فهرست مطالب mohammad ali mahmoudi

Qalandarieh as a branch of criticisem, tried to destroy the common normes of society and reject manifestations of religiosity in order to display a form of sincere worship without demagoguery. qalandaran by stepping on themoral values as well as the common customs of the times, freed him from any constrations.what is evidence in qalandarieh thoughts is the breaking of social taboos, which has reflected in Persian poetry.This research examine the themes of rendi and qalandari in the poems of abdul baqi mujadadi (baghi) .Abdul Baqi Mojadadi is one of the high-ranking poets and Sufis of Afghanestan ,whoes poems contain the themes of rendi and qalandari. Among the theme of qalandari ,we can mention mikhavari’s drinking and mocking the ascetic hypocritical sheikhs and expedient Sufis ,the Rejection of manifestations of sharia and religiosity and prefer of late and pubs over Monasteries, schools and mosque .Rand in the rest of the shows with characteristics such as Rand Alast, Rand Badeh Noosh ,Rand Badnam, Rand untouchable ,Rand Zahed Setiz ,Rand sufi stiz and so on .

Qazvini (1201 AH) is one of the poets of the Safavid period. Qazvini Divan is composed of various forms of Persian poetry. In this research, with the introduction of Qazvini, we have tried to analyze the poetry, language and thought of the poet's lyric poems by analytical-descriptive method and relying on library resources, so first, in the language; the characteristics of the composition of the language method are considered, and then the principles of the poet's intellectual views are evaluated. The results indicate that considering the point that Qazvini belongs to Indian style period, he is influenced by general style of that period regarding high frequency of sarcasm and jargon, novel compounds, and additional compounds. However, the simple language with mystic and religious themes as well as pseudonym in the final verse (1366 lyrics) has made his lyric poems prominent due to his personal style. Salek is introverted and prefers meaning and content to word processing, and the "colorful meaning" of his poems is derived from the "true fantasies of thought." In addition to the reflection of mystical and religious ideas on the intellectual level, despair, grief, and sorrow have overshadowed his sonnets, which seems to have gone too far in the application of these themes.

Based on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis of texts. Some stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have also a special capacity for the study of hyper-textuality, of which is the story of Noushzad, the son of Khosrow Noushin-Ravan, which is very similar to the story of Esfandiar, the famous warrior of the Shahnameh. So, this research is an attempt to explain the aspects of Ferdowsi's influence in writing Noushzad's story from Esfandiar's story using the descriptive-analytical method. Although in this research Esfandiar's story as a pretext longer than Noushzad's story as a post-text, this issue is accepted from the point of view of Genette's theory of hyper-textuality. According to the results of the research, the most important aspects of the impact of the post-text on the pre-text, which indicate the similarities between the stories studied in the current research, are: the common characteristics of the two stories characters, the same story elements (imprison, religiousity, authoritarianism, etc.), death and the images related to death, similar to Esfandiar and Noushzad.

Although some texts in classifying of literary types are compiled under the genre of Epic literature, they are not empty of lyrical aspects. Perhaps, lyrical sections of these literary works have a key function in the whole story, such as, love stories in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh that based on the researchers’ opinion have a special and different structure than non-epic stories. As far as our studies show, love stories in Zarrin Qabanameh haven’t been investigated from this aspect. In this survey with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on the library resources, the focus is on the comparison of peculiarities and structure in Zarrin Qabanameh attachments with the similar cases of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, that earlier had been under the observation of other researchers. One of the results of this survey signposts though love stories of Zarrin Qabanameh have similarities with love stories of Shahnameh, in most characteristics and structures are different from similar cases in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. The deep connection of structure and elements of love stories in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh with Persia ancient history and myths, which is the general characteristic of Shahnameh has contributed to the increasing richness of the regarding stories. A point that despite similarities between these two literary works, is less vital in Zarrin Qabanameh.

