mohammad lagzian

Based on science and technology, the economy of today's world is prosperous and competitive. In the meantime, knowledge-based firms emerged with large profits and high added value; the firms that are founded on utilizing knowledge-based ideas, creativity, and innovation. Therefore, at the global level, firms adopt various strategies to increase the effectiveness of scientific and technological activities, improve performance, and transfer their achievements to the industry and market. Knowledge-based firms are considered research organizations that, to fulfill their mission, should provide a suitable platform to facilitate the commercialization of their research findings in addition to developing new technologies. Reviewing the studies conducted on the growth of knowledge-based firms reveals most of them have focused on internal factors of growth, while limited ones focused on identifying the success factors along with growth. Thus, the current research is to identify the factors affecting the success of knowledge-based firms and explain their relationships to success. This research is focused on Iranian firms because of specific social, political, and economic conditions in Iran (such as economic sanctions, dependence on oil, prevailing anti-capitalist spirit, etc.) and their impact on the business environment and sales markets which are dependent on the government.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

In today's changing world, knowledge and innovation are considered the most fundamental factors for progress in the industrial and economic fields. The economy of a country flourishes when it provides the necessary platform for innovation and presence in the world's competitive markets. Moving towards innovation and making changes in the composition of products and services is in the realm of activities of knowledge-based firms. Therefore, they play an important role in the effectiveness of production, the occurrence of knowledge in new products and services, the improvement of the level of economy and well-being, and the production of wealth and added value in society. In addition to creating a competitive environment, such firms have appropriate adaptation and flexibility in facing emerging changes and developments in the economy. This is more important for countries under sanctions that need to adopt policies to strengthen their economy. By examining the countries' development trends, on the other hand, it is obvious that paying attention to knowledge-based firms is from success factors to deal with issues such as employment, innovation capacity, and exporting new products. Based on the above, it is important to study the reasons for the growth of knowledge-based firms in Iran. The current research is accordingly to identify and classify the key factors affecting the growth and success of this kind of firm. It is necessary to develop specific criteria for growth and success in order for determining when a company is considered as developed.

Identifying and modeling the key success factors of knowledge-based firms requires providing a detailed understanding of the subject. The qualitative method is the most appropriate way to achieve this goal. Furthermore, conducting an interpretive structural model will be useful to conceptualize and relate the constructs. In this regard, the current research conducts a thematic analysis and then interpretive structural modeling to explain associations between qualitative variables. The target population of this research is knowledge-based firms reported by the Vice President of Science and Technology. In the first stage of this research, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 25 CEOs of knowledge-based firms. The sample members were selected by conducting theoretical and opportunistic sampling in a completely purposeful manner based on the research objectives.

After environmental factors, the importance of providing and allocating appropriate financial resources (in terms of amount and time of allocation) and appropriate (educated, experienced, skilled, creative, and innovative) workforce is greater than the others. It was found that individual and organizational factors have a two-way interaction and the company's strategy has the most impact on them. Finally, employing managers to achieve success, growth, and development of knowledge-based firms was determined to be the best implementation method among the five.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Reviewing the literature along with the results of interviews showed five main themes called the key success factors of knowledge-based firms, including individual, organizational, and environmental factors, the firm's strategy, and supplying and allocating resources. Based on the findings of the current research, future researchers are recommended to evaluate the characteristics and components of various scales and populations using other modern research methods and to examine the other aspects of the research model.

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the components of human capital and discovering the relationships between them for the auditors of the Supreme Audit Court. Thus, after identifying the dimensions of human capital at the individual level, the components of human capital for the auditors of the Supreme Audit Court were extracted using content analysis of semi-structured interviews (qualitative section). In the next step, using a questionnaire, data related to the relationship between the variables were extracted and finally, after confirmation of the relationships between the variables by experts, the data were analyzed and fuzzy perceptual mapping was drawn. (Quantitative part) The statistical population of the study was the managers of provincial managers. Sampling in the qualitative part of the sampling was purposeful and was used in the quantitative part from census. The results showed that among the dimensions of human capital, the behavior / performance of auditors with a degree of centrality of 9.20 and then the maturity of the auditor with a degree of centrality of 8.47 are the most important dimensions. The most influential dimensions in the intended mapping were the auditorchr('39')s abilities with an out degree of 4.87 and then the auditorchr('39')s values ​​and beliefs with an out degree of 4.55.

