mohammad salari

The oomycete pathogens causing white blister rusts on members of Asteridae comprise different species within the genus Pustula (Albuginales, Oomycota). During the collection of white blister rust specimens in the South Khorasan province (eastern Iran) in April 2019, a specimen collected from Takhtajaniantha pusilla (Asteraceae), was identified morphologically as Pustula junggarensis (Albuginales, Oomycota). BLAST search using the ITS nrDNA sequence data, confirmed the identification. Also, the phylogenetic analysis using cox2 sequences clustered the species in the same clade with P. junggarensis sequences from China. This is the first record of P. junggarensis in Iran. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a disease caused by a causative fungal/fungal-like agent on T. pusilla in Iran.

One of the most important analyses in the design of various structures, especially pressure vessels and their safety is the fracture mechanics. One of the important parameters in fracture mechanics is the study of the stress intensity factor of cracks in the tank wall. In the present study, the behavior of a semi-elliptical crack in a spherical pressure vessel made of functionally graded materials has been studied using Abaqus finite element software. The effects of parameters such as crack geometry, simultaneous internal and external cracks, pressure distribution, thermal load distribution, changes in the properties of the functionally graded material, and support conditions on the value of the stress intensity factor have been investigated. In order to model and analyze the stress intensity factor in this type of tank, various power, exponential and linear functions were used in the form of MATLAB code as well as a subroutine code. The results showed that with increasing pressure, the stress intensity factor increases. Crack geometry is also an important factor that has a significant effect on the stress intensity factor. So with the increase of the a/c value, the stress intensity factor also increases. Also, the examination of the support conditions shows that with the increase in the number of foundations, the stress intensity factor also increases.

From the point of view of Iranian medicine, each person has a unique temperament and two people can never be considered similar despite their appearance. Temperament is affected by three physiological, anthropometric and psychological factors. One of the important indicators of mental health in the field of psychology is self-esteem. The relationship between psychological variables and temperament is among the gaps that need more research. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and temperament in young non-athletes.

This research was a cross-sectional-analytical method that investigated the relationship between two temperaments (hot and cold) and self-esteem in young non-athletic male students in the fall season of 2018. After obtaining written informed consent from the applicants present in the research, the sample size was determined in the warm temperament group of 94 people and the cold temperament group of 93 people. Temperament classification of the subjects was done through the temperament diagnosis questionnaire (Mojahedi 2014) based on the type of temperament. Also, the self-esteem level of the subjects was evaluated with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). Due to the non-normality of the data, the differences between the groups were analyzed with the U-Man-Whitney test in the SPSS version 21 software environment.

Based on the obtained results, there are significant differences between the warm and cold temperament groups in the sub-components of self-esteem, self-worth in the cold-tempered groups with an average rank of 79.60 and warm-tempered groups with an average rank of 100.58 (P = 0.006). And the feeling of satisfaction was seen in the cold-tempered groups with an average rating of 77.23 and warm-tempered with an average rating of 103.23 (P = 0.001), so that the self-worth and satisfaction indicators in The warm-tempered group had the highest rating compared to the cold-tempered group.

The results were such that warm-tempered people had significantly more self-worth and satisfaction as components of self-esteem than cold-tempered people. In general, the self-esteem index as one of the variables of psychological sciences was higher in warm-tempered people.

Bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the destructive diseases of this product in different parts of the world. Due to the inefficiency of chemical management and environmental contamination, the use of resistant cultivars is one of the most effective and economical ways to manage this disease. In addition, the lack of sufficient information to understand the mechanism of resistance in Iranian rice and in resistant cultivars, show that molecular evaluation of genes expression in sensitive and resistant cultivars in interaction with the disease agent, is needed.

In this study, the expression pattern of NPR1 and several PR genes (including PR1b, PR3 and PR5) in different time courses after inoculation was evaluated. Quantitative Real time PCR was performed in resistant and sensitive populations (Khazar and Tarom) to bacterial blight.

In the study of gene expression, the trend of increasing gene expression in the Khazar resistant cultivar compared to the sensitive cultivar was confirmed from the early hours after inoculation. The maximum expression of NPR1 gene in resistant cultivar was at 12 hours after infection (hai). In the case of pathogen-related genes expression, the activity of PR1b gene at 72 hai in resistant cultivar was 11.2 fold and in 96 hai was 25.7 fold higher than sensitive cultivar. High expression levels of PR3 gene at 12 and 48 hai in resistant cultivar was evaluated 38 and 10.4 times higher than sensitive Tarom local cultivar, respectively. The expression level of PR5 gene in resistant Khazar cultivar at 48, 72 and 96 hours was 4.1, 7.6 and 22 fold higher than the sensitive cultivar, respectively.

