فهرست مطالب mitra rezaei

This study aimed to introduce a biomarker panel to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the early stage, and also differentiate of stages from each other.

PDAC is a lethal cancer with poor prognosis and overall survival.

Gene expression profiles of PDAC patients were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The genes that were significantly differentially expressed (DEGs) for Stages I, II, and III in comparison to the healthy controls were identified. The determined DEGs were assessed via protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and the hub-bottleneck nodes of analyzed networks were introduced.

A number of 140, 874, and 1519 significant DEGs were evaluated via PPI network analysis. A biomarker panel including ALB, CTNNB1, COL1A1, POSTN, LUM, and ANXA2 is presented as a biomarker panel to detect PDAC in the early stage. Two biomarker panels are suggested to recognize other stages of illness.

It can be concluded that ALB, CTNNB1, COL1A1, POSTN, LUM, and ANXA2 and also FN1, HSP90AA1, LOX, ANXA5, SERPINE1, and WWP2 beside GAPDH, AKT1, EGF, CASP3 are suitable sets of gene to separate stages of PDAC.

Ferroptosis, an oxidative and iron-dependent cell death, is a new type of regulated cell death. There are few studies on the mechanisms of ferroptosis in the skin and related diseases. Arsenic is shown to induce ferroptosis cell death. This study aimed to decipher the relationship between arsenic exposure and ferroptosis cell death in the skin.

Arsenic-gene interactions were obtained. Then, skin-specific arsenic-gene interactions were screened. Ferroptosis-related genes were identified. Analysis of functional and biological interactions was performed to identify possible mechanisms.

The arsenic-gene interactions and the ferroptosis-related genes showed an overlap of 59 genes. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction, and transcription factor (TF)/miRNA target gene interaction analyses were used to look into the mechanism of arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin. ACTB, CTNNB1, HSPA8, SRC, RACK1, CD44, and SQSTM1were identified as key proteins. Gene ontology analysis of these proteins indicated the mitochondrial morphology and functionality changes following arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin. HIF1A and SP1 TFs regulate a large number of genes compared to other TFs. Ten miRNAs with high interaction with ferroptosis-associated genes were identified.

This work investigated the mechanism of arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin and identified key genes and regulators, and functional analysis highlighted the role of mitochondria in this skin exposure

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is associated with metabolic disorders. However, several studies have suggested that exposure to BPA can cause obesity. It has recently got more attention from scientists as a risk factor for obesity due to its ability to mimic natural estrogens and bind to their receptors. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism underpinning the environmental etiology of metabolic disorders has not been not fully clarified. In this regard, BPA exposure directly disrupts endocrine regulation, neuroimmune and signaling pathways, and gut microbes, resulting in obesity. In addition, epidemiological studies have revealed a significant relationship between BPA exposure and the development of obesity, although conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, this review summarized the possible role and molecular mechanisms associated with BPA exposure that may lead to obesity based on in vivo and in vivo studies.

Compounds found in algae, such as bioactive substances, sulfated polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been found to have positive effects on the immune system. Previous research has shown that algae can also benefit digestive system disorders. They possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can influence the balance of gut microbiota and maintain the integrity of the intestinal lining. Celiac disease (CD), a disorder caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten, results in inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining, leading to problems with nutrient absorption. Although a lifelong gluten-free diet is the only treatment option for this disease, it is challenging to adhere to. Therefore, recent studies have focused on finding supplementary or alternative therapies for celiac disease patients. Traditional medical treatments, like anti-inflammatory and biological drugs, are associated with significant side effects and are not suitable for supplementary therapy for this group of patients. Algae shows promise as a potential research area for treating CD; however, their specific effects on this condition have not been widely studied. The aim of this study was to gather current information and draw attention to the potential use of algae extracts in treating CD to encourage further research in this field.

Okadaic acid (OA) is a toxin of polluted shellfish. Consuming the contaminated shellfish is accompanied by diarrhea and paralytic and amnesic disorders. There is a correlation between diarrhea and the consumed OA. Determining the critical targeted genes by OA was the aim of this study.