While this study identifies the most important key indicators that influence the banking industry, it also attempts to provide a forecast for the Iranian banking industry in the future. Scenario planning and cross-impact matrix are used in this study. Among all the identified factors, 29 key factors influencing the future of the industry were selected through a fuzzy analytical hierarchical process and then the impact of each of these factors was determined through analysis of the cross-impact matrix. The cross-impact balance was then used to write scenarios.Accordingly, of all combined scenarios, the most likely strong scenarios were clustered into five general categories using K-mode clustering. Finally, four scenarios were identified, including optimism for the bank, banking industry development, inflationary conditions and sanctions. It was therefore possible to define action plans for each of the scenarios.

The advent of information and communication technology today has opened up new opportunities for the growth and development of countries around the world. E-government is one of the important phenomena of the use of information and communication technology that has made many changes in the way of today's human life and has created new expectations. Governments need to use a variety of channels to deliver services that enable citizens to get the services they need at anytime, anywhere in the information technology context, to meet these expectations. Government service counter offices are one of the communication channels in Iran where government agencies provide services to citizens. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify the issues and challenges facing the counter offices in the framework of the interpretive paradigm and the qualitative approach. The target community is to identify challenges, experts, and practitioners, especially in the field of e-government and counter offices in Khorasan Razavi province. The intuitive judgment method was also used by snowball sampling technique to select the experts for the interviews. The main source of data is qualitative interviews with experts. The findings were interpreted in the context of the MaxQDA software and identified challenges in four domains of governance and policy making, service delivery organizations, counter offices and office customers. Finally, based on the identified challenges, strategies are presented in two policy-approach and executive-operational dimensions, which can be accepted in the policy-approach dimension of service firms as a subject in the field. The key to e-government and the institution of trustee for these firms is pointed out. In the executive and operational dimension, it is also suggested to revise and amend the bylaws as well as to use the ratings of firms to solve problems related to the quantitative and unbalanced development of e-services firms.

Sophisticated social- ecology systems, such as those in water management in a basin, are usually dynamic, multidimensional, or multidimensional, requiring serious engagement by multiple actors, and decision making in such systems is always faced with serious problems Kashafrood basin in Khorasan Razavi province is one of the most critical aquifers in the country due to the high population growth, high economic development, water scarcity and non-integrated allocation of water resources. In this regard, the best way to manage water is to create constructive interaction between actors involved in the basin. To this end, the present study has been conducted with a collaborative approach to provide a framework for identifying, analyzing and participating key actors in the decision-making process of this catchment area. This collaborative framework has two parts. The first part is the analysis of over 60 activists using the snowball method and the power-interest matrix, and the second part involves the involvement of key actors using the Circle of Influence Models (CI) and IAP2. The results of this study have led to the development of a common perspective on horizon 1420, in which the basin will have a sustainable balance in resources and water consumption. Under this vision, 19 strategies, 63 macro policies and 232 micro policy (executive), 41% of these policies have a social nature. The evaluation of the policy questionnaire, the implementation and effectiveness of the policies has shown that the majority of key actors in the basin have agreed on a high consensus on the implementation and effectiveness of those policies to achieve a common vision. According to the results of this research, the coherent framework presented can serve as a basis for identification, prioritization, analysis and collaboration of actors in order to increase their level of collaboration in the process of water management decision making in the basin of the country.

