mohammad abbasi

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Breast cancer treatment has been improved by the development of targeted chemotherapies such as antibodies against HER2 receptors and now Trastuzumab is the standard treatment for HER2 positive breast cancer. Cardiotoxicity is the most prominent adverse effect of Trastuzumab that restricts the usage of this drug. This study is designed to assess cardiomyopathy in patients with breast cancer under Trastuzumab chemotherapy with special respect to both right and left ventricles. A total number of 38 cases were evaluated. Echocardiography was done at the baseline and three to six months after the initiation of Trastuzumab chemotherapy. According to the second echocardiography 24 cases (63.8%) developed cardiotoxicity based on decrease in ejection fraction or decrease in the absolute value of the left and/or right ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (LV and/or RV GLS). There was a significant difference between the mean values of echocardiographic indices including RVSm, RV Tei-index, LV Tei-index, RV GLS, LV GLS, LVEF, MAPSE, and TAPSE before and after chemotherapy (the p-value for comparison of MAPSE was 0.006, and the p-value for comparison of other parameters was <0.001). There was no significant difference in terms of cardiotoxicity between the group that received radiotherapy in addition to chemotherapy and the group that did not receive radiotherapy. In conclusion, the best way to minimize Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity is intensive follow-up by echocardiography to detect cardiac impairments in the early stages. Also, the study demonstrated the uniqueness of longitudinal strain especially LV-GLS for early detection of cardiotoxicity.

The use of different educational methods and programs, such as simulation and virtual training, plays an important role in effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) learning for nursing students. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing mannequin‑based simulation training with virtual training on CPR learning among nursing students.

This parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2022. We selected 73 nursing undergraduate students and randomly assigned them to two groups: mannequin‑based simulation and virtual training groups. The knowledge, attitude, and performance of CPR in both groups were evaluated and compared before, immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using independent t</em>‑test and the repeated‑measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

Within‑group differences were significant in both mannequin‑based simulation and virtual training groups in terms of knowledge, attitude, and CPR performance before and after training, as well as between before and 1 month after training (p </em>< 0.001). In addition, the mean performance of simulation group students was significantly higher than the virtual group (p </em>< 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of knowledge and attitude dimensions before training, after training, and 1 month after training.

Both mannequin‑based simulation and virtual training methods increase CPR learning. Considering that students’ knowledge and attitude increase significantly using both training methods and the performance of students in the simulation group is better than in the virtual group, the use of a multimodal approach is recommended for CPR training of nursing students.

Yuval Noah Harari, a professor of history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, emphasizes the significant impact of imagination on man’s social life and describes religion as a constructed reality that has played an important role in human life. According to him, with the advent of the scientific revolution and the focus on scientific discoveries, there was no longer a place for religion. As a result, religion, due to its mythological and justification-based nature, faced a kind of decline. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, presents a coherent explanation of Harari's scattered theories and evaluates his statements. It is shown that by examining the intrinsic content of true religion (such as Islam) and the practical conduct of believers, it becomes clear that such a religion has never been opposed to science. Therefore, what has stood in the way of human progress is a deviation in religion, not the essence of religion. Moreover, considering the role of religion in fulfilling many psychological and spiritual needs and even in properly guiding scientific achievements, one cannot deny the active role and functions of religion. Negligence towards these aspects of religion and the consequent negative outcomes in human life have led to new tendencies toward religion among many intellectuals.

Retirement has become an ever-increasing important topic in psychological research, which is accompanied by problems. Therefore, it is necessary to intervene in order to increase the sense of cohesion and reduce the retirement syndrome. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of life review on the sense of coherence and retirement syndrome in older adults. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the retired male teachers (60 years old and older) of Harsin, Iran in 2022. The sample of the research included 30 individuals selected using convenience sampling method and according to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. The experimental group received Haight and Webster's life review protocol in six 90-minute sessions. The measures were Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and Bozorgmehri et al.’s retirement syndrome questionnaire. The data were analyzed through univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) in SPSS-26 software. The findings indicated that the protocol of life review has significant effectiveness in increasing the sense of coherence and reducing the retirement syndrome in older adults. As such, participants in experimental group showed a significant improvement in the sense of coherence and retirement syndrome compared to the control group. According to the empirical evidence of the positive effectiveness of the life review on the sense of coherence and retirement syndrome, it is recommended that all retirement centers and nursing homes and even families of older adults take advantages of this cost-effective and practical method.