Since the accumulation of mRNA transcripts and increased activity of these genes is an important indicator of the development of a defense response in interaction with the disease agent, the activity of these genes indicates the presence of resistance potential in the Iranian Khazar cultivar is important against this disease. In general, activation of different pathways of systemic resistance (SAR) and induction of resistance genes in the emergence of resistance of Khazar cultivar compared to Tarom susceptible cultivar, is part of the defense mechanism of rice against Xoo. The results of this research along with the evaluation of the gene expression can promise the proper efficiency of the Khazar variety during the epidemic of the mentioned disease or a potential for transferring the resistance gene to sensitive cultivars in integrated management or pyramidal resistance.

Scorpions are a group belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda. They are found under stones and heavy things. Some researchers studied the scorpions of Iran. In the present investigation specimens of Hemiscorpius enischnochela were collected from Manoojan, South of Kerman Province. We used crowers bar and wood to move the stones and heavy tings. To obtain the samples, tongs and forceps were used. Scorpions were gathered from different areas of Manoojan, South of Kerman Province in different seasons. To identify and study morphological characters of specimens, the stereo –microscope Olympus Lica 2000 was used. In the present investigation different external morphological characters of males and females of H. enischnochela were studied. It indicated that there are some sexual dimorphism, between males and females in the mentioned species as follow: A- The length of body in male is longer than of that in female. B- In male mesosoma is longer than of that in female. C- In male metasoma length is longer than of that in female. D- In female pedipalp slightly less slender than in male. E- In male femur length is longer than of that in female. F- In male length of movable finger is more than length of moveable finger female. G- In female chela is more bulky than in male. H- In male poison sac length is more than length in male. I- In male, pectin length is more than pectin length in female. K- Male pectin has 16 teeth (in each pectin), female pectin has 8-9 teeth. J- In female genital operculum composed of a hexagonal plate, divided by a longitudinal furrow, in male genital operculum composed of two ovoid plates. Based on this study there is a distinct degree of sexual dimorphism in the Hemiscorpius enischnochela.

Antifungal compounds of Trichoderma spp, including various lithic enzymes, have a important role in biological control of pathogenic agents. Xylan is a group of hemicellulose compounds which are present in the cell wall of plants and some algae. Green algae and green-blue algae having pectin, cellulose, xylan hemicellulose, arabinoxylan, etc., in their structures could be considered as suitable inducer and precursor of cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase enzymes production in fungi. Beta-xylanase genes, including Xyn1 and Xyn2 genes in Trichoderma species cause to produce the Glycoside hydrolase family 10, enzyme. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus on enzyme production ability of four Trichoderma species was investigated. For this purpose, aqueous algae extract at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/ml were used during 4 and 8 days to enzyme production was investigated. Change in expression level of Xyln-related gene was analysied using real-timePCR method. The results of this study showed a positive and variable effect of algae extract in enzyme production in all the treated Trichoderma species. The maximum amount of enzyme secretion was observed at concentration of  1000 µg/ml during 8 days of treatment in T. reesei species. At this concentration and time period, T. atroviride showed the lowest amount of enzyme production. Gene expression analysis showed that, the maximum level of Xylan gene expression was occured in T. reesei species at concentration of 1000 µg/ml during 8 days of treatment. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the compounds in cellulosic structure of Scenedesmus mico-algae can have a considerable effect on enzyme secretion of fungi and then can be used as an enzyme stimulus in fungi in industrial and large -scale projects.

In this study, the effect of mycoendobiont fungi isolated from white button mushroom against Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicula and Trichoderma harzianum, as its important pathogens, was investigated for use in biological control and replacement of chemical compound. Isolates of mycoendobiont fungi were isolated from the cap, gills and stalk of healthy white button mushroom, collected from major mushroom growing farms in Iran. These isolates screened against aggressive strains mentioned above in dual culture tests and the most effective isolates were selected for greenhouse experiments. White button mushroom spawn was treated with the mycoendobiont fungi and disease incidence and growth parameters were measured. All mycoendobiont isolates tested were able to inhibit and compete with pathogens and controlled the incidence of wet bubble disease (M. perniciosa) from 21.42% to 97.61%, dry bubble disease (L. fungicula) from 60.63% to 96.80% and green mold disease (T. harzianum) from 64.28 to 96.93%. This test was performed in a completely randomized design with Three replications. Mycoendobiont isolates of Fusarium venenatum and Clonostachys rosea had the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of all pathogens. In addition, Scedosporium apiospermum had a high growth inhibitory effect against M. perniciosa and T. harzianum. According to the results, mycoendobiont fungi of white button mushroom could be considered as the biocontrol agents and growth promoting with the aim of applying them in future.

