvc and cvcc syllables are in the next positions, which in terms of both rank and relative frequency is accompanied by spoken and written language.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a movement disorder caused by a non-progressive brain lesion and its symptoms appear in the form of developmental damages. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) signals upon carrying out a speech and language task and to compare the components of language function and common spatial patterns extracted from children with cerebral palsy and healthy ones. In this study, 17 children with CP and 40 healthy children aged from 7 to 12 were studied. In order to evaluate the phonetic, phonological, syntactic, and semantic features of the language in the CP group in comparison to healthy control participants, a Test of Language Development (TOLD) was employed. To examine their electrophysiological signals on the basis of amplitude and frequency of brain waves, as well as brain connectivity across spectral bands, the 16-channel quantitative electroencephalography was used. In addition, the qualitative evaluation and output of the language development test were reported to determine the areas in need of improvement in both healthy and cerebral palsy groups. The results of this study showed that children with cerebral palsy had significant problems in the sub-scales of the language development test as compared to healthy children. It was also observed that children with cerebral palsy scored the lowest score in the grammatical completion subtest. The qEEG-based brain mapping revealed a significant difference in the amplitude of waves and brain connectivity in the area needing improvement between the two groups.

With the 1979 Iran revolution, there has been an evolution in the logic of self and other in the foreign policy discourses of the Islamic republic of Iran and the USA, and these former two strategic allies, turned to the present antagonistic forces. From this historical point onwards, Iran-the USA relations and consequently, Iran and the West, was represented in a circle of agonism to antagonism. This issue has been considerable in both objective and subjective levels and Iran sanctions is one of its focuses. This study aims to investigate the hidden discourse in NOW, a web-based newspaper and magazine corpus, and to examine which signs and concepts were and forgrounded or backgrounded. The data were collected from NOW corpus from 2010 to 2019, and then analyzed in two micro and macro levels. In the micro level, with a focus on Iran sanctions items, the corpus was analyzed for the use of semantic categories. In the macro level, the representation of this issue was represented was investigated based on the approach of critical discourse analysis focusing on the hidden discourse of Fairclough, Laclau and Mouffe and van Dijk. Results show that some issues such as the reimposition of sanctions, their upcoming, violation, lifting sanctions, legislation and the names of different countries are foregrounded in this corpus. The most frequent topics in this corpus denote a one-sided view from the USA’s attitude, neglecting Iran’s reactions.

One of the places of articulation which most languages do not tend to produce consonant is the position of uvular. In some of the limited languages which have consonants in this place, they only have a stop consonant. In Persian, most grammarians and linguists agree to Standard Persian in which there is only one uvular stop. This uvular stop phoneme is a voiced uvular stop consonant has produced different allophones in different context. Nevertheless, this situation in standard Persian of some of the Persian dialects seems there are two uvular consonants. The present study tries to assess this important issue by studying the acoustic characteristics of this uvular stop consonant in Neyriz dialect. The data available in this research is dialogue speech which has been analyzed using the PRAAT software. The present study shows that in this dialect, there are two phonemes /G/ and /q/ which have been noticed in some periods of Persian language development.

Studies have shown that in Persian, no significant research has been done on size adjectives. In this paper, near-synonymy relationship of ‘‘vasiʔ, pahnâvar, bozorg’’ size adjectives and their inflectional forms have been studied according to Behavioral Profile approach of Divjack and Gries (2006) and the data of Hamshahri 2 corpus (Alahmad and et.al, 2009). In this research, initially all lexical and inflectional forms of size adjectives were identified and then evaluated according to morphological, syntactic and semantic ID-tags. The results indicated that based on hierarchical analysis, the groups of “vasiʔtarin, bozorgtarin”, “vasiʔ, bozorg’’, “pahnâvartar, bozorgtar’’, “vasiʔtari, bozorgtari’’, “vasiʔi, bozorgi’’ have near-synonymy relationship with each other. In addition, there is a similar distribution between the members of the group of “pahnâvar, pahnâvartarin” due to the existence of identical bases. Also, there is a near-synonymy relationship between the lexical forms of “pahnâvari” with “vasiʔi, bozorgi” and “vasiʔtar” with “pahnâvartar, bozorgtar”.