The suffering and distress caused by the separation from the homeland have appeared in the form of protest in Persian literature. In the form of return to the sweet memories of the past, nostalgia has a striking color in the poetry and story of the prison and the exile era of Persian poets and writers. Particularly, the contemporary realist novel contains many memories of exiled writers that are tied to historical, political, and social conditions. Mahmoud is a social–critic realist author, whose novels narrate his life and of the people around him. He was banished to ‘Bandar Lengeh’ after the August 28 coup. The novel of the ‘story of a city’ is the result of this period of his life. This study seeks to answer the question of how the elements and functions of nostalgia resulting from the exile were reflected in this novel? Finally, with helping the descriptive-analytical approach the results were harvested: this novel maintains the nostalgia of exile with all its ancient and modern elements and the basis of the novel is nostalgia. In this work, the individual and social dimensions of nostalgia are intertwined, and the author demonstrates how idealism in a despotic state leads to discouragement.

Suffering and longing, away from one’s own home country in the form of nostalgia to return to the past, has appeared in various forms in Persian literature. In contemporary literary works with a lot of perceptions, we find aesthetic feelings and literary arrays associated with the nostalgia of poets and writers. Hence nostalgia in contemporary narrative literature also has a special place and emerges more precisely in realist novels. Imprisonment and exile are the factors that make this emotional sense in the unconsciousness of the poet and writer, which is manifested in literary works. Ahmed Mahmoud is one of the southern realist novelists whose novels narrate the society and politics, and an important part of his fictional fantasies tied up with historical facts. His novel ‘the story of a city’, narrating the prison and exile of Khalid who is the narrator of the story, was a story that Mahmoud himself experienced in Bander Lengeh as an exiled man in the 1330s (H) and wrote in the late 1350s (H) many years after the expiration of that exile. Accordingly, the novel may return to these memoirs and nostalgic reviews of a historical period, and Mahmoud, in this way, seeks to draw and depict the era of the exile and narrate the consequences of the events of social and political disillusionment after the August 28 coup 1332 (H). From this perspective and given the political and social psychological dimensions in this realist novel, which is a realistic narrative of the period of exile's nostalgia, in this article, we seek to find answers to these questions. 1. Which elements does Mahmoud's nostalgia include in ‘the story of a city’? 2. In this novel, isthe individual more intense than the nostalgia, or its collective dimension? 3. Given the prominence of socialist realism, how can one analyze idealism in this novel? According to Mahmoud's social and historical realism in his works, this articleaims to find his feelings on distance and imprisonment, and the individual and collective reflections associated with political decisions and events assess the history.

This research has been done through descriptive-analytical and content analysis. The theory of research is based on the definitions of the functions and existing divisions of the types of nostalgic tendencies adapted to the text of thenovel of ‘the story of a city’, and through more detailed acquisitions and analysis of space, definitions and effects psychology, the issue of exile has come to various divisions and analyzes.

‘The story of a city’is the continuation of the novel of ‘the neighbors’ and the second novel of Ahmad Mahmoud's trilogy. In this novel, Khalid is a political activist who is punished and expelled to a point far away andnot for securing the city but rather for the security of the Pahlavi regime, leading to the creation of a climate of intimidation for the other protesters and dissidents. The prominent element of the novel, which contributes to the advancement of the design and the unification of the cause of the departure of the main character of the novel and other narratives surrounding the story, is the emergence of memories and events based on nostalgia. Each natural phenomena of the character of the instrument of the internal sense of loneliness and dialogue make Khalid remember the party's activities in the garrison's jail or arrest in the 92nd Armored Division and addresses the details of the adventures that led to the exile. Nostalgia in the exile of the writer is depicted deeper when the main character of the novel remembers hishometown (home country). Remembrance of friends, remembering the first and second executed group of solitary confinement at the place where he was arrested, and even Dr. Mossadeq and Dr. Fatemi, who spent the days of trial, were not beyond the nostalgia of remembering the days of hope and failure of the people involved in those events. In exile, Khalid believes everything that he oncebelieved to save people is useless. Ideals that politically suppressed, brought his friends to jail and exile and ultimately death, the humanist thoughts that lead to prison and torture, Mutations and beliefs that are now in doubt, those only leave nostalgia. This nostalgia does not leave Khalid in the days of sorrow. In this novel, sometimespresents itself as defensive thoughts and suggests a closed space of a period of the life of a nation that has been despotized and colonized and exploited. Another issue that cannot be ignored in ‘the story of a city’, is that not only Khalid but also other characters of the novel are somehow enduring exile. Sometimes this exile has been demanded and sometimes the external conditions of society or the internal pressures of individuals with present themselves in the form of remoteness and exile. Those who have witnessed the past of Bandar Lengeh consider the retreat in Langroud to be due to the migration and the self-exile of its inhabitants. 

