mohammad khaqani isfahani

The beauties of the literary text, which rhetoric is responsible for investigating, arise from the beauties of the creation system. Beauty is an attribute of God, and it is present in all creation, and the beauty of the literary text should be a crystallization of the beauty of creation. This study analyzes the nature of the relationship between the beauty of phenomena and the beauty of the literary text, and outlines seven principles, which are transmitted from the system of existence in the form of language and literature, and in their light, beauty is transmitted from existence to the literary text. In this essay, the researcher tries to use the analytical descriptive method and as a part of the "rhetorical theory of the art of expression" to find the seven principles governing the creation system, which are reflected in the structure of language and literature, and make the beauty of the literary text a function of the beauty of the existence system. It will show that this new theory is related to the inability of the structure of traditional Arab rhetoric, which was drawn by Sakaki from the seventh century of the Hijri and with the trinity of meaning, expression, and originality. Although there have been modernist efforts by Muslims to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional rhetoric, none of them have been successful in drawing a new rhetoric that can meet the needs of our time.

The phrase: “Seven double numbers" is used only once in the Holy Quran, but due to its emphasis, it requires that we consider it as one of the key words of the Holy Quran, which is a great gift that God gave to His Prophet. The use of "Saba" in the form of indefinite left the ground for different interpretations of it. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, aims to present three new examples of the “Seven double numbers”, the first of which is the seven Rotations in Surah Al Hamd, the second, the Seven double numbers in “the Holy Qur'an, and the third, the Seven double numbers in the world of creation and in the system of language and It is literature. The research reached results, the most important of which is that the “Seven double numbers" are the secret of Surat Al-Hamd and Surat Al-Hamd is the summary of the Holy Qur’an, and the Qur’an is a copy corresponding to the system of the universe, which requires that the “Seven double numbers" include the Qur’anic text and the world of existence at the same time, and is evidence of the truth of the rhetorical theory of the art of expression, the symmetry of the language and literature system  with the system of the universe.

The present study was aimed at investigating the short-term and long-term impact of teaching Arabic tenses to Iranian Arabic learners through TBLT. The research enjoyed a quasi-experimental design. Eighty eleventh-grade male (N=40) and female (N=40) high school students majoring in Persian Literature and Humanities in Felavarjan, Isfahan comprised the study sample. Eight Arabic tenses including simple past, present perfect, continuous past, past perfect, subjective past, simple present, subjective present, and simple future in addition to their negative forms were instructed to the students in the control and experimental groups. The tenses were taught by the grammar-translation method (GTM) to the control group. On the other hand, the experimental group received instruction in the tenses via TBLT. The grammar test devised by the researchers was administered ahead of, immediately after, and three weeks after the instruction. The scores of the students in both groups significantly increased in the post-test and delayed-post-test. However, the experimental group had signiciantly superior performance in both tests particularly in case of more complex structures. The results point to the statistically significant impact of TBLT in the short and long run which could be attributed to its communicative and real-life nature. The findings suggest that this recent method is effective in teaching Arabic.