Today, high-risk behaviors are more prevalent among teenagers, and investigating ways to reduce these behaviors is one of the basic needs of today's societies. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of teaching cognitive emotion regulation strategies on high-risk behaviors and civic-academic behaviors of adolescent female students with high-risk behaviors.

The research method was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and  a control group. The current research population was all the female students of the second secondary school in Karaj city, and one high school was selected from among the high schools of the 4 districts of Karaj to carry out the research using available sampling method. In order to carry out the research, in the first stage, to identify students with high-risk behaviors, the high-risk behaviors questionnaire of Zadeh-Mohammadi et al. and were randomly replaced in the two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in cognitive emotion regulation strategies for 10 90-minute sessions. The measurement tools of the present study were the High-Risk Behaviors by Zadeh-Mohammadi et al. and Golparvar's Civic-Academic Behavior Questionnaire, which was completed by the participants in the pre-test-post-test phase. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS 24 software.

The results of the present study showed that training  cognitive emotion regulation strategies has been able to have a significant effect on reducing risky behaviors and improving academic civic behaviors of the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.01).

According to the findings of the research, it is possible to benefit from the trial program of cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a part of the programs for solving behavioral problems in students in the field of education.

The use of gamification as a means to engage and retain customers has garnered significant attention in marketing. Despite its widespread usage, little is known about its impact on consumer behavior within online contexts. This paper aims to investigate the influence of gamification on brand equity and desirable consumer behaviors by examining the mediating role of brand engagement. An analytical survey study was conducted, with the statistical population consisting of all customers of Digikala, the most prominent online retail store in Iran. The G-power software was employed to determine the sample size for the partial least square test. Standard questionnaires were employed for data collection, and structural equation modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS software was utilized for data analysis. The findings reveal that gamification significantly impacts brand equity, including brand awareness and loyalty, and desirable consumer behaviors such as word of mouth and resistance to negative information. Moreover, gamification enhanced brand engagement, which mediates its effects on brand equity and desirable consumer behaviors. The incorporation of gamification dimensions, including immersion, achievement, and social interaction, is identified as a promising marketing strategy, and online business managers and marketers should focus on enhancing these dimensions.

Harari's thought, like any other thought, originates from a series of methodological and epistemological principles. Considering the direct impact of the methodical and epistemological approach of every thinker on how to achieve the results, it is necessary to investigate them with analytical-critical method. In this article, it is shown that Harari belongs to "extreme empiricism" and uses "incomplete induction" to reach his general claims. This is despite the fact that considering the way to reach reality in the experimental method is a self-defeating claim and logically incomplete induction does not have the necessary efficiency to reach general results. Also, in terms of method, Harari is trying to present a coherent story of human history by "making claims without reasons" in many cases. Nevertheless, putting them together in some cases has led to "internal inconsistencies" and shows a "superficiality" and lack of scientific obsession in his works. Examining the methodology and epistemology of Harari's works leads us to the fact that he was unable to adopt the correct epistemological principles and for this reason, significant problems and shortcomings have infiltrated his thought.

The present study was conducted to investigate the interaction between river and groundwater in the eastern part of Gorgan Plain. For this purpose, first, the flow of Chehel-Chay River was measured at four stations with specific intervals. Then, the relationship between the fluctuations of the river discharge and the groundwater level in the deep and semi-deep wells around it was investigated using graphical and statistical methods. The results of direct discharge measurement revealed that that the river recharges the aquifer in the first, second and fourth stations. But in the third station, the amount of flow rate increases, which indicates that the river drains the aquifer in this part of river. Results of the relationship between Chehel-Chay River discharge and water level of semi-deep wells based on Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between the changes in monthly river discharges and the monthly water level in 7 out of 19 semi-deep wells and 2 out of 5 deep wells. But, no significant relationship was observed in the rest of the wells. At the beginning of the river's entry into the plain, the curvature of the groundwater level curves is in the direction of Chehel-Chay River movement. But in the future, the shape of the curvature of the groundwater level changes and gradually turns against the direction of the Chehel-Chay River, which indicates that the aquifer feeds the river.

In the present study, the Bismuth doped GdF3 nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method and the effect of temperature, time and NH4F concentration was investigated. The Poly Ethylene Glycol was used as the surfactant. The phases characterization was inducted via XRD, FE-SEM and EDS techniques. The in vitro investigation of the samples as the contast agents were performed using MR and CT imaging. the sample synthesized at 180 oC,, 6 hours and the NH4F concentration twice the Stoichiometric concentration that had the semi spherical structure with mean size lower than 100 nm was the suitable sample and the in vitro studies show that the particles act as an excellent CT contrast agent and also as an effective MRI contrast agent at concentrations between 22.5 and 180 mM. Briefly, The use of Bismuth dopant ant GdF3 nanoparticles was successfully performed and The particles can used as the potential MRI-CT contrast agents.

