mohammad ghasemi siani

The purpose of this study is to examine the degree of compliance of the current urban governance system of Tehran with the desired governance system that is in line with the vision and strategies determined in the statement of the second step of the revolution. This research is in terms of practical purpose and the method of collecting documentary-survey information. The statistical population is the experts and administrators of Tehran municipality and the number of statistical samples was 185 people. The results obtained in this research show that in the current state of Tehran municipality management, out of the eight governance components according to the statement of the second step of the revolution, the components of leadership and Jahad movement and the component of transparency and control of corruption are at the highest level. The two components of participation and legalism have the lowest degree of compliance in Tehran's urban management with governance according to the statement.

Today, public spaces in cities are more than ever the scene of the presence and manifestation of the collective and daily life of citizens, for this reason these spaces play a significant role in the mental health of citizens. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of public spaces in the mental health of citizens of Region 2 of Kermanshah Municipality. This article is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of a descriptive and analytical research. Library method and questionnaire tool were used to collect data. For this purpose, 384 citizens of the 2nd region of Kermanshah were selected as a statistical population using Cochran's formula, and questionnaires were distributed among them by a simple random method and information was collected. The results of the research showed that women's mental health in public spaces is at a higher level than men's, but there is no significant difference in mental health between single and married people, but there is a significant difference in mental health between owners and tenants. and people who own their own residential houses have better mental health than renters. Also, the results of examining the indicators of public spaces and the level of mental health using the Pearson correlation test indicate that the correlation between urban public spaces and the mental health of citizens is at a significant level of 0.001, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.183, which indicates that the relationship There is a strong relationship between the components of public spaces and the level of mental health of citizens

Microcredits have been introduced as one of the solutions for empowerment, job creation and poverty reduction in developing countries.In Iran, micro financing or creation of empowerment funds has been pursued and implemented in various ways by various institutions and organizations in rural and deprived areas.. In recent years, the Alavi Foundation has tried to reduce poverty, job creation and empowerment in rural areas by entering deprived areas and creating a suitable empowerment plan to create a protest fund. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Empowerment Fund in the local community. In this research, the paradigm of positivism has been used. The tool for collecting field information is the questionnaire and the method of analyzing the collected data is the one-sample T-test and the correlation matrix of inferential statistics. The target community was 2579 members of the empowerment fund affiliated to the Alavi Foundation in 30 villages of Ahmadi section of Hajiabad city of Hormozgan province.The results show that the micro-credit fund is in the poverty line with an average of 3.62 and in empowerment and job creation with an average of 3.52 and 3.44 is within the allowable and effective limits. Also, the results of a correlation coefficient of 0.462 between the component of empowerment with the development of local community have shown that there is a correlation of 0.451 between the component of poverty alleviation and poor development and a correlation of 0.474 between the component of job creation and poor development. Finally, the data revealed that there is a meaningful relationship between these factors and the development of rural areas and the seats have played an effective role in the development of the target villages.

Among the dimensions of sustainable development, the social dimension is recognized as one of the main dimensions that is mostly associated with quality of life. Mehr buildings are built either within new cities as urban neighborhoods or separately from small towns and metropolitan satellite towns. In the metropolis of Karaj, a number of Mehr houses have been formed in the new city of Hashtgerd and the towns of Abrisham and Mahdasht separately on the outskirts of the satellite cities of Kianshahr and Mahdasht. The main question of the present study is whether Mehr housing estates in metropolitan areas have the necessary qualities to provide sustainable housing and the formation of livable settlements? Or, what is the situation of social stability in these settlements in terms of sustainable development? The research method is descriptive-analytical. Field data are collected and analyzed based on the theoretical model of social sustainability. The sample size for completing the questionnaire included 720 households in the three settlements that were selected using the Cochran's formula. The results indicate that the situation of sustainability in the three studied towns is not the same. In terms of basic needs, only the realization of housing and shelter in Hashtgerd town with a score of 3.37 and in Abrisham and Mahdasht with an average of 3.17 has been successful and other sustainability indicators in all three areas are below average and in an unfavorable situation. Also, employment and economic situation with an average of 1.46 in all three towns is unfavorable. In terms of intermediate needs, the quality of the neighborhood is better with an average of 2.16 and 2.23, and in terms of final needs, the status of capital indicators and social mixing in Hashtgerd with an average of 2.16 and in Abrisham and Mahdasht with an average of 2.23 is somehow more suitable. In all the studied samples, other six necessary dimensions for the creation of livable settlements, especially in the field of migration and population movements and the provision of social infrastructure, have been unsuccessful or very unsuccessful.