It is no wonder that literary life has a close connection with political and social life. Literature in its various forms, such as poetry, novels, stories, etc., is considered an essential tool for the writer, through which he embodies the different aspects of the life of human society. It can be said that the Palestinian poetry of resistance is one of the most beautiful genres of literature, which plays a decisive, remarkable and continuous role in monitoring political and social events that directly affected it in its development and the renewal of its methods. The Palestinian poetry of resistance has developed in terms of style and its levels. Compositional methods are among the most important means that poets employ to express what is going on in their souls and reveal their experiences and events that they live through. It is also an important tool that reveals the aesthetics of the literary text and its artistic features. Compositional methods have become an integral part of the structure of the Palestinian poetic text of resistance, which has occupied a large part of its field. It is necessary to study this phenomenon based on what many scholars of rhetoric and researchers in the field of stylistics have said, as it has a remarkable effectiveness in the production of semantics, in addition to that it reveals the extent of the aesthetics inherent in the literary text; Where we notice that Abd al-Qaher al-Jurjani emphasized the importance of linking grammatical meanings in analyzing the literary text, as the advantage in speech lies in the meanings of grammar and linguistic structure.From this point of view, this study aims to reveal the distribution of the employed compositional styles and their patterns in the Palestinian resistance poetry and to know their artistic and rhetorical implications and phenomena. It should be noted that the researchers dealt with the methods of requesting composition in the selected poetry books, trying to identify the methods of poets using these methods and their implications in his poetry. As for the methods of non-requesting composition, we have disregarded them for the paucity of purposes related to them. We also refused to study the methods of prohibition and wishing because of their scarce presence in the collections.To achieve the objectives of the research, the study followed the descriptive-analytical and statistical approach. It also seeks to answer the following questions: - How were the structural styles distributed in the Palestinian resistance poetry? - What are the implications resulting from the structural methods employed in this type of poetry? - Why did poets use these methods in their poetry and what are the artistic features that distinguish these methods in their poems? As for the research sample, it is limited to five collections: 1- My Homeland Within the Siege by Samih Sabbagh; 2- Now take my body a sack of sand by Moein Bseiso; 3- Do not steal the sun from us by Ibrahim Al-Muqadamah; 4- It is Jerusalem by Nabila Al-Khatib; 5- The Palestinian wound and blood buds by Zainab Habash. Through a close reading of the various studies, we noticed that most of the previous studies have shed light on the rhythmic aspects represented in the rhyme and repetition of the Palestinian poetry of resistance. We did not find studies that address the structural methods and the rhetorical and artistic features that characterize the Palestinian resistance poetry through the use of compositional methods. So this study seeks to shed the lights on an aspect that the researchers did not care about. What the article concluded is that the requesting compositional styles have a varying presence in the selected poetry books. The call, the command, and the interrogative lead the percentage of presence in percentages of (39.25%), (28.12%), and (27.92%), respectively, then the negative comes after it in a small scale, with a percentage of (3.32%), regarding wishing, as compared to all other compositional styles, it has obtained a slight degree of availability of (1.36%) in the structure of Palestinian poetry. The one who meditates on the structure of the Palestinian poetic text finds that the addressee and what is related to it is considered an essential part that revolves around the Palestinian poetry of resistance. We often find that the Palestinian poet calls out to what is not specific, aiming to spread the spirit of solidity and steadfastness in various parts of the world, and he resorts to deleting the call when addressing the homeland, in order to bring his feelings closer and the distance of his love from the occupied homeland. The repetition of the call at the beginning of the poetic lines is one of the artistic methods that poets deliberately used, aiming behind it to draw the attention of the recipient and focus his attention on the importance of what follows the call. With regard to the methods of command, we find that the receiver in the methods of command is the focus of the message and the axis of the saying. The poets, by doing the command, moved away from its original connotation and idiomatic meaning to new connotations, through which they were able to reveal their goals and intentions such as guidance and advice, threats and challenges, ridicule and underestimation of the Zionist enemy, and expressing regret for what happened to the aggrieved Palestinian people, urging to continue the struggle until the siege is broken, glorifying heroism and praising the steadfastness of the fighters, etc. The interrogative style is a remarkable presence in the poetry books among the compositional methods after the call and the command and that is because of its performative ability to express the feelings and visions of the poets in different situations, and to attract the recipient to interact with the goals they seek behind the interrogation. Lamentation over the killing, destruction, and displacement of the Palestinian people is one of the most frequent indications in the poets’ poems, using various interrogative methods as an artistic phenomenon.

The element of hyperbole in mutanabbi ҆s poem as one of the pioneers of poetry in Arabic literature assumes a unique status in his poems. His hyperboles are for the most part closely related to his personality, some of which have originated from the environmental pressures that undermined his soul. Considering the wide usage and the psychological contributions of this element in persuading the reader, it might be essential to delve into his poetic style to obtain some information concerning his mentality and his literary expertise. Using modern psychological principles regarding the analysis of human personality and Psychological analytic method, we have attempted to discover the relationship between Mutanabbi’s psychological impetus and using hyperbole, its symptoms as well as the role of nurture. One of the outcomes of this study deals with Mutanabbi’s psychological impetus, his literary approaches, and mentality in using hyperbole. We were finally convinced that the employment of hyperbole influences and determines not only the content but also the means of expression in literary works, both texts and poems. Therefore, psychological intrigues are an important source of literary approaches regarding both the content, language, and the means of expression.