Because nurse prescription has numerous benefits for the health systems, in many countries around the world, nurses are given the right to prescribe medication. In Iran, the role of nurses in prescription drugs is not well understood, and nurses face various challenges in this regard.

A qualitative content analysis methodology based on the Graneheim and Lundman model was used. Thirteen nurses working in medical wards of hospitals affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Science were selected to participate in this study by purposeful sampling. Participants were interviewed via telephone using a semi‑structured tool. After thirteen interviews, data saturation was reached. Data collection was undertaken between April 2020 and April 2021.

The results of this study are summarized in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme extracted from the data analysis was “the practical challenges of nurse prescription,” which included four main categories: structure challenges, personnel‑related barriers, interprofessional separation, and society’s attitudes.

The results of this study explain the barriers and practical challenges of nurse prescription in Iran. Identifying these challenges and barriers provides the necessary evidence for policymakers to remove and adjust these challenges and barriers. Moreover, the elimination of identified challenges will help nurses better perform their new roles and develop the nursing scope and profession.

Road and urban transport network facilitate our daily life for optimal routing. In the road network, traffic management is one of the main challenges of managers. In this regard, the first step is to estimate the density of cars at the level of the urban road network. Estimating the number of cars or the level of occupancy of cars in the whole city, taking into account less time and cost, is only possible with satellite images. In this regard, in this research, satellite images with high spatial resolution available and downloadable from the Google Earth system have been used. To identify the position of the cars, the single shot deep learning method with RetinaNet architecture and based on residual neural networks with the number of layers 18, 34 and 50 have been used. For the training data, the position of the cars is marked with bounding boxes and then satellite images with dimensions of 128 x 128 pixels and 64 pixels pitch are cut. Of the total training data, 80% have been used for training and 20% for validation. The models were trained in 50 epochs and with an average accuracy of 0.7. Satellite images containing more than 15000 cars was used to evaluate the trained models. The parameter of the possibility of overlapping of the non-maximum suppression method was applied equal 25%. The final result shows that the use of the proposed model in the identification of cars has a good accuracy. The RetinaNet detector model based on the residual deep learning network with 50 layers has performed best in terms of average accuracy with 0.87, precision with 0.7, recall with 0.99 and F1-score with 0.82. The main challenge of the proposed models is in areas with high car density, which reduces the possibility of accurately detecting the number of cars due to the size of the ground sampling distance of satellite images, but it estimates the occupancy level better.

In this article, the effects of productivity, foreign prices and oil exports shocks on the main variables including production and consumption were investigated, in a small open economy and in a situation where the country has adopted a policy of stabilizing the exchange rate. In this analytical space, under certain conditions, a cycle between the government and the financial and real sectors is created, which leads to the repeated reduction of the government primary surplus, and thus increases the probability of the government's inability to repay previously issued bonds and decreases the value of government bonds. This process ultimately leads to government debt-overhang, banking crisis and the reduction of total production and Consumption. For this purpose, the literature of "Fiscal Theory of the Price Level" (FTPL) has been used to analyze the performance of the government, which seems to be compatible with the institutional and legal conditions of Iran. According to this theory, the government, in some situations, can become the dominant actor in determining the general price level, and monetary policies are mainly regulated in accordance with the government fiscal policies. The above-mentioned process was implemented in a simple dynamic general equilibrium model that describes the behavior of actors in the economic environment, and the results on the variables of the model were analyzed. As a result, it was observed that the introduced shocks, such as nominal or real, even without any price stickiness and in conditions where domestic goods are priced based on global values, can have detrimental real impacts on key economic variables and public welfare.

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), as the front line of dealing with patients with COVID-19, are exposed to the intensification of stress caused by these conditions, and it is essential to identify related factors, such as resilience and spiritual intelligence in this context. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between perceived stress, spiritual intelligence, and resilience of EMTs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 108 EMTs in Shahroud in 2021. Data collection tools included the demographic checklist, Cohen’s perceived stress questionnaire, King’s spiritual intelligence questionnaire, and Conrad Davidson’s questionnaire (CD-RISC). To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential (independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression) statistics were used.
The mean scores of perceived stress and resilience of employees were at medium and high levels, respectively. There was no significant relationship between perceived stress and spiritual intelligence (r=-0.49, P=0.24), but there was a meaningful negative correlation between perceived stress and resilience (r=-0.31, P=0.002). A positive and significant relationship was observed between perceived stress score and age and work experience.
Considering the significant relationship between perceived stress and resilience in the present study, it is suggested that the administrators provide solutions such as creating training courses to manage stress and increase resilience in EMTs.