The transcriptomic data about the effect of OA on human intestinal caco-2 cells were extracted from gene expression omnibus (GEO) and evaluated via the GEO2R program. The significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the central nodes were enriched via gene ontology to find the crucial affected biological terms.

Among the 178 significant DEGs plus 50 added first neighbors, four hub-bottleneck genes (ALB, FOS, JUN, and MYC) were determined. Twenty-eight critical biological terms were identified as the dysregulated individuals in response to the presence of OA. “ERK1/2-activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex binds KDM6B promoter” was highlighted as the major class of biological terms.

It can be concluded that down-regulation of ALB as a potent central gene leads to impairment of blood homeostasis in the presence of OA. Up-regulation of the other three central genes (JUN, FOS, and MYC) grossly affects the vital pathways in the human body.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a pivotal role in the production of angiotensin II and the inactivation of bradykinin. Recent studies have suggested that human serum albumin may possess ACE-inhibitory properties, serving as a potential endogenous ACE inhibitor that primarily affects serum ACE levels. Interestingly, the infusion of albumin in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery has been associated with the development of hypotension.

This study aimed to assess serum ACE activity in 27 hypoalbuminemia patients admitted to the ICU before and after a protein-rich diet was administered to raise their serum albumin levels. Serum ACE activity was quantified using raas(HPLC), measuring the formation of hippuric acid, a product generated during the incubation of serum with Hip-His-Leu, a substrate, at 37°C for 30 minutes.

In vitro experiments demonstrated that the addition of albumin to human sera led to a significant reduction in ACE activity compared to control groups (P < 0.0001). This reduction was consistent across all serum samples. Specifically, the maximum velocity (Vmax) of ACE activity significantly decreased from 14.90 U/L in the control group to 3.210 U/L in the albumin-added group (P = 0.0262). Notably, there was no significant change in the Michaelis constant (Km) between the control group (0.5263 mM) and the albumin group (0.2742 mM) (P = 0.6763), indicating a non-competitive inhibitory effect of albumin on ACE activity. Interestingly, in this study, elevating serum albumin levels in hypoalbuminemia patients following a protein-rich diet resulted in both ACE inhibition and a slight increase in activity (P = 0.0201). This increase correlated mildly with serum albumin levels across all samples.

In conclusion, contrary to in vitro findings, raising serum albumin levels in hypoalbuminemia patients did not further inhibit serum ACE activity.

 Investigations indicate that Wedelia chinensis extract increases efficacy of prostate cancer treatment. In the present study, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of prostate cancer cell line 22RV1 in the presence of W. chinensis extract derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were evaluated by gene ontology and pathway analysis. 

 Gene expression profiles of GSE100224 were analyzed by GEO2R. The significant DEGs were assessed via action map analysis. The related biological terms were identified for the significant DEGS. The highlighted dysregulated genes and pathways were discussed. 

 Seventy significant DEGs including 49 up-regulated genes and 21 down-regulated ones were assessed by inhibition, activation, expression, and binding actions. Cytochrome P450 and PTGS2 were highlighted as the crucial DEGs. Estrogen metabolism was pointed as the main targeted pathway.  

 Findings indicated that “estrogen metabolism” and UGT1A1, MAOA, PTSG2, and cytochrome P450 in the 22RV1 cells were the main targeted pathway and genes by W. chinensis .

To gain insight into the pathogenesis and clinical course of COVID-19 from a historical perspective, we reviewed paraclinical diagnostic tools of this disease and prioritized the patients with a more severe form of disease admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The objective was to better predict the course and severity of the disease by collecting more paraclinical data, specifically by examining the relationship between hematological findings and cytological variation of blood neutrophils and monocytes. This retrospective study was conducted on 112 patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to Imam Hossein Hospital (Tehran, Iran) from August to September 2020. Peripheral blood smears of these patients were differentiated according to several cytological variations of neutrophils and monocytes, and the correlation to the severity of the disease was specified. The mean percentages of degenerated monocytes, degenerated granulocytes, and spiky biky neutrophils were significantly different among critical and non-critical patients (P<0.05). Degenerated monocytes and granulocytes were higher in critical patients as opposed to spiky biky neutrophils, which were higher among non-critical ones. Comparing the peripheral blood smears of COVID-19 patients (regarding pulmonary involvement in chest computed tomography [CT] scans [subtle, mild, moderate, and severe groups]), the twisted form of neutrophils was significantly higher in the subtle group than in the mild and moderate groups (P=0.003). Different cytological morphologies of neutrophils and monocytes, including degenerated monocytes, degenerated granulocytes, and spiky biky and twisted neutrophils, could help to predict the course and severity of the disease.