Phonotactics of consonant cluster has been concerned in phonology by some linguist in last decades. In some studies sonority has been focused and in some others, other features like voice or continuance. Since the consonants may not come together because of some place of articulation feature, manner of articulation or voice features,The study is concerned with homogeneity in voice or continuance feature in Persian final cluster. In the present study 625 mono syllable Persian words with CVCC syllable structure(more than 90% of the Persian words with such structure), have been studied to extract rules and constraints in this regard. The study shows Persian has a tendency to have final consonant cluster with heterogeneity in voice in general and voice homogeneity in particular. The study has also showed there is significant difference in frequency of consonants where they appear in normal spoken or written Persian , or in consonant clusters. The study has also counted and indicated the frequency of each consonant in first and second placement of the clusters as well as their relationship with each vowel in the studied syllable

Semiotics is the systematic study of signs which has worked as an effective tool for analyzing many texts, and stratified semiotics, as a theoretical approach, sets the ground for the analysis of multi-dimensional texts composed of linguistics and non-linguistics signs.
This study investigates the epitaphs of the Shirazi martyrs of the Iran-Iraq war from the stratified semiotics perspective. Martyrs’ epitaphs consist of two strata: the linguistic stratum and the non-linguistic stratum. There are substrata in each stratum as well. Linguistic stratum consists of the opening writings and poetry, as well as the identity of martyrs and their wills. Non-linguistic stratum deals with the functions of the colors and images which are displayed in these strata from a semiotic perspective. This study indicates that both images and colors (such as red, black, and green) of the epitaphs crystallize the concepts of martyr and martyrdom. Moreover, it is indicated how the linguistic signs formed as poetry and short proses are effective in transferring the intended meanings. This study also asserts that it is possible to investigate these epitaphs from the stratified semiotic perspective because, as a theoretical perspective, stratified semiotics has a variety of functions in multimodal texts.

Idiomatic structures are of the forms which have been investigated to argue in support of some theories in Minimalist Program. In this regard the present study investigates the syntactic structure of Persian Idiomatic Expressions (PIE) in the frame work of minimalist approach. In this study a sample of 200 Persian idioms, selected randomly, have been studied to examine their flexibility in terms of their subjects, tenses and some other structures larger than Inflectional Phrase (IP). The study supported the idea that a phrase is formed by merging head ''X" and its complement, and X-bar with its Specifier to form X-bar and XP respectively. The analyses of the idioms shows that in the smallest form of idioms a verb is merged with its complement to form a "V-bar" and a V-bar is merged with a subject to form a VP. In this way the evidences from Persian support the idea of the Subject Internal Hypothesis. The study also shows that idioms in Persian are fixed in bottom up way in forming Phrase Structure as in V-bar, VP, IP(TP), CP respectively in clause structure level and even in larger ones.

The study investigated the unmarked placement of manner adverbs of Persian as an SOV language by an experiment in which 30 informants were asked to correct the order of sentences in which a manner adverb was used. The study shows that some adverbs significantly appear at the beginning of the sentence before subject, some between subject and object, some between object and verb and some between indirect object and verb in double object constructions. The study also shows that some adverbs occur in two or three places almost equally. Based on results it has been argued that the placement of adverbs depends on semantic and syntactic properties of the structures as well as semantic properties of the adverbs. Considering the fact that speakers had no chance to change the adverbs, the study shows that their decision on adverb placement is not significantly effective. In this study, it has also been argued that VP shell analysis can account for adverb placement if the placement defines both as an adjunct to intermediate projection (X') as well as head (X) in the framework of Minimalist Program.

Persian Light Verb (PLV) is of the chalengable issues in Persian Linguistics. Most of the studies on PLV are on its role in forming Noun Incorporation (NI) as well as Argument Structure. The present study has tried to investigate PLV in Persian complex predicates in terms of bleechness of the lexical meaning. In the study, it has been argued that the light verbs have been bleached distinctively in two vertical and horizontal continuemes. In horizontal continuem light verbs haven compared with each other, from the least to the most bleeched one, like xandan(to read), xordan(to eat), …, zadan(to hit) and kardan t(to do). In vertical contiuem a specific Light verb have been investigated in relation to the lexical elements, noun or adjective, can be merged withto like kotak zadan(to hit), harf zadan(to talk), telephone zadan (to call, It has been also argued that there is a direct relationship between lexicality and specifity. More specific light verbs are more lexical ones.
In this study a kite shape design has been proposed to show bleechness of PLV in two dimensions.