Today, tourism is one of the largest industries in the world and depends on a major part of the global economy; Tourism is economically, socio-culturally and environmentally integrated with the lives of people and governments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the managerial performance of tourism complexes and present a strategic proposal with emphasis on socio-cultural components in Kermanshah tourism complex. This article examines the managerial performance in four tourism complexes, Rakhsh, Nesar, Nodsheh and Sefid Barg in Kermanshah province. And how can focusing on these components provide successful and appropriate management for the Kermanshah Jihad University tourism complex? This research was conducted using field survey and questionnaire tools presented to 152 people in Kermanshah tourism managers. The results showed that the components of reviving cultural identity and sense of national pride, promoting the culture of tourist reception and retention are ranked first, second and third among all the identified components affecting the managerial performance of tourism complexes, respectively. Accordingly, the emphasis on cultural identity and the necessary training to the managers of the complexes to create a culture of tourist reception has a significant impact on attracting tourists to the tourist complexes of the province.

Occurrence of natural disasters such as drought, floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, often have devastating effects. Hence, resilience has become doubly important, especially in special areas that are of special importance and sensitivity. On the other hand, border areas have a special place in policy-making and planning is important in this areas. One of these areas is Zahak county in Sistan and Balochestan province, which due to the instability and reduction of the inflow of river water resources, as well as climatic conditions and drought in combination with other factors, the traditional employment opportunities of the often rural population face serious challenges and therefore the county5b is deprived. Increasingly, the sustainability of livelihoods is facing problems. The question is, how do the spatial zones and the villages located in these zones react to the change of internal and external natural factors? Which areas and villages are more resilient?
 
Method of research:

This article deals with the spatial analysis of environmental resilience in Zahak county and its purpose is to investigate the differences in resilience in different areas of the county. The general approach to the study is integrated and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data were collected using documentary and field methods with observation tools and questionnaires and findings of a specialized panel. The statistical population of this research is the villages of more than 20 households in Zahak city that have had governor of a rural district or village council.
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Description and interpretation of results:

The villages of Zahak county are threatened by the threat of these resources due to their dependence on natural resources. The results show that none of the defined geographical areas in the rural area is sustainable and three rural areas are semi-sustainable and one rural is unstable. Assessment of sustainability in micro zones also shows that naturally unstable villages are often sparsely populated, which means that activity has not developed either. After qualitative and quantitative evaluation of various natural and environmental indicators in the county and their impact on the resilience of places and settlements in the county, settlements and places in terms of resilience were classified into three levels of high, medium and low resilience. In total, 46.7% of settlements and places are at high level of resilience, 37% at medium level and 16.3% at low level of resilience. After matching the settlements and places with the geographical area of ​​the village, three of the four geographical areas are in transition and one is unstable. This study shows that the resilience of individual villages cannot perform well when it is located in areas surrounded by villages with low resilience and the whole area becomes unstable. Thus, in special areas such as Zahak county, crisis management should focus on providing natural resources and preventing vulnerability to natural crises, and it is expected that with natural stability, housing and activity will be sustainable.

Today, participation in social affairs is one of the main principles of sustainable development. In the field of urban management, empowering citizens and influencing them in urban affairs is the core of the participatory approach. So that in the regeneration of worn tissues during the last three decades, this approach has been mentioned as the key to problem solving and effective implementation of renovation programs. But experience shows that what has been considered as participation in urban management in Iran is more about financing and instrumental use of participation. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the experience of renovation in three neighborhoods of Sirus, Javadieh and Haftchenar, Tehran, which has been implemented with the approach of physical-spatial planning and participatory planning, while enumerating barriers to participation, to provide a model for future projects. The research method of this study is qualitative and the interview technique has been used. The sample size is 30 renovation managers and experts who have worked in these or similar projects. The results indicate that the barriers can be classified into two categories of structural and factor factors. Thus, structural factors at the macro level, including organizational structures, and at the micro level, including legal factors (laws and regulations) and agency at the two micro levels, ie individual factors and macro level, ie the organizational dimension, create obstacles to citizen participation. Therefore, in order to attract people’s participation, these structural and factor factors must be coordinated with each other and a positive and two-way interaction must be established between them.

In urban planning, attention to socio-cultural dimensions is necessary simultaneously with physical and physical look. Renovation of worn out tissue takes into account physical interference in tissue, but less of a social or cultural intervention. Studies show that social and cultural dimensions must be corrected before any physical intervention. This research is to investigate the slowdown in the process of renovation and improvement of the worn out texture of Tehran city due to the impact of cultural and social factors of the inhabitants of worn out tissues on the modernization process. The main issue of the research was to answer the question of which of the socio-cultural aspects of the factors influencing the renovation and upgrading of the eroded tissue had been affected and delayed the neglect of the modernization process. The present study is a descriptive-analytical study and, using a quantitative method, investigates the socio-cultural causes of modernization of worn out tissue in the 12th district of Tehran. For this purpose, based on the statistical population of Region 12, 500 questionnaires were completed randomly from the regions and neighborhoods of the region. The results showed that in terms of residents' attitudes in terms of felicity, traditionalism, risk acceptance and future development, the objectives of the community in the risk acceptance pillars And traditionalism with a tendency to modernize shows a significant relationship and does not show the dimensions of communicative fanaticism and futurism with a tendency to modernize. In this regard, the variables of sense of belonging to the neighborhood, social capital, social trust, social cohesion, social norms are investigated. The results of the research to the extent A lot d L on the relation between these variables is oriented to modernization. In fact, the sense of belonging to the place, the communication of the community itself influenced by the normative system and trust, encourages and facilitates the modernization.