One of the remarkable phenomena in the studies of Iran’s hthe centuries is the emergence as from 2010 of a concept called ruykard requiring university researchers to work in accordance with one of the Western philosophical theories, whereas the westerners themselves, despite their much longer history in the Islamic art studies, have hardly looked at the  centuries-old Islamic art from the perspective of  contemporary philosophers – except in special cases.The present article seeks (1) to trace back the beginnings of the formation of this outlook in Iran’s academic papers, (2) to find out the possible causes of the increasing prevalence of the idea of ruykard, and (3) to analyze its potential effectiveness. Due to the enormous variety of approaches and the wide range of artistic subjects, the degree of the efficacy of intertextuality and other similar theories in analyzing the Islamic arts has been investigated. Our findings reveal that the results of such academic papers make little contribution to the understanding of the Islamic works of art and the factors related to them.  Rather, they are more of instructional significance or represent a repeated explanation of intertextuality theory along with some examples. Thus, they do not appeal to the audience, and are little in accordance with any new discovery in the field of history of art and culture that could widen the boundaries of knowledge.

Many people suffer from skin photodamage, especially photoaging. The application of a laser to repair damages is a common therapeutic method that is used widely. In the present study, the effectiveness and molecular mechanism of an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser on the human skin was assessed via bioinformatics and network analysis.

Thegene expression profiles of 17 white female forearm skins which received an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser before and after laser treatment in two sessions were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Data were evaluated via GEO2R and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The central nodes were identified and discussed for the compared set of samples.

Five classes of samples were clustered in two categories: first, baseline, 7 and 14 days after the first session of laser treatment, and second, one day after the first laser session, 29 days after the first laser session, and 1 day after the second laser session. The gross cell functions such as cell division and cell cycle and immune response were highlighted as the early affected targets of the laser. Collagen synthesis was resulted after the first laser session.

In conclusion, the time interval between laser sessions plays a critical role in the effectiveness of laser therapy. Findings indicate that the gross effect of laser application appears in a short time, and important processes such as collagen synthesis happen later.

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is a therapeutic method applied against some diseases such as cancers. Using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA radiation in ECP is associated with achievement in the treatment of patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Evaluation of cellular resistance versus ECP is the aim of this study.

Data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and were analyzed via the GEO2R program. The significant DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis by using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The critical genes were evaluated via gene ontology by using the ClueGO application of Cytoscape software. The identified biological processes were determined and analyzed.

Fifty-seven significant DEGs were determined. The main connected component of the PPI network including 32 queried significant DEGs plus 50 first neighbors was constructed. Nineteen histones as critical nodes were assessed via gene ontology, and “nucleosome organization” was pointed out as the crucial biological process. Finally, 15 histones from H2A, H2B, and H3 histone families were identified as the key genes that are involved in the resistance property of the treated cells.

In conclusion, 15 members of H2A, H2B, and H3 families (especially H2A family) were considered as the origin of resistance versus ECP treatment. It is concluded that sensitivity to ECP treatment depends on gross molecular events which are involved in the functions of histones.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive approach in medicine. Due to its noninvasive nature and low side effects, PDT has been developed quickly. In the present study, the gene expression profiles of the human cell line that was treated via PDT in the sub-lethal concentration (LC50) and super-lethal concentration (LC90) of a photosensitizer (PS) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were extracted and the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were investigated.

The gene expression profiles of the treated cells were compared with a control, and the common DEGs were determined. The common DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and gene ontology enrichment was evaluated. The related biological terms for the common genes were identified.

Ninety-four common DEGs were selected to be analyzed. It appeared that the activation and increment of gene expression were prominent processes. Jun, Dusp1, Atf4, and Atf3 as four critical genes were highlighted. “Chromosomal and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer” was identified as the main class of biological terms related to the assessed DEGs.