An investigation of Iranian languages and dialects can clarify some hidden cultural characteristics of the speakers. This study has been conducted to show how speakers of the Khāvarāni dialect, a Persian dialect in Fārs province in the south of Iran, have divided time into some classifications. The classifications of day and night in the dialect are almost as numerous as standard time classifications. The classifications of time in the dialect are 24 sections, like standard classifications. In spite of an equal classification in number, theamount of time in each two sections is not equal. Early in the morning and evening when job starts or ends, each section is about 20 minutes; while in some other sections it may get to one and a half hour. The study shows that the speakers have managed time both in day and night properly. More than half of the words and expressions belong to evening, night and early morning in the dialect. This study indicates that the people have been active in using their hours and managing their time. The study also shows that the bases of the time classifications in the dialect are the times when Muslims say their prayers in the morning, at noon or in the evening. Regarding the calendar of the dialect, they have used Now-Ruz (the first day of Farvardin, i.e. March 21st) as the base. They have divided the calendar into two main sections: the days after Now-Ruz, and the days before that. They have also used some natural times like when a proper star appears in the sky or a fruit can be picked as some sub-classifications of the year.

Standardizing Persian alphabet letters in PCs، note books and cell phones is an important issue in Persian writing. Diversity of letters assigned to a given key as well as inappropriateness of the assigned letters to keys in relation to the frequency of letters are the most important issues for the Iranians using Persian keyboards. Although the standard Persian keyboard has been organized in a way that all similar letters stand side by side and they have almost been organized alphabetically، the most and the least frequent letters are not the most and the least accessible ones. To assign letters to keys، the researcher calculated the frequency of Persian letters in a corpus of about 1،270،000 letters. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the frequency of the letters and the accessibility of the keys assigned to them. The study analyzed the keys organized in each of three rows on the Persian keyboards based on the frequency of letters assigned to them. It was found out that the letters with a high degree of frequency stand close to the letters with low frequency. The researcher designed a keyboard layout based on relative frequency of letters and fingering frequency.

The present study is an attempt to describe DP in Shirazi dialect (a dialect of Persian spoken in Shiraz) within the framework of Larson(1988)’s proposal concerning VP shell, proposed to solve the problem of double object construction in binary system, particularly X`-theory. The study demonstrates that generalizing VP shell to DP can account for the splitting of DP head in Shirazi dialect. It argues that there are two shells with two heads for a DP in this framework. The head of the outer layer consists of pronouns and numbers while the head of the inner layer consists of articles. The definite article /-u/ in Shirazi dialect is a piece of evidence to support NP movement and merge in DP structure. Generalizing VP shell to DP in the dialect, as generalized to NP, DP, PP in Mansouri (2006), is an evidence of the generalizability of the concept of Shell to XP or all other maximal projections within X'- Theory.

Variation of past stem of Persian verbs has been explored by traditional grammarians as well as modern linguists. The present study is an investigation of phonological changes among past verbs traditionally known as regular versus irregular verbs. The study classifies the Persian past stem into five categories based on the number of rules applied to it. The first category refers to verbs like “kosht” (killed) formed from “present stem” (kos) + past maker (t). the second refers to verbs like ”xord”(ate) formed from “present stem” (xor), a morphological rule (past marker) and a phonological one. The third category of verbs described in this study need two phonological rules to alter present into past. The 4th category needs three phonological rules to be applied to in addition to a morphological one. The last one refers to the verbs which need four phonological changes in addition to a past marker. The study shows that the only form of past marker is /t/. it has been also argued that some past stems are influenced by some phonological constraints like consonants appearing as final clusters as well as vowels appearing as a nucleus. Moreover the study indicates that morphological aspects of verbs should be regarded as an important factor in phonological structure of past stem of Persian verbs. In this way the study has provided evidence to support interference of phonology and morphology. The study has provided evidence to show that classifying verbs into regular and irregular is not plausible. It has been argued that all verbs are formed regularly.

The investigation of phonemes frequency in a given language can be a means in description of the language. Studying the differences in the occurrences of phonological segments of Persian, the study has tried to indicate that the frequency of phonemes would be a good means for the description of phonemes. In other words the study has indicated that minimal pair is not enough to distinguish phonemes. In the study 60399 occurrences of Persian Phonological segments taken from the spoken (30326 segments)and written(30073 segments)Persian texts with similar genres and styles, have been recorded, transcribed and counted.The study has showed that there is no significant difference in the frequency of phonemes in spoken and written Persian in general. Mean while there are some remarkable differences among the occurrences of some phonemes in the two forms. The study has also indicated that, in general, the consonants and vowels articulated in front part of oral cavity are more frequent in spoken language and those articulated in back of it are more frequent in written one.