The wheat supply chain has always been one of the most critical management issues at different times. What distinguishes the wheat supply chain is the importance of factors such as the possibility of endangering the wheat safety and quality and its high volume of waste, especially in the storage sector. Some authors believe that the Internet of Things (IoT) can consider as one of the best solutions to solve agricultural supply chain problems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of IoT deployment on wheat supply chain storage. This research's data collected through distributing questionnaires between 54 companies from the private and public sector in Khorasan Razavi province in 2020. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, One-sample Wilcoxon Test, and Friedman Test was used to analyze of hypothesis. The results show that IoT deployment in the wheat supply chain's storage sector can have several positive consequences in the economy, performance, and marketing area and cost reduction, increase revenue, maintaining quality, improve monitoring, and increase customer satisfaction positively affected. Moreover, the findings of this study indicated that increasing revenue with an average of 3.52 is the most critical impact of IoT deployment. Then, maintaining the wheat quality and customer satisfaction (3.06), improving monitoring (2.71), and cost reductions (2.70) is in the next ranks of IoT impact on the wheat storage sector.

Actor’s collaboration in strategic water management activities, decision making and decision aiding are integral principles of sustainable development. Lack of cooperation and ignorance of the actors about their actions and failure to put them in the decision-making position will lead to their feeling of lack of belonging to the future fate of the water and their inevitable consequence will be their inability to conserve water resources. Therefore, the importance of actor collaboration in water management decisions can be emphasized. If the collaboration implement, help to prevent future water scarcity. The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on optimal water management in Kashafrood catchment. In this research, after identifying and analyzing key and effective actors, identifying the status quo and formulating strategies, the landscape of the catchment will be explained in a horizon that will have a stable equilibrium in water resources and consumption. Below this perspective, 19 basic strategies and 63 macro policies formulated. Due to the multitude of policies formulated, roadmap tools were used to facilitate the outlook. The main components of the roadmap in this study are: reforming the structure of executive management, promoting water culture and community empowerment, reforming and enhancing economic, financial and technical policies, enhancing skills, upgrading systems data, processing and analyzing them, and amending laws and regulations. The most effective way to implement formulated policies is to collaborate in decision aiding sessions and raise their awareness. Collaboration meetings will not be able to solve the water management problems of this basin without creating a common understanding between managers and water users.

The shared vision is the main element of planning in the field of water management and the core of all the tasks of the actors.The vision of water management in Iran is to achieve sustainable development.But the lack ofa clear framework forachieving sustainable developmentin the country's water management is significant.This can be achieved through collaborative-strategic planning.The present study,as a targeted action by integrating internal and foreign trade,has provideda systematic framework for achieving a shared vision in collaborative-strategic management of water and has been implemented in Kashafrood basin. This framework is presented in three steps.In the first step,after identifying the actors of the basin by Snowball method, then by using the Mind Map method their concerns were extracted and then the basin vision was developed.In the second step, strategies for achievingthe vision were identified by using the Freeman method and then the policy of achieving these strategies was developed.In the third step,a questionnaire was used to assess thecapability of implementation and the impact of macro policies, and ultimately,executive policies were developed to achieve relevant macro policies.The results of this study led to the development of a common perspective onthe1420horizon in the Kashafroodbasin,in which this basinwill have a sustainable balance inwater resourcesand consumption.Under this vision,19 strategies,63 macro policies and 232executive policies have been developed that 41% of these policies have a social nature.The evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness ofpolicies reflects thehigh consensus among actors on the implementation and effectiveness of policies to achieve the shared vision of the Kashafrood basin.

The purpose of this paper is to localise cloud based e-HRM adoption model in knowledge base SMEs by using the Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) framework. While many studies have predominantly looked at cloud computing adoption determinants in general, few is known about specific cloud services such as cloud base e-HRM, which is the main subject of this paper. This study was conducted as a mix method research. In the qualitative part, based on the TOE framework, a semistructured interview conducted between 3 domain experts, the technology, organization, environment domains. In the interviews the questions were whether the determinants is valid in developing countries business ecosystem or not? The interviews continued until heoretical saturation. Then based on the finding of the interview, a questionnaire designed and final users of cloud base e-HRM answered it. There were 168 valid questionaires which used to examine the fitness of model. The findings indicate that factors such as relative advantage, uncertainty, complexity, compatibility in technology domian, physical location, competitive pressure, industry, market, supplier computing support in environment domain and top management support, organizational readiness, prior technology experience in organization domain were the TOE factors found to be significant in cloud based e-HRM adoption model. The findings of this study have important implications to the research community, which managers and information and communication technologies (ICT) providers, to have a better road map and strategies for adopting cloud computing.