Students can be one of the biggest social assets of any country, so paying attention to their all-round growth is considered one of the important duties of an educational system. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness of the training package of quality of life in school on the help-seeking and academic satisfaction of students.

the research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test control group. The statistical population of the research includes; all the female students from the second year of elementary schools in Khorram Abad.  The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster, where the target sample was randomly allocated in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The data were collected using Ryan and Pintrich's academic help-seeking (1997), Sheikhul-Islami and Ahmadi's academic satisfaction questionnaires (2012). The experimental group was trained by the quality of life package at school for 12 sessions, and they did not receive a training certificate; after completing the training course, both groups were given a post-test. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results obtained from the analysis showed that there is a significant difference (P<0.001) between the post-test grades of help-seeking and academic satisfaction of the students in the experimental group.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the educational package of the quality of life in school leads to an increase in the amount of help-seeking and academic satisfaction of students.

Poor quality of life (QOL) can affect sleep quality in seniors due to its wide impact on the daily functioning of individuals. The place of residence is also considered one of the important factors in the physical and mental health of seniors.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between QOL and sleep quality in resident and nonresident seniors in Shahroud City.

This descriptive-analytical study was performedon232 nonresident and 78 resident seniors in Shahroud City, Iran, in 2019. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). After data collection, data analysis was performed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and independent t-test in SPSS version 19.

There was a significant relationship between QOL (dimensions and total score) and all sleep quality dimensions (P < 0.05) except for sleep efficiency (P = 0.214) and sleep disorder with mental dimension of QOL (P = 0.092). There was no significant difference in sleep quality between resident and nonresident seniors except for the variables of sleep duration and use of sleeping pills (P = 0.34). There was also a significant difference in the QOL of the seniors in terms of age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.021), marital status (P < 0.001), lifestyle (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), and income adequacy (P = 0.023).

Considering the strong relationship between QOL and sleep quality, implementing interventions (such as proper nutrition education, hot showers, etc.) aimed at improving sleep quality can positively affect QOL. It is also suggested to consider individual effective factors (such as more family support) to improve QOL.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between learner's motivation and the acceptance rate of virtual learning and the mediating role of students' perceived usefulness. The design of this research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research was made up of all student teachers entering 2019 in the academic year of 2020-2021 in Khuzestan province which of these, 220 people were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected by Harter's academic motivation questionnaire (HAMS; Harter, 1981), perceived usefulness (PUS; Davis, 1989), and acceptance of virtual learning (ElAM; Teo, 2010) and were analyzed using path analysis. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the learner's motivation directly and positively affects students' acceptance of virtual learning (P<0.05).  Also, inclusive basis indirectly and through perceived usefulness has a positive effect on virtual learning acceptance (P<0.05). The fit index also showed that the study model had a good fit. Therefore, it can be concluded that perceived usefulness is mediating in the relationship between a learner's motivation and acceptance of virtual learning.

The purpose of this study was to assess irrigation management and determine water productivity in olive orchards managed by local farmers in the country. To achieve this, the amount of water provided by gardeners and the yield of 102 olive orchards that underwent irrigation using various methods, surface and drip irrigation, were measured across the provinces of Qazvin, Fars, Zanjan, Gilan, Golestan, and Semnan. This data was collected during two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019. Measured values were compared with NETWAT-estimated net irrigation requirements as well as Penman-Monteith-derived values. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the average volume of irrigation water, yield, irrigation water productivity, and applied water productivity in the selected provinces are significantly different at a probability level of 1%. According to the study, the volume of irrigation water used in olive orchards varied from 2848 to 11463 m3/ha, with a weighted average of 6011 m3/ha. The average yield of olives in the production poles of this product has varied from 1500 to 11000 kg/ha over the two-year period, and its weighted average has been 4867 kg/ha. It is also worth mentioning that the water productivity ranged from 0.2 to 2.40 and its weighted average was 0.95 kg/m3. Furthermore, the applied water productivity in the selected provinces ranged from 0.18 to 1.45 and its weighted average was 0.63 kg/m3. Upon evaluating the efficiency of irrigation in the olive orchards, it was observed that the quantity of water delivered was approximately 27% and 17% less in comparison to the irrigation requirement calculated using recent 10-year meteorological data and NETWAT, respectively. In other word, forced deficit irrigation has taken place in the olive orchards