The occurrence of events, remembrance of the homeland and of old friends, lost ideals, nostalgia as defensive thought and pro exile stance in the characters of a city, are the most important elements of nostalgia in the: the story of a city. Thus, the novel's foundation is to return to the nostalgic memories and background of a historical period. ‘The story of a city’ contains a lot of elements that weencounter in the ancient Persian poetry about imprisonment and exile, and some other forms of lyricism and in addition, it includes events of thought and a modern look on human beliefs and human concerns today. Although the nostalgic approach to the novel narrative and elements in the story relies more on social and political backgrounds, it should not be ignored that in the end, this individual is the author's mental structure and his way of life, which makes the social and political composition of the novel. Accordingly, at the end of this research, we would prefer not to separate the two elements completely and to emphasize the interdisciplinary of these two personal and social dimensions of nostalgia in this novel. In this work, the narrator appears with a realist look as a critic with a bitter taste of the failure of the ideals of fighters and social activists with a narrative of the killing and the exile of the idealists, distrust, government repression and depictions of in-party betrayals. Parallel to that, it narrates of the people who, having lost all their initial ideals due to the laws of government weaknesses and the pressure of socio-political, cultural, and religious domination of society, have self-exiled themselves. Thus, although the element of idealism is one of the prominent elements of this novel, the idealists of Mahmud's realism novel, in their quest for silence, have died in prison or exile. 