Citizen relationship management in public administration is rooted in customer relationship management concept in the private sector. This new concept in the public sector can increase citizen participation and involvement in decision-making procedures, can be the voice of citizens, and can enhance their feeling of belongingness to the government. Using the phenomenography strategy, the research aims to investigate the perceptions of government agencies’ managers regarding citizen relationship management. In order to collect data for this qualitative research, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 public managers, who had been selected through the snowball sampling method. The findings of the research have been categorized into three main concepts which expect managers to: (a) have philosophical view towards citizen relationship management, (b) have objective view toward citizen relationship management, and (c) utilize customer relationship management concepts in citizen relationship management. Some of the important results related to these three concepts are: (1) CiRM, is a criterion for persistence or deterioration of governments (2) regarding the difference in the nature of citizenship and customership, CiRM must be given priority (3) personalization has no place in the public sector; (4) budget-centrism and disregarding the importance of CiRM must be avoided.

Nowadays, electronic tax services provided by the government for taxpayers are the most important applications of e-governance. Apart from government’s endeavor for supporting and providing necessary infrastructures, the adoption of e-taxation systems by taxpayers is inevitable. On this assumption, this study aims to explore the effects of factors derived from Social Cognitive Theory on adopting e-taxation systems. This is an applied research and from the viewpoint of methodology, it is a survey-analytical study. The statistical population consists of taxpayers of Khorasan Razavi Province Tax Directorate General. For the analysis of relations between variables in question, a structural equations method has been employed. The sample study has been estimated to include 300 subjects by a random sampling procedure. In order to gather the data, a questionnaire has been used. The empirical findings of the proposed model indicate that eight hypotheses have been confirmed with significant relations between the respective structural variables such that outcome expectation of e-taxation system affects the system and affects the adoption, social influence affects the adoption, self-efficacy affects the outcome expectation, outcome expectation affects the adoption through a mediating role of the effect and finally, self-efficacy affects the adoption through mediating role of the effect. However, it has been found out that there is no significant relationship between anxiety and the adoption in the seventh hypothesis. Abstract Nowadays, electronic tax services provided by the government for taxpayers are the most important applications of e-governance. Apart from government’s endeavor for supporting and providing necessary infrastructures, the adoption of e-taxation systems by taxpayers is inevitable. On this assumption, this study aims to explore the effects of factors derived from Social Cognitive Theory on adopting e-taxation systems. This is an applied research and from the viewpoint of methodology, it is a survey-analytical study. The statistical population consists of taxpayers of Khorasan Razavi Province Tax Directorate General. For the analysis of relations between variables in question, a structural equations method has been employed. The sample study has been estimated to include 300 subjects by a random sampling procedure. In order to gather the data, a questionnaire has been used. The empirical findings of the proposed model indicate that eight hypotheses have been confirmed with significant relations between the respective structural variables such that outcome expectation of e-taxation system affects the system and affects the adoption, social influence affects the adoption, self-efficacy affects the outcome expectation, outcome expectation affects the adoption through a mediating role of the effect and finally, self-efficacy affects the adoption through mediating role of the effect. However, it has been found out that there is no significant relationship between anxiety and the adoption in the seventh hypothesis.

Information security is an extremely important aspect of information systems. A lot of research has been done in the field of technological security of information, but with the development of security needs, attention has been paid to the role of management in information security. Economic valuation of investment in the information security of organizations is one of the issues of management in this field. In this research, to examine the issue of evaluating investment in information security and finding suitable methods for it, a systematic review of the approaches in information security investment has been done. Other goals of this study are to study the evolution of approaches used in the years 2006 to 2017. In order to carry out this systematic review of all studies in the field of information security investment using the research keywords, extracted Springer, IEEE-Explore, Web of Science, Science Direct databases, ultimately 146 articles related to This topic  have been investigated. The research findings identified eight main approaches (game theory, risk-based approach, decision support systems, Utility maximization, rate of return on investment, Net Present Value, expected utility theory, real options theory). According to the results of this research there has been more interested in using game theory in recent years.