The government is the first and most powerful decision-maker and actor in the field of spatial structure. Spatial structure is an essential part of the battle for control and protection of individuals and society. In fact, spatial planning and land use management is the manifestation of the government authority in the form of setting rules and allocating resources and decision-making. Border areas are one of the most strategic areas for government intervention. These areas have special characteristics due to contact with the internal and external environment regarding the effect of diplomacy.  Therefore, planning with the aim of sustainable development of settlements, especially border areas, creates the requirement for spatial organization of rural areas so that macro and national issues, such as security issues can be organized more accurately and efficiently.Zahak County is one of the special border areas in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, which is of special importance due to trade, the existence of a border market, Helmand river entrence and water diplomacy. The article aims to investigate the role of macro-management and diplomacy and its economic consequences on the structure and organization of space in Zahak County.  The present study explore political developments and decisions affect the economy and spatial structure (activity, communication and housing) of Zahak County, and also the spatial changes have occurred. For a deeper understanding of the developments in the study area, this article shows the political decisions taken at the national, regional and local levels, and seeks that what changes have made in the economic structures and functions of settlements? Furthermore, what the consequences of these changes for the space organization of the residential system are?

The general approach to the study is an integrated approach, both quantitative and qualitative, and an emphasis on integration to overcome the shortcomings of each approach. Therefore, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the theoretical part of the research, using a qualitative approach and a library method. The theories and principles governing the study were explained, and then the position of power and policy in regional planning was examined. In the quantitative and field studies section, 184 special questionnaires for village managers were distributed in all villages with more than 20 households in the county and 10 interviews were conducted with managers of government offices and organizations in Zahak County.

The results show that under the influence of diplomacy between the two border countries, with the closure of the border market and the creation of a border wall, the economy of rural areas and activity in the east of the county, which is based on trade and agriculture, has declined. In addition, due to unemployment and lack of economic activity in many villages, they were evacuated and disserted.  Moreover, ethnic and cultural diversity has paved the way for the instability of newly established settlements by pursuing a policy of rural relocation. With centralization and support for population centers, the pattern of communication flows in the city is a polarized pattern emphasizing Zahak and Zabol cities, which does not follow the pattern of networks and has provided the ground for instability and decline for villages outside the network.This study showed that the spatial pattern of rural activity and economy is influenced by water and soil resources, which corresponds to national, regional and local diplomacy. In other words, the political and power relations between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan have affected agricultural activity and even industry and population dispersion.The economic structure of the villages, which was based on agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture, has currently changed into informal, illegal and smuggling jobs due to the developments and major national decisions at the county level.  Also, cross-border trade and commercial activities in the villages have been converted.  On the other hand, based on the mentioned developments, the county space organization has a polar nature in the center of the city towards Zabol City, hence incompatible with the network pattern. This structure has somehow caused instability, especially in small villages, and due to regional conditions in the future, these villages are subject to be evacuated.

Cities and villages are the main centers of human societies. They shape the geographical foundations of an area that have special relationships with each other based on socio-economic and spatial characteristics. The rapid spread of technology in recent decades has transformed the way of living and working in cities and villages. On the one hand, this expansion has caused anti-urbanism and on the other hand, it has increased the desire for second homes and rest in places far from cities. This is especially the case for neighboring villages in metropolitan areas, especially Tehran and other large cities. Therefore, every rural settlement located on the outskirts and around these urban centers has been exposed to attention and impact, which affected the villages in different ways. The question is that how villagers see these developments and how they feel the impacts of such changes. The purpose of this article is to study the social and economic effects of the expansion and growth of the metropolis of Tehran in the village of Mehrabad from the perspective of the residents themselves. The research method is based on documentary and field studies and quantitative and qualitative methods. The statistical population of this research is the householders of Mehrabad village (612 households), form which, due to financial and time constraints, the researcher selected 230 householders using the Cochran formula. The next step was to randomly distribute a questionnaire among the householders and to analyze the answers using SPSS software. The results showed that, in the social aspect, the most important effect of metropolitan growth and urbanization in Mehrabad village was the change of the attitude of villagers towards rural life and economic activity, and in the economic aspect, it was the imbalance in employment and the decrease in income and savings of the villagers, which has occurred as a result of neglecting agriculture and animal husbandry.