The criticism of psychology in the contemporary era, especially based on the Yung theories has opened a new threshold toward the literary issues. Since love is one of the leading and complicated topics of the human’s psyche. We have investigated the archaic love in the Sultan snake through the archaic criticism. We intended to uncover the internal layers of the text for the readers to comprehend and enjoy the text and introduce a sample to interpret the similar works from this point of view simultaneously. The play called Sultan Snake by Bahram Beyzaiee is one of the various text in which the archaic love has been reflected and has been written with the adaptation of a magic legend called “The drunked Mirza and Bibi Negar”. (Nemat Tavoosi, 2014: 87) The narration of it has been brought by Samad Behrangi in the collection of Azarbaygan legend (Rahmanyan, 2007: 60) and Bahram Beyzaiee has rewritten the legend in the form of a play. The narrator first indicates the mythological atmosphere in the story and awakens the mind of the reader that “the originality of this peculiar story has remained from a far long past” (Beyzaiee, 2003: 504) and this conception is also tangible and clear in the speech of the king which tells the his sovereignty is a territory that “one side stretches to Jabels and Jabelqa and another side stretches up to China” (et al 504). The narrator also indicates to romantic context of it vividly. Since “Beyzaiee and Yung both have intention toward their unconsciousness” (Reyhan, 2001: 49). We intend to answer the following questions while analyzing the archaic love in the Sultan Snake play. To which archaic love of Yung each character of the story adapt with?
- How has the archaic love been dramatized all through out the Sultan Snake play?
This research has been done in a descriptive- analytical and data analysis based on information gathering instrument, library, documenting and note taking. The theoretical basis of this research revolves around the Yung’s and Joseph Cambel’s attitudes and works that the conception of the archaic in the Sultan snake play has been analyzed based on their thought and ideas.
Main Mythological criticism in the contemporary era is mainly based on the theories of Yung and Cambel. On the Yung’s point of view, art and literature are areas for revealing the mass unconsciousness and he believes that “a part of the personality is related to consciousness and some factors we have to confirm to be able to explain their existence. These factors are unconscious” (1991: 77) and Yung divides the unaware psyche of the human in to two categories: mass unaware and individual unaware and believes that the archaic form the mass unaware from which many of the unconscious behaviours of human would be shaped, since the archaic are permenant landmarks marked and reflected in the heart of every human (Kazazi, 1993: 74).
The number of the mass archetype unconscious is so vast. One prominent archetype which has become so visible in the mythological texts is the love archetype. The love archetype has different images and always found new forms and clothes all through out the human community. Love myth has found a different reaction in the various cultures of human being. The mundane love in its oldest form is shaped in the shape of Adam and Eve, because Yung believes that Adam and Eve are the metamorphic sister of the old human who revived themselves with power of love (Yung, 2002:367). The prospects of the love archetype are being shown in its best form in the shape of Anima and Animos. Anima and Animos are two psychic archetype of human, that means every body intends to reveal the opposite gender features, although “men considers only themselves as man and women vice versa”, but the reality of psychology expresses the fact that human is a bisexual entity (Senford, 7: 1388). From Yung’s point of view “based on an old narration Adam has been bisexual before Eve” (Yung,2002: 367). The analysis of love archetype in the Sultan snake play has been analysed and evaluated in relation with the sage archetype and the process of individualism in which every character in the play symbolizes one Yung archetype.
The conceptions of archetype of Yung in the contemporary era have made the literary works into a new study. Love is one of the most prominent archetypes of human which has been hidden from the early creation in the existence of human and has been expressed in myths and books. From Yung’s point of view, human is bisexual and its existence is shaped with two parts called Anima and Animos and the human psyche has always intended to join to its lost half. The apparent image of love in Sultan snake of Bahram Beyzaiee which is a mythological and romantic literary work expresses itself in the relationship between miss Negar and Sultan snake and this opposing couple can be a symbol for all the imaginable opposing couples which have been separated from one principle an d a gap has been created all through out the history and in today’s world, Anima and Animos intend to join together. From Yung’s view, the love phenomenon is justifiable with the idea of Anima and Animos and all people seek to be attracted by their opposing sex which reflects their internal features. This conception in “Sultan snake” play has been revealed within the characters miss Negar and Sultan snake and the friar who is the symbol of sage archetype in the play. He picked them in form of an apple which was the symbol of pregnancy and showed to their parents and the children were supposed to marry with each other through the recommendation of the friar to reach their ultimate level of psyche that can reach the process of individualism with the help of the love by Anima and Animos, of course with elixir of love, Sultan Snake passes from his shadow archetype which was formed in the character of sheriff and finally copes with it. Also, the two main heroes of the play unveil in the love journey. It is necessary to explain that the mask of Sultan snake is coetaneous which is necessary for dominating others and he wears it until he reaches to his ultimate goal (beloved), puts it away. Miss Negar also passes the love area in which she wears seven pairs of shoes and clothes and makes them threadbare. She also abandons her archetype which is “to be the minister’s daughter”. Yung believes that the process of individualism and climax have been attained in the Sultan snake play in the shadow of love archetype.

Nowadays, applying postmodern narrative strategies in Persian novels started a movement which attracted literary criticism to itself in order to appreciate its reasons and methods of usages. These strategies have been tested in all levels of narrative discourse. Metafiction is a term which is ascribed to the self-conscious nature of fiction and the imaginative state of fictional narratives. It is also concerned with the constructiveness and artificiality of the world outside the text. Metafiction has been one of widely-used narrative strategies in Persian novels for the last two decades, which through writing stories explores and examines the novelistic theories. Through metafiction, the author puts a distance between the reader and story, leaving a gap between reality and narrative before the reader. Metafiction strategy, which is employed by Persian novelists who utilized postmodern narrative techniques, has been represented in different ways and various styles. The present research has tried to study its stylistic forms in a few novels.