Phoenix myth in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish to the cause of the oppressed Palestinian nation and struggle for emancipation from the yoke of Israeli occupation, despite the desire to reclaim land occupied many wars and crimes, and also tied His poetic developments. He reread phoenix as a symbol of resistance and steadfastness, and the rise from the ashes of death is refresh. Phoenix in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish of the first tribunal has referred to the " Uhibbuki aw la uhibbuki (I love you, I love you not)" to " Ka-zahr el-lawz aw ab'ad (almond blossoms and beyond) cardboard dimensions" who has changed his last court. In this paper, we have to analyze its dimensions. The results show manifested in three problems: First, the myth of the phoenix in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish is to say that the aspirations of the Palestinian people and he did not die, but each time the blood of their martyrs and brave youth raised will continue. Second, Darwish's poetry Phoenix in some cases to speak of man and woman is the symbol of calving. Thirdly Phoenix in the final stages of his battle with death and resurrection symbol Darwish life again. The method in this paper is analytical, and tried to critique and analyze the myth of Phoenix and semantic transformation of a great deal in his poems.

The present study aimed at analyzing the structure of six scholarly-written articles, published in Journal of Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature and checking their correspondence to the established standards of academic-research journals. With respect to observing the so called standards, scholars have come to invaluable findings and experience, resulting in defining some principles and regulations for academic writing. Following such principles demands skillfulness, experience, expertise, and professionalization. The results of the analysis of the mentioned articles revealed some weaknesses like having too general titles, poorly written abstracts and introductions, sketchy representation of theoretical frameworks, lack of problem-centered approach, lack of presenting recent findings in the results, and coming to very general and cliché conclusions. On the other hand, some of the investigated papers attempted to observe the standards. They had some strong points including innovation, problem-centered approach, and citing reliable and recent references.

The functional approach has different schools for example school of londone. This school have founder such as halliday who develop the contextual theory of firth then position a linguistics theory called it systemic grammar.This theory is based on multiple language functions. In the present study, by using the descriptive-analytical approach tries to verses which are adorned with the signs of Day of Doom are linguistically analyzed according to Halliday's systemic grammar in three aspects; experiential, interpersonal, and textual metafunction. Regarding the experiential metafunction, it was found out that the material process enjoys the most frequency and accords with the context of verses. This is because the nervous atmosphere which prevails before Day of Doom requires the use of verbs implying action. With respect to interpersonal metafunction, we found that polarity of all verses is positive and the verses are full of epistemic modality and declarative mood and past verbs for notification of the incidence of incidents before Day of Doom. The analysis of textual metafunction revealed that multiple theme has high frequency. Further, including new information in theme position indicates that what happens in Day of Doom is new. The analysis of verses with respect to cohesion revealed that grammatical cohesion has a prominent role in the integrity of verses.

Criticalstudy increase efficiency of considered textin differentaspects. They reveal positive and negative features of the text.Rhetoric books were not farfrom this evaluation.Evaluating rhetoric books is important due to two points: Enhancing/Improving quality of educational rheeoricbooks.Also finding modern rhetoric viewpoints and comparing them with other rherltoric results. The purpose of this article is: Evaluating Lessons of Arabic rhetoric toward anew idea by critical study on this book from two prespective: Efficiency level in rhetoric as well asacademic education.Methods of this article is analytic and desceiptive.First by reporting context of the book analyse it inorder to reveal positive and negative aspect.Inaddition, shows AlAzhar’s book purview for academic tuition allover the world. Conseqences of this research show the book"Lessons of Arabic rhetoric toward anew idea", has compoundedclassic rhetoric with modern masterful rhetoric discovery.However the frame of the book turns around classicrhetoric.This book can be taught in basic levels (BA) as amain source and in high levels(MA) as a derivative source.Although the writer had/has done lots of tries,he didn't notice to some classic rhetoric disscutions

The text's sociology attempts to make the reading in a profound and fundamental way and the text is not complete until it is read, and it cannot fulfill its existence. Sociological criticism is one of the new and effective methods in the analysis of literary texts especially novels. Accordingly, this article seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method to read the text of "Zaat" novel from Sonallah Ebraham, and shows the social and ideological issues that the Egyptian community lived in it and portrayed its novel. The purpose of the selection of this novel was its importance in drawing Egyptian society and expressing their suffering during the presence of foreigners in the country. The results indicate that Sonallah Ebraham knows the Egyptian average classes well because he spent his life in Egypt. And this novel expresses a certain ideology that can express it through the unification of the structures of the novel. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between the elements of place and time and social groups and personality with the issues and problems posed in the novel.