The major molecular events which happened in both analyses indicated that PDT, independent from the concentration of PS, induced gross molecular changes such as the upregulation of Jun and Dusp1.

Although many aspects of the COVID-19 disease have not yet been clarified, dysregulation of the immune system may play a crucial role in the progression of the disease. In this study, the lymphocyte subsets were evaluated in patients with different severities of COVID-19. In this prospective study, the frequencies of peripheral lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells; CD19+ and CD20+ B cells; CD16+/CD56+ NK cells, and CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+ regulatory T cells) were evaluated in 67 patients with confirmed COVID-19 on the first day of their admission. The mean age of patients was 51.3 ± 14.8 years. Thirty-two patients (47.8%) were classified as severe cases, and 11 (16.4%) were categorized as critical. The frequencies of blood lymphocytes, CD3+ cells, CD25+FOXP3+ T cells, and absolute count of CD3+ T cells, CD25+FOXP3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD16+56+ lymphocytes were lower in more severe cases compared to the milder patients. The percentages of lymphocytes, T cells, and NK cells were significantly lower in the deceased patients. (p= 0.002 and p= 0.042, p=0.006, respectively). Findings of this cohort study demonstrated that the frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, CD25+FOXP3+ T cells, and NK cells differed in the severe cases of COVID-19. Moreover, lower frequency of T cells and NK cells could be predictors of mortality in these patients.

To present the outcome of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM) managed successfully with an inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap over the optic disc. A narrative review of ODPM pathogenesis and surgical management techniques are also provided.

Case Report: 

This prospective interventional case series included three eyes of three adult patients (25–39 years old) with unilateral ODPM and a mean duration of unilaterally decreased visual acuity of 7.33 ± 2.40 months (4–12 months). The pars plana vitrectomy with posterior vitreous detachment induction was performed on eyes, followed by an inverted ILM flap insertion over the optic disc and gas tamponade. Patients were followed for 7–16 weeks postoperatively; best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved dramatically in one patient from 2/200 to 20/25. BCVA in other patients improved two and three lines – to 20/50 and 20/30, respectively. A significant anatomical improvement was achieved in all three eyes, and no complication was detected throughout the follow-up period.

Vitrectomy with inverted ILM flap insertion over the optic disc is safe and can yield favorable anatomical improvement in patients with ODPM.

Religion in the ancient world was based on three principles: magic and its relationship with religion and science; Totemism and the social aspect of the first religion; Fertility and herbal rituals. Magic is a force that arises from the influence of words that are read aloud or in the form of a song, and man can act on spiritual beings through words and Special movements affect nature and establish this basic influence, which is called magic. Sometimes magic includes negative orders, i.e. prohibitions; Negative magic is taboo and anything that causes fear and anxiety in the heart is called taboo. The name taboo is based on fear. Just as one can do malicious magic with a person, his body parts or his shadow, if they have a person's real name, they can also do it with his name. It has a wide cultural and geographical spread, and it still remains intact. Even if it is not completely like the past, but its traces can still be seen in the modern world. The considerations that still exist among today's societies regarding names, are they not the remnants of the name taboo and prohibitions that existed regarding names?

 This study aimed to investigate the etiology and contributing factors of cavitary pulmonary lesions in HIV infected patients. 

 In this study, 844 HIV infected patients with a total of 1000 admissions were investigated at Masih Daneshvari Hospital from Aug 2010 to Oct 2019. After excluding the missing data and distorted documentation, 746 cases and 878 admission episodes finally underwent statistical analysis. The CXRs were observed thoroughly and the cavitary lesions were identified. Eventually, demographic data, diagnostic information, and laboratory findings were extracted and analyzed.