Study of the problem of poverty in human societychr('39')s shows that villagers are among the poorest and most vulnerable human groups and ignoring to regard their living conditions can double the lack of development in human settlements. In other words, livelihood capital is the basis of empowerment and involvement of villagers in their individual and social destiny, which form the main foundation of community development. Therefore, the present study used a descriptive-analytical method to assess the livelihood capital status of mountain villages in Kouhshah Rural District in Ahmadi District with a sustainable livelihood approach. The research tool was a questionnaire (with reliability of 0.92) that collected data based on the framework of sustainable livelihood and analyzed the livelihood capital of villages. Findings showed that the amount of property and livelihood capital in different fields of human, financial, physical, natural, social in the studied villages is different and due to vulnerability in recent years the amount of physical, financial and natural assets have been decreased, and on the other hand, the amount of social and human assets have been increased. The results also show that the sustainability of livelihood capital is not the same, financial and physical capital with an average of 1.41 and 2.46 are among the most unstable capital, and social and human capital with an average of 3.68 and 3.25 are the most stable dimension of livelihood in the investigated rural areas. Therefore, according to the results, livelihood investments in mountainous villages are not desirable and this has provided the basis for instability of the region. In other words, in order to create desirable villages and get the residents out of the cycle of poverty and achieve stability in the region, one can not only pay attention to one dimension (economic) but applying different perspectives a holistic and systematic view, other dimension of financial, physical, and environmental need to be supported.

The occurred changes in rural areas along with their complex and various dimensions are considered as one of the main subjects of contemporary geography. Such changes include: 1- changes of physical vision of rural space in form of unbalanced expansion of rural settlements, farming patterns, new forms of agricultural and industrial facilities; 2- subtle social changes in form of discontinuity of social cohesion, cooperation, social order and calmness; 3- rural statistics changes in form of agricultural employment, number of households, and number of migrants. From a political viewpoint, all these changes can be considered as a threat for rural life authenticity. Using villagers’ participation and qualitative methods, the present study tries to investigate the occurred physical changes in villages of BonRoud and Julgeh division, Isfahan county. To do so, twenty seven targeted interviews were conducted. Required analysis was done based on the basic theory. The results indicate that some factors are involved in changes occurred in rural residency style such as: the influence of urban culture, improvement of human capital, domination of new life-spacing patterns, and tendency of people towards welfare. Such factors have changed rural residency style towards a semi-urban one, by which physical and socio-economic changes in rural areas are happening.

Deteriorated fabric are the part of city that influence on city form, function, quality and security. Therefore, realization of sustainable development and improve the quality of life and welfare of citizens require reconstruction and rehabilitation of city deteriorated fabric. Achieving this requires an enterprise and to facilitate the participation of all institutions involved the urban planning development and the people.
This study is applied with quantitative and qualitative approach and for achieving data field survey is used. Operational indicators identified with the exploratory study through conducting interviews with ten experts and executives related to reconstruction of deteriorated fabric. The population of the research included managers and professionals related to the renewal of city deteriorated fabric and current residents that participated in the reconstruction. Sample society includes 362 heads of households that were random selected.
Findings: Study finding indicate that the amount and intensity of the influence of the individual factors is more than structural, institutional and organizational factors. Assessment of importance of indicators shows that citizens participation in setting objectives, granting financial facilities and residents education factors are higher than average.
To achieve effective and lasting contribution to structural, institutional, organizational and individual factors, combined and considered at the same time. However, individual factors have an important role. Attitude of people to participate requires consideration of individual factors. However, only changing people's attitudes for participation in the modernization and rehabilitation projects is not enough. In addition to individual factors, organizational and legal structures is necessary for participation.

Rural areas account for a large part of the population and natural and biological areas of the country and play a major role in the economic and social life of the country. In this regard, the rural environment needs a special attention in the process of planning sustainable rural development and improving the quality of the environment. Environment is one of the sensitive and vulnerable dimensions of villages that are less affected by pollutants than cities. However, the expansion of urban consumption patterns and the influx of some urban pollutants into rural areas and the change in the pattern of consumption in villagers have led to environmental and healthy life degradation in rural areas.
In this article, the aim is to provide strategies for improving the rural environment which has been studied through descriptive-analytical method of the subject. Also, considering the role of public participation in protecting the rural environment and achieving sustainable rural development, issues including rural waste management methods, rural green space management and rural wastewater disposal methods have been addressed as effective factors in protecting the rural environment and creating healthy life. Noting that many villages in the country have not properly implemented appropriate methods of environmental protection such as waste disposal, sewage disposal and green space management, and their poor performance in attracting public participation, the sustainable development of villages has not come to fruition.
The results of this paper show that if the correct way of protecting the environment is applied in the villages, many diseases common in villages will be eradicated and the villages will become closer to sustainable development.