Improving the process of learning Arabic in Iran necessitates paying careful attention to Applied linguistics including error analysis and contrastive analysis theories. In line with this, the present study attempted to analyze the subject–predicate agreement errors made by Arabic language students at the universities of Tehran based on the descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of Arabic language and literature students at Tehran State University among whom, 20 were randomly selected as the sample who were junior BA students. Their average age was about 22 years and they were of intermediate level of proficiency. Two tests (essay and Translation) were used as the instruments of the study in two steps. After classifying the errors according to the Corder table, overall, 49 errors (duplicate and non-duplicate) were identified. After classification of the errors, based on occurrence origin, most errors were related to intralingual (61/22 cent) and interlingual (24/48 cent) sources, respectively. The most common errors in the index structure were matching the predicate to the reference in terms of gender followed by errors related to number agreement.

Critical analysis of written several books on various subjects and fields is an important and necessary rules of the critics. One of the most important areas of research, is rhetoric that still considered by many researchers. Research and books that should be reviewed properly.
Accordingly, a critical review of the book "Philosophy of rhetoric" by Raja Eid the full Professor of the University Banha, Egypt, as the main issue of this study is selected. The most findings of this research is show that the respected author has tried to criticize the old rhetoric and look at them with a new look but it does not seem like much of this work has been successful.

Repetition is a stylistic phenomenon in literary texts and plays a prominent role in the phonological and semantic structure. Abraham Almoqademe is a resistance poet who uses repetition as a stylistic device in his poems. In this study, we survey his employment of the repetition of letters and words and sentences in the court "don’t steal the sun" as strategies to convey meaning and rhythm. We also describe the most important aspects of repetitions in this poem, relying on statistics and stylistic analysis. Repetition is worth researching because it is one of the most important characteristics which Palestinian resistance poems are recognized by. By surveying repetition, we intend to understand the technical and aesthetic aspects this poetic text. The findings of this study show that repetitions in this poem are both simple and compound repetitions. Simple repetitions are the repetition of sounds and words while compound repetitions are the repetition of sentences. in the Moqademe’s poem, repetitions are not random and accidental but they are is purposely and systematically harmonized with the music and meanings in the poem in order to demonstrate his love of Palestine, express his sorrow for tragedies and the loss of relatives and friends, and blow invigorate the spirit of resistance and revolt against the occupation.

The pun is one of the most important types of rhetorical figures. Two pillars or two conditions for the realization of an absolute pun include both the same spelling and sound and different meanings. Although the verbal similarity of two homonymic words has been discussed so far, the semantic dissonance of the two words has not yet been taken into account for various reasons. Therefore, it is not yet lucid which of the different meanings of a word is of interest and what the meaning difference is. In the current study, the descriptive-analytical method was used to both investigate the origin of absolute pun according to the views of past linguists and lecturers and contemporary scholars and determine what kind of meaning is intended in this type of pun in line with the rhetorical heritage of Persian and Arabic. An absolute pun is made by two words which are the same in type, grammatical number, ordering, and morphology of phonemes and includes several modes: both words are simple and morphologically similar (Momathel i.e., similar) or not similar (Mostawfi i.e., absolute), one or both words are compound words (Marfovv: darned by, Molaffaq: combined). The meaning difference is controversial only in the first two types and is clear in two other types, which are not the subject of this study. The processes of homonym and polysemy lead to verbal similarities and semantic differences amongst words. Ancient and contemporary linguists believe there are a variety of causes for polysemy, but past linguists unlike nowadays’ logicians, fundamentalists, and semanticists do not distinguish such causes and consider all polysemies as homonyms. The attitude of past linguists has been found in absolute puns, so the type of meaning difference has been remained ambiguous. The origin and scope of absolute puns can be revealed through investigating the ideas of rhetoric scholars, evidence in oratory books, and aesthetic evaluation of types of meaning. Rhetoric scholars’ ideas and evidence in oratory books demonstrate there are two ideas on the origin and scope of absolute puns: polysemies and homonyms, regardless of the effect of types of meaning on the exquisiteness of absolute puns. The assessment of the effect of types of meaning on the exquisiteness of absolute pun according to the intensity of meaning differences introduce the following ordering: verbal transformation, reinstating, deletion, forwarding meaning, metaphor, changing usage, primary and secondary meaning, and sub-layers of meaning. The results of the present study depicted that the absolute pun in the past was influenced by the perspective of linguists, so nowadays it can be influenced too. In other words, its origin and scope can comprise polysemies and homonyms. Considering this issue, the assessment of absolute pun examples is necessary. Therefore, the intensity of meaning differences can be chosen as a good standard for categorizations. Eventually, the pun can be a two-dimensional (i.e. literal- semantic) figure of speech.