Islamic law has moved towards combating the phenomenon of crime and preventing the occurrence of crime by using the two components of punishment and correction, treatment and rehabilitation and combining these two components with each other. In Islamic law, inspired by the Qur'anic teachings and based on the inspiring teachings of this holy book, it seems that the component of correction, treatment and rehabilitation is preferred to the component of punishment, and Islamic law, as the creator of many new criminal and criminological policies, The title of the last way to fight crime (if the offender is not corrected) has been used and it can be said that Islamic teachings are in accordance with scientific standards due to their firmness on pure human nature. In addition, Islamic law based on Quranic teachings is the first law that pays attention to the personality of the accused and in fact the creator of Islamic law and the founder of criminology, ie the science of attention to the personality of the convict and long before the emergence of the school of research. Therefore, the first sparks of attention to the personality of the accused can be seen in Islamic law. For this reason, Islamic law is the creator of the school of criminology.

Root and crown common rotdisease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, has caused severe losses of wheat products worldwide. A collection of 147 monoconidial isolates was made from cultivated wheat in West Azerbaijan (Miyandoab), Golestan (Gorgan), Alborz (Karaj), Kermanshah (Kermanshah) and Fars (Shiraz) provinces in 2017-2018. After morphological and molecular identification, mating type primers were designed based on a conserved DNA binding (alpha domain) in MAT-1 and the high mobility group (HMG) domain in MAT-2. Frequency of mating type idiomorphs of B. sorokiniana isolates were done by multiplex PCR. Among 147 isolates of five population, 86 isolates amplified by MAT-1 primer and 61 isolates by MAT-2 primer. Frequencies of MAT-1 alleles in Shiraz and Gorgan populations was more than the MAT-2 alleles. According to the results of the Chi-square test (X2), Karaj, Kermanshah and Miyandoab populations had not significant difference (P<0.05). Therefore, these three populations have the highest potential for sexual reproduction than the otherthreepopulations. In addition, isolates from all of the populations were studied to evaluate the sexual fertility in vitro. After two months, pseudothecia without mature asci and ascospores formed in media.

In this study, some parameters affecting the buckling load of stiffened cylindrical shells areinvestigated. These parameters include the type of connection stiffeners to the shell (weldingor glue and rivet), the number, thickness and shape of the cross-sectional area of the longitudinaland circumferential stiffeners, the shell thickness, the shape and the imperfection ratio and sizeof the cutout created in the shell. For this purpose, both analytical and numerical methods havebeen used. In the analytical method, the energy method is used and in the numerical method,Abacus software is used. In this study, in addition to previous works, on how to attach stiffenersto the shell, the effect of imperfection ratio of elliptic and rectangular cutout and also the effectof some parameters related to longitudinal and circumferential stiffeners such as the effect ofcross section shape and their number on the buckling load have been investigated separately.

Early blight is one of the major diseases of tomato that reduce the quality and quantity of the product. Regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the host defense to the pathogen, little information is available to realize the mechanisms of defense response of tomato to pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani. In this research, the protein profile (proteome) of tomato leaves were investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis. A total of 610 detection protein showed 29 different expression proteins in resistant and susceptible cultivars. These proteins mainly involved in stress and defense, energy and metabolism, photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and signal transduction. Proteins involved in stress and defense such as pathogencity related proteins (PR) and biosynthesis of phenolic metabolite were the most frequent. The most important defense mechanisms of the plant against A. solani were strengthening of the cell wall and antimicrobial phenolic compounds. The results of this study can be used to production of resistant varieties of tomato against A.solani.

The pathogens causing white blister rusts (Albuginales, Oomycota) comprises three genera including Albugo, Pustula and Wilsoniana infecting species of Brassicaceae, Caryophyllales and Asteridae, respectively. The current study contributes with new knowledge on Albuginales in Iran. An extensive survey for sampling white blister rust specimens was performed during the 2017-2020 growing season in some regions in Eastern and Northern Iran. Based on morphological and molecular (Cox2 and ITS) data Albugo lepidii on Lepidium sativum, A. koreana on Camelina transcaspica, Albugo arenosa on Strigosella africana, A. candida on various hosts, A. occidentalis on spinach and Wilsoniana portulacae on Portulaca sp. were identified. Our results, represent the first morphologically and molecularly verified report of A. candida on Goldbachia laevigata, Raphanus sativus, Eruca sativa from Iran and on Sinapis arvensis, Savignya parviflora, Isatis leuconeura and Sisymbrium altissimum worldwide. Sisymbrium septulatum is reported as Matrix nova for A. candida. White blister rust caused by A. candida is reported for the first time on a member of the genus Savignya in Iran. Albugo lepidii and A. koreana are new records for Iranian mycobiota. Detailed descriptions and illustrations along with phylogenetic placement here are provided for Wilsoniana portulacae and Albugo occidentalis.