Knowledge in the economies of the countries is of great importance, and knowledge base enterprises as knowledge producers and commercializes have a strong role in the knowledge economy. The executives of knowledge base enterprises are expert people with technical expertise who do not necessarily have much knowledge about management functions. Human resource management is one of the main functions of management, which predicts the failure and success of these companies.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of human resource management in knowledge base enterprises. The main question is: what processes of human resource management are carried out and prioritized. Also, this paper examines the effect of HR departments and the number of human resources on the performance of human resources management processes.
The sample of this research is about 168 managers and experts of human resource management in knowledge base enterprises.
The results of this study showed that employing functions, recruitment interviews, application schedules, staff structure and payment, contingency and positional payments, and rewards for specific groups are performed in over 90% of these companies. The results showed that the functions of the staff classification and payment structure, employee benefits and retirement plan, bonus management system, employee communication and health and safety, the existence or absence of a unit of HRM affects them.
Since this research explores the functions of HRM in separately, these results are beneficial for researchers as well as for managers of these companies. Also, policymakers use the results of this research to empower these companies in a targeted way.

In the current century, the growth and development of technology has not limited to the working processes of organizations and industries, but has also affected the social system. The purpose of this study is to discover and describe the profound influences and findings of faculty members of a university on the effects of technological development in interpersonal communication based on Islamic-Iranian lifestyle. This study is conducted with exploratory approach and utilizes semi-structured interviewing tools to collect data. Then, using the content analysis method, the collected data was studied and analyzed. The subjects (participants) were 13 faculty members who were selected through a targeted snowball sampling method to achieve theoretical saturation. Individual isolation and hypocritical actions, two levels of individual level, and community level, themes of social communication monitoring, culture of boasting behaviors and at the level of the human being, and the theme of weakening human dignity are the main extracted themes. Finally, the contents of the interviews were adapted to the dimensions and components of the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle, and the differences were explained. Research findings could be beneficial for better understanding and strengthening of collective awareness of different dimensions of technology development and development in the community and making policymakers more confident in dealing with it.

Today, E-commerce is one the issues raised in business. E-commerce will lead to improve communication at the national and international levels, change the way business is done, and convert traditional markets to newer forms. A new way of shopping that has great benefits is online shopping. Since the marketing mix is effective the willingness of customers to buy, the aim of this study is to review effect of electronic marketing mix on the willingness of customers to buy online. This study is a descriptive survey with applied goals. The statistical population included internet shoppers in the universities of Mashhad city that have done internet shopping at least once. For this purpose, among university of Applied Science and Technology,Ferdowsi University and Islamic Azad university, Ferdowsi University was selected as the cluster and then  380 persons were selected through random sampling method. Aquestionnaire was used to collect data and the reliability of the questionnairewasassessed by Cronbach'salpha coefficient.  Research hypotheses were examined by using a One- SampleT-Test to investigate the efficiency of each variable and Friedman Test was also used to rank variables. The results showed that factors of communication, information collection, product, distribution, price and brand are effective on willingness of customers to buy online.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the perception of managers and talents of perceived retention factors in the textile industry in Yazd province, Iran. In this regard, phenomenography is used to map the different perceptions of both talents and their managers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 talented individuals who were selected according to an object-exclusive approach. Similarly, managers were chosen from eight different organizations. Data were transcribed and imported into MAXQDA10 software for analysis from which the identification of codes and descriptive categories were generated. The results of perception analysis of talents revealed 4 influential levels in talent retention that are individual, job, group, and organizational levels. Also, different perceptions of talents are categorized into 17 descriptive categories. The obtained results from the analysis of perceptions of managers depicted three influential levels that are individual, group, and organizational levels and their perceptions are categorized into 13 descriptive categories. The main difference between talents and managers’ perception is in factors affecting retention in jobs characteristics. Talented individuals consider autonomy, nature and feedback as desirable characteristics of their job. According to these levels and descriptive categories, two different “outcome spaces” are mapped.