Repetition is astylistic phenomenon in literary texts that plays a prominent role in two phonetic andsemantic structures. In this study we surveyed emphasis on under standing features of meaning and rhythm in the Habash’s poem. Furthermore, we explained the most important aspects of repetitionby relying on statistics and stylistic method. We chose repetition phenomenon as the subject of research because it is one of the most important phenomena that Palestinian resistance poem is indexed by .The survey of this phenomenon is considered as research in fields of technical and aesthetic aspects of language of poetic text.Findings of the study show repetition in the poem of Habash is simple and compound repetition. Simple repetition is the same as the repetition of sound and word and compound repetition is the same as the repetition of sentence .Repetition isn’t random and accident in the Habash’s poem but it is purposely and regularly in direction of music and meaning in order to demonstrate her love to Palestineand to express sorrow for the tragedies and testimony of relatives and friends and to blow the spirit of resistance and revolution to remove the usurpation.

Following the widespread acceptance of multiple intelligences theory, Thomas Armstrong (1984), in the initiative action, integrated it with Bloom's taxonomy And enriched the theory. Actually, Armstrong helped remarkable by this integration to classify each of multiple intelligences in each of the six levels of cognitive domain, as well as better planning and targeting and designing curricula and educational content contributed. Armstrong model is in the form of table that the horizontal axis is assigned to the taxonomy and the vertical axis is assigned to multiple intelligences.
Therefore, according to the textbook in the field of education and language learning, using content analysis, the current research plans on the basis of this educational model to describe and analyze content of course book Arabic in middle school and to evaluation the most common intelligence and cognitive level, and to show how the distribution of intelligence and cognitive levels in the book, and the logic governing that are influenced on the preparation and distribution of intelligences and cognitive levels in this book.
The results show that linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial visual, and interpersonal intelligences are common, and low levels of cognitive (remember, understand, and apply) are involved in these books, and bodily kinesthetic, musical, intrapersonal and naturalist intelligences, and high levels of cognitive (analyze, evaluate and create) are almost not present in these books. Also, the logic governing on the distribution of intelligences and cognitive levels follows the framework of the curriculum and teacher book.