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the essential input for water flow and solute transport modelling, irrigation and drainage design, groundwater modeling and environmental processes. Direct measurement of Ks is possible, but that is usually time consuming, tedious, expensive and impractical for larger scale studies. Also, these methods are partly unreliable because of soil heterogeneity and experimental errors. One solution to govern this problem is using indirect methods such as pedo-transfer functions (PTFs). Since PTFs have not yet been developed to soils in the study area, this study evaluates and describes neural network and statistical regression PTFs to predict Ks from limited or more extended sets of the readily available soil properties. For this purpose, Ks from 95 points of Sirwan-Chardawel sub-basins in Ilam province were measured using Guelph permeameter. Also, some of the readily available soil parameters were obtained. The accuracy and reliability of the derived PTFs were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation coefficients of 0.58 and 0.56 were found between Ks and geometric mean particle diameter and sand content, respectively. The results indicated that artificial neural network and regression PTFs can predict Ks with relatively good accuracy even if a few readily available soil properties are measured (rR-val= 0.85, RMSER-val= 6.81 mm/hr and rANN-test= 0.87, RMSEANN-test= 10.80 mm/hr). However, based upon results, the prediction accuracy of ANN model at both training and testing stages increased if more readily available soil properties are used (rtrain= 0.92, RMSEtrain= 4.36 mm/hr and rtest= 0.89, RMSEtest= 7.17 mm/hr). In general, it was found that ANNs method had better performance than linear regression model in predicting Ks.

The theme of death is one of the most important subjects represented in world literature. By simulating death, confronting the readers with multiple worlds and crossing ontological borders, postmodernist writing has moved this theme to the surface of narratives and emphasized its undeniable role in the formation of human stories. Brian McHale, a scholar of postmodernism, has pointed out the thematic connection between death and discourse in different periods, especially in postmodernist literature. Rereading Mohammadreza Kateb’s fictional narratives, this study aims to deal with the following questions: is the above-mentioned connection detectable in Kateb’s narratives? And, in representing the theme of death, has this relationship to postmodernism been preserved? This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the thematic connection between death and post-mortem discourse in postmodernism, and the interdependence of these themes in the fictional narratives of this contemporary writer.

Magical Realism is the way in which fantasy and reality in there so blend together that there isn’t a clear boundary between them. . Although Gabriel Garcia Marquez as leading the way and some of the writers that have lived in the South American but this genre found in the Third World countries . . Gholam Hossein Saedi and Monyru Ravanipoor as a pioneer in this literary field are known In Iran.But the note point to is that the most of this authors are from south of Iran. Our efforts in this paper is while review the political, social, economic and cultural condition regions of south Iran and South America, we investigate the common fields and reasons that writers tend to magical realism in this areas. . It seems certain climatic conditions, distance from urban centers, economic poverty and illiteracy, has caused the tendency of people‘s this region to myths, superstitions and magic and it provided an appropriate arena to imagination such that the element of imagination has part of the reality of their lives. These fields have accompanied with factors such as: strategic location’s these regions and benefit from valuable resources, presence of colonists, strangulation in the central government and the risk of native culture And it has led to the intellectual author to use of the magical elements to enlightenment, escape of repression and trying to revival of native culture.

Water has always played an important role in formation of human society and emergence of various civilizations and cultures. Due to this role, all peoples have cherished water and in this respect Iranians have not been an exception. Since the formation of Iranian society, water has enjoyed a special attention and respect. It has also been regarded as a sacred element. As a result, various Izads have been responsible to look after water.It is this special place for water which draws the attention of poets and writers and they have created works about it. One of the famous Iranian poets is Afzal Aldin Badil Khaghani Shervani who had an extensive knowledge about ancient Iranian myths, story of the prophet, common believes and Iranian cultural values. He has given the most attention to water and has drawn beautiful pictures. In this article, stanzas about water have been extracted and the role of myths, religious stories and ancient believes have been investigated.Some of the most important myths are as follows: Emergence of water from stone in Mithraism myths considering the fact that in ancient Iranian myths the sky is created from stone. The myths of Mithra and its baptism before ascension. Aqueous nature of planets; month of water in astronomy and ancient Iranian calendar; water and mud gem of animals; Khezr water or resuscitative water in the story of prophets; Kosar water; Zamzam water; and a few more general believes.