 Of the 878 episodes of hospitalization, cavitary pulmonary lesions were observed in 145 documents. The most prevalent etiology was TB with 105 cases (72.5%). After that, Pneumocystis jiroveci and septic embolism were responsible for a further 7.6% and 5.6% of the total lung cavities, respectively. 58.5% of the cavities were present in a single lobe, with men being affected in 90.2% of the cases. The upper lobes were the most common site of involvement in the lungs [42.9% for Left Upper Lobe (LUL) and 52.3% for Right Upper Lobe (RUL)]. The rate of definitive diagnosis was significantly higher in patients affected with cavitary lesions (82.8%) in comparison with the unaffected (74.8%) (p=0.001). No significant difference in demographics, HIV and ART status, CD4+ cell count, viral load, and mortality was evident between the two groups. 

 The most common etiology of cavitary lesions in HIV positive patients was attributable to TB, PJP, and septic embolism respectively. Cavitary lesions were more prevalent in males and mainly tend to involve the upper zones of pulmonary parenchyma.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) among brain-dead organ donors at Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran.

By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 54 organ donors were screened for HTLV-1 virus in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Following that, Western blot confirmation was performed to confirm the HTLV-I infection.

Anti-HTLV-1 antibodies were detected in 2 (3.4%) cases out of 54 patients tested by ELISA. A western blot was performed in cases of positive results, but none of the subjects tested positive for HTLV-1 infection.

The results of the present study indicated rare cases of HTLV-I infection in brain-dead organ donors. However, it is recommended that organ donors be investigated for the prevalence of this virus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread widely all around the world and has infected too many healthcare workers (HCWs) as the pioneers combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to evaluate the symptoms and outcome of medical staff from a tertiary hospital in Tehran, Iran. The diagnoses of 29 HCWs presenting COVID-19 symptoms were confirmed by molecular and imaging studies. Epidemiologic and disease-related data were collected via phone calls and filling a questionnaire and then analyzed descriptively. Eighteen (62.1%) of the affected HCWs were males. The mean age of them was 41.86 years with a lower average (38.27) for females than males. Nurses comprised 41.4% of our population. Only 2 (6.9%) patients were admitted to the respiratory care unit (RCU) (), marked as critical patients. The most presented symptoms were fever (79.3%) and dyspnea (79.3%).  Overall, 55.2% of them had a longer exposure time (more than a week), which was more frequent in men than women. Fever was the most prevalent symptom among the study group. Even though the clinical features of COVID-19 among HCWs cannot be copiously determined by this study, it highlights the requirement for comparative studies to illustrate differences among HCWs and the general population. There might be an association between the duration of the exposure and the risk of the infection in men.

Despite the fact that about two years have passed since the onset of the  COVID-19 pandemic, there is still no curative treatment for the disease. Most cases of COVID-19 have mild or moderate illness and do not require hospitalization. This   guideline   released   by   the   National   Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital COVID-19 Expert Group to provide a treatment guide for outpatient management of COVID-19.

Various studies showed the use of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) gene mutations in the therapeutic plan of patients with advanced lung cancer. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and types of EGFR gene mutations among Iranian patients with lung adenocarcinoma referred to a specialized lung diseases hospital from 2014 to 2019.

The data of all patients with lung adenocarcinoma referred to the Molecular Department of Masih Daneshvari Hospital Laboratory (National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases) from 2014 to 2019 for EGFR mutation tests were collected. Patients' characteristics data and information on the frequency and types of EGFR gene mutations were obtained from the hospital information system (HIS). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.

A total of 570 individuals (Mean age of 58.74, 51.6% Male) were included in the study; 113 out of 570 patients (19.8%) were diagnosed with gene mutation. In terms of the type of mutation, 65 participants (57%) showed deletion, 48 patients (42.1%) were diagnosed with replacement, and one (0.9%) case demonstrated both. Notably, the mutation rate detected among the female patients was significantly higher than the male ones (P=0.001); in particular, deletion type of mutation was found more among women, although both genders were the same in terms of the replacement frequency. However, the age had no effect on the mutation in this study (P=0.05).

Among Iranian patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 19.8% harbored EGFR gene mutation. This mutation was found in association with lung cancer and could affect the patient's therapeutic plan.