In this paper, the use of two different linguistic tools in Arabic language, i. e. Metonymy and Emphasis combined in form of " Emphasizing Metonymy " has been studied. Metonymy, in the tradition of Arabic linguistics, is defined as "the use of a word in the meaning other than the prime meaning for which the word was coined". Using the metonymy has certain requirements; one of them is the existence of sign or marker (ÇáÞÑیäځ) in the text. The function of the sign is to inform reader of word's new use in the meaning other than the prime meaning. In the other words, its function is to prevent understanding the true meaning from the word used in the metonymic meaning. The sign conceptually is related to metonymic meaning and incompatible with true meaning; so, if the reader wants to consider concept of sign and true meaning of word beside each other, he certainly faces conceptual tension. Thus, he has no way but interpreting the word in its metonymic meaning and here, he finds the metonymic use of the word out.
The Muslim linguists have introduced two general types of sign: "verbal sign" and "contextual sign" (ÇáÞÑیäå ÇááÝÙیå æÇáÞÑیäå ÇáãÞÇãیå). The verbal sign is the one seen among the words used in the text and the contextual sign is the one gained from the context. Of these tow, the fist one has more power to determine metonymic meaning, so that if the reader doesnt find it in the text, he can interpret the word in its true meaning. But, in the other hand, due to the extensive and abundant use of metonymy in Arabic, especially in the literary texts, it could be expected to find the metonymic words almost in all sentences, even though there is no verbal sign. In fact, this is because it's likely to be found the contextual sign for metonymic meaning in the text. Since the contextual signs, in contrary to verbal signs, are not seen in the text, it becomes hard for reader to recognize metonymic meaning from true meaning and he continuously faces the possibility existence of metonymic words without any verbal sign.
The emphasis, as well as metonymy, is one of the important Linguistic tools in Arabic which has different uses. To strengthen the word's true meaning and to prevent understanding the metonymic meaning, are the most important aims of using the emphasis. Sometimes, the reader may feel that some word has been used in metonymic meaning and this is because he thinks that there is a contextual sign in the text. So, to prevent such perception by readers, the speaker (i. e. creator of the text) uses emphasis to show that his intention of using the word is its true meaning, not metonymic.
The emphasis conceptually is related to true meaning and incompatible with metonymic meaning. So, if the reader finds some word accompanied with emphasis, he has no choice but interpreting the word in its true meaning. Otherwise, the text faces conceptual tension.
By this explanation, the presentation of "Emphasizing Metonymy" seems essentially illogical and meaningless. Because, in one hand the requirement of making use of the metonymy is to set the sign in the sentence for preventing understanding true meaning of the word, and guiding the readers to the metonymic meaning; and in the other hand, the using of emphasis prevents the perception of metonymic meaning and guides the readers to true meaning of the word. So, synchronic use of these two linguistic tools practically leads to paradox and contradiction.
However, some of the Muslim linguistics like Abul Fath Othman ibn jinni (1002 A. D.) has permitted such a use and even mentioned examples of it. This has made some questions: Doesnt synchronic use of emphasis and metonymy lead to ambiguity of text or cause that the speaker deliberately confuses the reader? What shall we say, if we find such a linguistic phenomenon in a holy scripture like the Quran? What is the position of this combined tool in Arabic language?
Such questions prompted us to study the validity of this linguistic phenomenon by using of descriptive-analytical method and explain its effect on perception of reader. On the basis of data of this article, the emphasizing metonymy in contrary to its illogical appearance could be an acceptable phenomenon in the tradition of Arabic language.

This research aimed at knowing the ability of applying Synectics strategy in teaching rhetoric in Arabic language at secondary schools and universitiesSynectics is identifying as a process of joining elements that has no obvious relationship using the rhetoric arts, especially “metaphor” in addition to logical arts especially “analogy,” within a methodology aims to reach creative solutions to problems. This definition is completely similar to Arabic rhetoric such as analogy and metaphor.When metaphor in language contains aesthetic and rhetorical values in expression, it carries explanatory connotations in philosophy and science which is the using of a specific experience to shed the light on another one. It also helps us to comprehend, insight and clarifying and explaining the concepts. And what we mean with analogy in Arabic language is nearer to simile which is one of the rhetoric arts.This research will review the Synectics strategy, how the western scientists applied it to develop creativity, and to what extent it is suitable to teach Arabic rhetoric subject in the university and secondary stage. In addition, It will provide application forms about applying Synectics strategy which will at the same time increase creativity of the students in all fields.

Rhetorical Studies in Arabic literature have been developed by Holly Quran, aftermorphological and syntactic Studies in the Muslim world. Many Muslim scholars believe that the value of this rhetorical query is not less than syntactic studies for understanding the Quranic points. By this point of view they offered many studies in this field. But some big shortcomings like their focos on sintacs of the sentence mad western scholars to begin some niew ways in rhetorics studies by focosing on the field of text instead of sentence, which had switched to stablishing stylistics studies. The big question now is searchig for any relationship between clacical rhethorics and modern stylistics. In this study we have a look on the book of Professor Saad Maslooh to know if he had succed in this relationship.

A literary work can be appraised for its style in different ways. This study intends to investigate the intellectual aspects of Sareh by Mahmood Aqqad. This book shares some aspects with other plays and novels, but enjoys distinctive characteristics such as the use of rhetorical devices for textual and discourse purposes, different dimension, of discourse analysis tools, using popular stories, and employing sincere and tangible figurative language. The present article investigates this book for different textual dimensions such as style, discourse and rhetorical devices, so that it is proved that Aqqad's style can be described from a discoursal and rhetorical stance and logical and rational strands are stronger than imaginative ones. This claim can be elaborated according to the characteristics and evidence in the book.