Yuval Noah Harari is an Israeli thinker who, in his analysis of history, the future and human challenges, has frequently discussed the nature of religions and their impact on human life. He has presented the existential realities, religion, and above all, God, into three divisions and devalued them to the mythical nature and collective imagination. From his viewpoint, the imagined reality of religion has applications in human life as well as risks that must be approached with vigilance. He points out that despite its undeniable applications, fictional religion is ultimately an imagined phenomenon and can, if its beliefs are embraced as genuine, become a catalyst for human deviation and the promotion of violence. In this paper, we provide a coherent overview of Harari's scattered theories concerning religion and its various consequences, and proceed to critically examine and critique them. The rational and philosophical approach is mostly taken into consideration, with instances where historical discourses and discussions within religion are integrated as per Harari's claims to subject his assertions and analyses to critical evaluation. It is demonstrated that the confusion between the position of reality as it is and the position of something for us in explaining intersubjective realities, and the failure to distinguish between true religion and existing religion, have been some of Harari's main misapprehensions.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the psychological problems of people all over the world. In this crisis, nurses experienced complex physical and psychological stress.

This study aimed to determine the relationship of perceived stress with moral distress and the spiritual intelligence of clinical nurses in the context of COVID-19.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 285 clinical nurses working in public hospitals in the city of Shahroud, Iran. Data collection instruments included a demographic data sheet, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Corley’s Moral Distress Scale (MDS), and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24). Descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis) were used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that nurses reported high levels of perceived stress (36.12 ± 5.14). Perceived stress was positively and significantly correlated with moral distress (P = 0.001, r = 0.09). Perceived stress was also significantly correlated with age (P < 0.01, r = 0.29) and work experience (P = 0.001, r = -0.85).

According to the findings, nurses must strive to reduce moral distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, psychosocial support for clinical nurses, stress management courses, and providing welfare facilities for nurses are essential.

Yoval Noah Harari is one of the most influential figures of the last century, whose horrific predictions of the future of mankind have received much attention. Given the capabilities of technology and artificial intelligence, he warns against the hacking of humans, widespread unemployment and the emergence of superhumans, and so on.The purpose of writing this article is to evaluate Harari's claims, considering the importance of futures research topics and its impact on how human beings move towards the future, in order to determine the place of futures studies in recognizing and constructing the human future.The method taken in this article is mainly analytical-critical. In this way, based on the rational principles and rules of futurology, Haray's claims have been examined in terms of structure and basis.The findings of this article show that Harari, unlike other futurists, has made predictions and, knowing the role of prophecy in human subsequent actions, has made his statements unprovable and invalid. His arguments also suffer from an internal incompatibility; Because the human self is called a myth and at the same time warns against being hacked and ignored! Exaggerating the future of technology and the possibility of reducing human truth to data is another problem.The result of these discussions will be that Harari's futures research has no prior scientific value and, given the many drawbacks it faces, can not be a basis for those interested in futures research.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy with the rate of virtual learning acceptance by considering the mediating role of students' perceived ease. The design of this study was descriptive and of typ correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all incoming 2019 student-teachers in the academic year 2020-2021 in Khuzestan province, from which 220 people were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected by Computer Anxiety Inventory (CAS; Bandalusso & Benson, 1990), Computer Self-Efficacy (CSM; Howard, 2014), Perceived Ease (PEUS; Davis, 1989), and Virtual Learning Acceptance (ElAM; Theo, 2010) and was analyzed by path analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that computer anxiety has a direct and negative effect on students' virtual learning acceptance(P<0.05). Also, computer anxiety has an indirect negative effect on virtual learning acceptance through perceived ease(P<0.05). The results also showed that computer self-efficacy has a significant positive effect on virtual learning acceptance(P<0.05). The results showed that computer self-efficacy has a positive effect on the acceptance of virtual learning directly and also through perceived ease(P<0.05). Finally, the results showed that perceived ease also has a direct positive effect on virtual learning acceptance (P<0.05). The fit index also showed that the default model has a good fit. Therefore, it can be concluded that perceived ease plays a mediating role in the relationship between computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy with virtual learning acceptance.