Macrophages play an important role in tumor growth (M2 macrophage) or suppression (M1 macrophage). Auraptene, a prenyloxycoumarin compound extracted from Citrus plants, has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to look into the effect of auraptene on macrophage polarization and the tumor microenvironment when a human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was co-cultured with human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29). The toxicity of auraptene on THP-1 and HT-29 cells was determined by the MTT method. Using flow cytometry, the effect of auraptene on macrophage polarization was studied through THP-1 as a macrophage source. The effect of auraptene on the macrophage population was also studied in THP-1 co-cultured with HT-29. Furthermore, macrophage function was assessed by measuring IL-10 and IL-12 concentrations using the ELISA method, nitric oxide (NO) concentrations using the Griess method, and HT-29 apoptosis by flow cytometry. The M1/M2 ratio of THP-1 exposed to auraptene increased significantly in both naive THP-1 and THP-1 co-cultured with HT-29. Auraptene significantly reduced tumor-protective IL-10 secretion in M1 (p=0.0032) and M2 (p=0.0011). Auraptene increased anti-tumor IL-12 in M2 significantly (p=0.0011). It increased M1 NO production (p=0.0236) while decreasing M2 NO production (p=0.0001). Auraptene also increased HT-29 apoptosis in M0 and M1 co-cultures (p<0.0001). Auraptene altered the release profiles and macrophage types to enhance the suppression of HT-29 cells.

Considering the increasing prevalence and burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and false-negative results in routine reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, additional diagnostic methods are needed to diagnose active cases of this disease. This prospective study was conducted on patients, in whom clinical and radiological symptoms/signs were in favor of COVID-19 while their first PCR test was negative. Later on, a second RT-PCR was performed and serological evaluation was carried out and results were compared with each other. Out of 707 patients who had been referred to the hospital and were clinically and radiologically suspicious of disease, 137 patients with negative RT-PCR tests entered the study. RT-PCR assay became positive for the second time in 45 (32.8%). Anti-COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibodies were positive in 83 (60.6%) and 86 (62.8%) patients, respectively. Finally, it was determined that serological test was diagnostic in 73% of patients and the diagnostic yield of serology was significantly higher after the first week of illness (54.8% in the first week and 88% after that). Taking advantage of both serological tests and RT-PCR helps in diagnosing 83.9% of cases. Based on the present study, the serology may be useful as a complementary test and in parallel to RT-PCR assay for diagnosis of COVID-19 among admitted symptomatic cases.

Words represent different languages ​​and when they are disappeared the language loss is happened. Words are essentially constructed from the word formation and it means it is a process which repeatedly increases the number of words in a language and produces the words in different methods. In other word if the morphs are combined and the new words are made, that is a word formation. This process is very creative in the ancient Iranian languages especially Avesta language. MihrYašt is one of the important and old Yašts in Avesta which the special characteristic of Yašts can be seen in it. It is a second long Yašt so it has a wide and varied range of the words and that helps us to study the language much better. This method could help us to word formation in Persian language today. In this article, first it is briefly described the different methods word formation in Avesta language and then the compound words in Mihr Yašt are studied.

The pathogenesis of the COVID19 pandemic, that has killed one million nine hundred people and infected more the 90 million until end of 2020, has been studied by many researchers. Here, we try to explain its biological behavior based on our recent autopsy information and review of literature.

In this study, patients with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) result were considered eligible for enrollment. Histopathological examinations were done on 13 people who were hospitalized in Afzalipour hospital, Kerman, Iran. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. Tissue examination was done by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

The most frequent co-morbidity in the patients was cardiovascular disease. The common initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection were dyspnea and cough. In all cases, the number of white blood cells was higher than the normal range. Common histopathological findings were variable degrees of vasculitis as degenerative to necrotic changes of endothelium and trafficking of inflammatory cells in the vessel wall with fibrinoid necrosis. Tissue damage included interstitial acute inflammatory cells reaction with degenerative to necrotic changes of the parenchymal cells. CD34 and Factor VIII immunohistochemistry staining showed endothelial cell degeneration to necrosis at the vessel wall and infiltration by inflammatory cells. Electron microscopic features confirmed the degenerative damages in the endothelial cells.

Our histopathological studies suggest that the main focus of the viral damage is the endothelial cells (endotheliopathica) in involved organs. Also, our findings suggest that degeneration of leukocytes occurs at the site of inflammation and release of cytokines (leukocytoclastica) resulting in a cytokine storm.