Stylistics as a modern method explores Linguistic and Stylistic Phenomena since form or content by itself is not sufficient to attain the gist of the text. In Stylistics, the quality of the connection of the two and their effect on leading to understand are worked on. Finally, modes of aesthetics and the most important Stylistic characteristics are considered. Quran’s explanations wonderfully fascinate humans thought and emotion and its beauty is manifested in Quran’s eloquent discourse and its profound discourse. Al-Rahman surah is one of the most beautiful surahs of Quran which describes a lot of God’s blessings. The present study is going to explore Al-Rahman surah stylistically using descriptive-analytic method in four levels of phonetic, syntactic, lexical, and semantic. This study is going to answer some questions as what is the most obvious stylistic characteristic of Al-Rahman surah, and what is the effect of word selection on communicating meaning. Rhyming and abundance of Leen and Mad letters are of the most obvious characteristics of Al-Rahman surah that have strong effect on the rhyme of surah. In addition, repetition is another phenomenon which adds to the effect & emphasis on the meaning. Also, in this study in order to attain the eloquence purposes of the writer, we consider the quality of distributing Esmie and Felie sentences and past, present, passive and active verbs. Key words:

The purpose of this paper is to review the principles of teaching Arabic according to contemporary approaches of teaching second and foreign languages in the West. It explores the possibility of benefitting from these approaches to enrich Arabic teaching practice. The paper follows the evolution of language teaching approaches from basing instruction on syntactic knowledge up to acquiring the ability to use the language collaboratively, interactively, and communicatively. It closely examines the communicative approach, particularly one of its components, the interaction perspective. This perspective focuses on using authentic language, not only within the confines of the classroom, but also in social settings.

Stylistics is one of the literary issues to which special attention has been paid by scholars and declaimers in the recent century. Literary style comes from one’s thought which expresses his attitude and insight of realities surrounding him. The kind of word, combinations, sentence structure and the way of meaning in interpretation are the most important factors in manner of literary style. Examples, those texts which are worthy of survey and analysis, are religious texts specially Nahjolbalaghah, because the composer himself is the master of eloquence. Among sermons and epistles, the 53rd epistle to Malik Ashtar while being designated as Egypt’s statesman, is highly considered due to political, ethical, military and social factors. The Internal musical harmony of the epistle with its purpose and the proper usage of methods, according to its subject are some of outstanding qualities of this epistle. In this article the author tries to state the beauties, values and style of this epistle by studying its stylistics notionally, linguistically (phonetically, lexically, syntactically) and literarily.

French revolution was a starting point for the emergence of concepts such as secular and laic. Although most of the people in Iran and Arab countries consider them equivalent, purpose and lexical roots of these two should make a distinction between them. Abuse or overuse of these terms by Marxist, Socialist, Liberal, ond other movements has resulted in a misunderstanding of them and consequently they are considered the same. Laicism means seperation od religious from government, a government which is not limmited to the executive affairs. It includes all Catholic countries; while secularism is specially limitted to Protestant countries. Most of the Iranians and Arabs have a misconception of the terms, so they cosider them the same or they mix one of them with another concept such as democracy and infer something quite different. In what follows, a history of the terms, plus their Latin root as well as their Persian and Araabic equivalnts are presented.

Being inspired by the human heritage is of the most prominent features of the modern Arabic poetry, which has outstandingly featured in the Palestinian resistance poems. So, it is not an exaggeration if we maintain that this poetry has been deeply affected by the religious heritage of its context, as religion holds a significant place in the consciousness of the Arabs particularly the Palestinians. Therefore, the poems of Samih-ul-Qasim as one of the pioneers of Palestinian resistance literature must be supported and informed by religious ideas either directly or indirectly, like the other literary figures of this land. The present research examines, descriptively and analytically, the religious heritage as reflected in the poetical works of this poet. Also, it evaluates his ability and the extent of the correspondence his work with the religious heritage. It is concluded that the poet has a great ability and skill in connecting the past and the present and taking benefit from human heritage to enrich his work of literature.