Nowadays, Organizations have changed , in the past they had emphasized on keeping information and data secretly, but now sharing information over all out strikes of organization is their main priority. However, sharing information is facing with many challenges and is under the influence of many key factors. Based on this, the present study is trying to examine the influence of effective factors on the way and level of sharing information among public organizations .This is an applied research in terms of purpose and an analyticalsurvey one in viewpoint of methodology. Statistical universe of this survey is all managers and professionals of information technology of public offices in Mashhad, who are about 130 people based on available statistics and data. Using Cochran formula, a sample of 108 people is selected for this statistical society. To gather the necessary data, we use a questionnaire and analysis of data is done by structural equation modeling method. Findings of this survey show the effects of high- level leadership, communication and mutual exchange, adaptation, support of top manager, financial cost, security process, benefits and expected risks on amount of sharing information among public organizations, but none of laws and policies, inter-organization confidence and capabilities of information technology has a meaningful effect on amount of sharing information among public organization.

Kansei engineering or emotion engineering is one of effective means to identify the emotional needs of the users. In this research, a different tool in identification and classification of emotional terms for Kansei engineering is used, named as Q methodology. Since we face with a qualitative issue in the incidence of emotions in Kansei engineering, and Q methodology is a qualitative-quantitative method, therefore this tool is an appropriate method for understanding the emotions of people in the form of Kansei characters. It also can extract the mentality of the emotional design in the area of interest (center console). After selecting the desired field of interior design in the center console segment of Peugeot Pars, 36 Kansei words was selected.26 customers were selected by purposive sampling which 9 mental classes were extracted after collecting comments and factor analysis. For each mentality, sorting of emotional attributes were different in some way. In the end, it was determined that many of mentalities are focused on desirability of center console and a need for innovation.

There are several various aspects regarding the role of university libraries informative services to the faculty members of universities which should be considered and studied. Not only university libraries affect the form and way of accessing the information, but also they can impact the behavior and perception of the members of faculty. Therefore, a better understanding of the faculty members of universities behavior on the services offered at th universities’ libraries could lead to a better design and plan to provide the required services at the university libraries.
This is a descriptive-survey study with the research society of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad which is based on the Ajzen theory of planned behavior. The research studies the behavior and understanding of the faculty members of using the Central Library of Ferdowsi University. Ergo,assessing the reliability and the validity of the questionnairethrough the stratified sampling, 320 questionnaires were distributed 278 of them were considered for the data analysis through the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Findings: The results showed that the controlled beliefs and intentions directly affected the behavior. The controlled beliefs, mental standards, and the controlled behavior can affect the attitude. The attitude affects the behavior through the intention indirectly. Behavioral and standard beliefs affect the behavioral control and mental standards.

This study examined the impact of organizational communication on human resource management architecture is conducted in one of the government agencies. Type of applied research and its methods - descriptive survey. Data collected through the questionnaire consisted of three parts¡ the first part of demographic information the second part effective organizational communication assessment is based on six components Robbins model and consists of 37 questions and the third part of the questionnaire for the measurement of Architecture human resource management¡ human resource architecture model consists of 19 questions from readers and colleagues (2012) is after ensuring the reliability and validity of instruments measuring the sample size of the study population were managers and experts Khorasan Razavi analysis of data was performed using SPSS and LPS software. The results show that an effective organizational communication have a significant positive relationship with human resource management architecture and contribute to its implementation.

This research paper is to delve into the employee-organization relationships as an effective factor on organizational citizenship behavior. The employee-organization relationships involve two dimensions: perceived organizational support and organizational identity. Job autonomy is considered in our research as moderating variable between the employee-organization relationships and organizational citizenship behaviors. To achieve research objectives, a correlation approach and linear regression using SPSS software was incorporated to examine employees of Central Library of a governmental university through census. Organizational identification questionnaire, perceived organizational support questionnaire, and organizational-citizenship behavior questionnaire were used to collect research data. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires have been confirmed by the use of Cronbach's alpha and opinions of scholars and researchers in the context. Results indicate that organizational support and organizational identity have a meaningful relationship and each of which has a meaningful relationship with organizational citizenship behavior. However, job autonomy does not regulate the relationships of perceived organizational support and organizational identity with organizational citizenship behavior.