Changes in the quality of underground resources for various reasons, especially the unconventional use of these resources can have devastating effects on the environment.In this research, groundwater quality parameters including electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, acidity, sodium adsorption ratio, hardness, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and the sum of anions and cations were used. in this research, groundwater quality data related to piezometric water wells affiliated to the Hamadan Regional Water Company for four-year periods in 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020 in the plains of Hamadan province have been used. The results of Moran and coefficient of gery show that the spatial distribution pattern of all water quality parameters in 2009 and 2020 is random and for the parameters of electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio in 1992 and 1996, respectively, with a high level of confidence of 95% and 90%, respectively, it had a spatial distribution with a cluster pattern with high values. To investigate the spatial variations of electrical conductivity using the Kriging method, water quality maps in terms of electrical conductivity parameters for the years 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020 have been prepared. The map of electrical conductivity changes prepared from 2009 to 2020 years shows that the amount of electrical conductivity in the city of Hamedan (Qahvand) and Razan and Kaboudar Ahang plains has more increasing changes, which indicates a decrease in groundwater quality in the case study area. Therefore, planning is necessary to correct the decline in groundwater quality.

The advent of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the redefinition of geopolitical codes led to the production of new discourses whose floating sign consisted of Iran's confrontation with the West’s geopolitical field. In order to produce a counter-discourse against the United States, Iran seeks a compensatory mechanism to manage the effects of sanctions on its economy, resulting in a 25-year Iran-China strategic plan. From the perspective of critical geopolitics and Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, this study has reviewed the text of the 25-Year Iran-China Cooperation Plan in order to identify and analyze its geopolitical propositions and trends. Accordingly, the text was examined in three scales: agents, actions, and context. At the agents’ scale, China has been identified as the guarantor of security. Findings from this critical analysis showed that the floating sign in the text was to ensure Iran's geo-economic security against US sanctions. The meaning of the second identified reference, or geopolitical threatening reference, is the United States and Western Europe (Western geopolitical field). Iran seeks to create a geopolitical society discourse based on the text of a 25-year plan by identifying examples of threats against itself and China. In terms of actions, China seeks a strategic partnership with Iran by taking two steps to raise the issue of Iran on the non-security agenda and to distance itself and impose its position. In the third scale, the impact of the threat-generating actor on the context (25-year plan) was first examined, during which the United States seeks to minimize Iran's achievements by attaching the 25-year plan into Iran's nuclear program.

Studies show that leaving the hospital with personal consent is increasing. This phenomenon has unpleasant and sometimes irreversible consequences. This study aims to investigate the causes and consequences of leaving the hospital with the personal consent of patients referred to the emergency department of hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2021.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 345 patients were selected who, with personal consent, left the emergency department of selected hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The study data were collected via a questionnaire and a checklist. The questionnaire comprised demographic variables, patient-related factors, personnel-related factors, and hospital-related factors. The checklist of the consequences included questions about leaving the hospital with personal consent. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 20.

Of 345 patients included in the study, 55.9% were male and the mean age of patients was 47.1 years. The most important reasons for leaving the hospital with personal consent were as follows: personal reasons (22.9%), fear of continuing treatment (11.9%), preference to continue the treatment in other medical centers (9.3%), the suggestion of other hospital staff (35.1%), not having the desired doctor (27%), nurses’ suggestion (19.4%), lack of care (20.4%), and inadequate hospital space and facilities (14.0%). The consequences of leaving the hospital with personal consent in this study included re-admission and hospitalization (10.3%), mortality (3.4%), heart disease (0.87%), and mental disorders (0.57%).

After identifying the reasons for leaving the hospital with personal consent and highlighting the irreparable human and financial consequences, these causes should be eliminated to prevent irreparable and unfortunate consequences. Such causes include personal reasons, fear of continuing the treatment, and lack of care. Fixing the causes requires proper planning and effective actions.

Revolutionary states challenged the values and norms governing the conduct of foreign after the victory because of unfair and Undesirable. They want to change the status quo in domestic and international arena and replace it with values that are favorable and fair. Iran's Islamic Revolution is also not excluded from this total. Thus, they began to opposed the existing values and norms and demanded that they be replaced by Islamic norms. The authors of this article, using descriptive-analytical method and library resources, seek to answer why the leaders of the Islamic Revolution of Iran oppose the norms governing the international system and in response to the hypothesis that the religious attitude of the revolutionary leaders to the international system They challenged the constituent elements of the existing international system and its values and demanded their replacement with Islamic values and norms. Because these values are based on Western and non-religious values. Also, the promoters of these values do not have the necessary credibility, and their purpose in raising these issues is to put pressure on other countries.