Nowadays, belief in the criteria and conditions of interactions with an organization to promote customer relationships is somehow tied to the organizational performance, and its final goal is of great importance. In the literature on organizational behavior, this belief is defined as the “psychological contract”. The intention of this mixed research is to identify and discover the contents of psychological contracts within “relationship marketing” between customers and banks. In the first phase, qualitative research with a phenomenological approach was applied to study customers’ experiences about psychological contracts. In this phase, the psychological contracts within relationship marketing were assessed through a questionnaire. Next, the data from the questionnaires were “factor analyzed” by Lisrel. We noted a fundamental understanding of the types of psychological contracts in the context of a relationship between a bank and its customers. Marketing policies with regard to the terms extracted from a certain kind of psychological contract in the study provided local and advanced results.

Due to the high rate of change in the level of public managers that Leading to the emergence of a significant number of new managers in this sector, a model to guide managers in the complex field of public administration is necessary. Meanwhile, due to lack of local studies in this area, the researchers went on to enjoying the experience of effective public managers to develop a model that First, it is based on actual data, And the second, was Arising from the management of the public sector in Iran. Accordingly, and with the knowledge that qualitative methods, In particular, the method of Grounded theory can be useful in this area,Was decided to be carried out semi-structured interviews with effective public managers be done(total n = 25). The key question in this study was: Novice managers how can become effective managers? After analyzing the data (Using software Nvivo8), it was found that Novice managers to become effective managers, four strategies to consider include: Self-management strategies, Task management strategies, Strategies for managing people and environment-related strategies.

Followership is a developing paradigm in organizational behavior which focuses mainly on followers. The goal of this study is to explore follower’s implicit followership theories (IFTs) which entail an analysis of follower’s views and perception about followership. For this purpose، based on a phenomenological approach، semi-structured interviews with employees of large public and private organizations، in Mashhad were analyzed by exploratory content analysis. A total of 25 categories of implicit theories were detected in 5 prototypes and 5 antiprototypes. Followership prototypes consist of constructive perception of work، job competencies، mighty arm of leader، moral virtues and initiation pattern; five antiprototypes were named as role deviances including destructive behaviors،obedience، incompetency، indifference and blue color. Reflecting on the findings، a 5 dimensional model was identified، with each dimension having its prototypes and anti- prototypes. Results showed that follower''s IFTs differ from leader''s follower''s implicit followership theories.

One of the major challenges in managing organizational effectiveness, especially in the public sector, is ensuring the availability of qualified managers at the top of the organizational pyramid. Such managers can have limited resources sector amid countless other government agencies surrounds the handle to the desired shape. The aim of this study was to explore the key competencies required for effective administration of the public sector. Since explore the subjective world, and experience has been mining their attitude requires the use of qualitative methods, on the other hand, one of the best qualitative methods for the purpose of this study is consistent examination, is grounded theory, this method was used for research. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews that finally, after reaching theoretical saturation, with interviews with 25 managers are eligible to collect the necessary data were analyzed. After comparing the data sets collected continuous data and coding of open, axial and selective, in the form of 430 primary codes, 27 concept, and the 9 categories and 3 floors, were organized. Data analysis resulted in a grounded theory of the "theory of effective management in government agencies" were presented. This theory seeks to set personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, skills and competencies of a public administrator who attempts to operate effectively in Iranian governmental bodies, according to the environmental conditions of their experiences. According to this theory, effective public administration in order to achieve the desired level of effectiveness must have a series of merit, interactive and organizational. In fact, these findings suggest the effectiveness of public administration in the face of Iranian organizations which can be used as an indicator for managers and organizations that intend to evaluate the degree of their effectiveness and their managers used.