Pistachio is an important and economical crop that is attacked by Armillaria mellea which causes a significant reduction in yield and deterioration. Root rot disease caused by A. mellea is one of the fungal diseases which has been increasing in pistachio orchards in recent years. Extensive mechanisms and complex life cycle limit its control and almost impossible. In this study, the biochemical aspects of Glomus intraradices and A. mellea root symbiotic interaction on Pistachio vera root, Badami zarand cultivar, as a sensitive rootstock were investigated. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design and factorial with four replications in greenhouse conditions. Chitinase activity enzyme was calculated based on the amount of N–acetyl glucose amine released. The results showed that colonization with symbiotic fungi changed enzymatic activities in favor of the plant, which was directly related to the percentage of colonization of symbiotic fungi with roots. The results showed an increase and maximization of chitinase activity enzyme in the roots of plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi.

Crimes as a harmful phenomenon influenced by professional performance evaluation, police responsibility, and involvement of local community forces are studied as the focus of this research, focusing on the Community-oriented police approach, capacity building, and crime prevention.

Quantitative method of survey (descriptive-explanatory) and relying on the tools of a researcher-made questionnaire and a Likert range of data (1 to 5) was collected. The study population consisted of citizens aged 15 to 64 years living in suburban areas, which includes 42% of urban areas. First, in the suburban areas of Mashhad, using relative stratified sampling appropriate to the volume of each area; Areas are selected. Then, the number of selections in each area was based on Cochran's formula and random sampling method, and the total population of the suburbs of Mashhad was 1416776. Based on Cochran formula and random sampling method, the final alpha coefficient is 0.858 and descriptive and inferential statistical methods based on SPSS software for data analysis. Have been used.

it shows that the mean of professional police performance (3.41), police commitment (3.52), community-based police (3.47), effect of local social groups (3) and dealing with crime and Social damages (3.77) were found, all of which indicate an average upward trend. The regression results show that among the citizens living in the suburbs, about 32% of the changes in dealing with crime and social harms are explained by the variables of police professional performance, police commitment, community-based police, and social groups.

Given that community-based policing and police commitment have more explanatory power than other variables, so it should be about increasing citizens' trust in police activities; Social, cultural and media contexts were diligent in strengthening the community-based police.

Biocontrol is one of the methods widely studied to reduce nematode damage. The biological control efficacy of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices and two antagonistic fungi, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and Purpureocillium lilacinum on disease indices and reproduction rate of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica were studied on three local cultivars of peach rootstocks namely Helendri, Shorabi3 and Gf677. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 30 treatments and five replications under greenhouse conditions. Evaluations were performed 90 days after nematode inoculation by measuring the plant growth parameters and growth and reproduction rate of M. javanica. Results of nematode reproduction indices showed more effect of P. chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia on reduction of nematode biological activity than other biocontrol fungi. The number of galls, egg masses, second stage juveniles and reproduction factor in GF677 treated with this fungus decreased comparing to control, as 42.2, 41.8, 39 and 6.36 percent, respectively. Although the fungus was effective on all stages of nematode development, but the number of egg masses and number of eggs per egg mass were more affected.

Grape powdery mildew (GPM) caused by plant pathogenic fungus Erysiphe necator, is the most widespread disease on grapevine in worldwide including Iran. Temporal analysis of disease epidemics was carried out by evaluating GPM in 30 vineyards in three cities of Sistan region, includeing Zabol, Zahak and Hamoon during 2017 and 2018. Field survey of vineyards to record disease incidence (I) and severity (S) was started from plant growth onset to harvest time, weekly program. Disease progress curves (DPCs) were evaluated by mathematical growth models including Linear, Monomolecular, Logistic, Log-logistic and Gompertz and their goodness of fit determined based on such statistics as coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2 (aR2)and standard error of estimates (SEE). Result showed that in total two years, for three variables of disease including: disease incidence, leaf disease severity and fruit disease severity, the Monomolecular model was fitted with 100, 100 and 98.33% of studied epidemics respectively. Means R2 of this model for three disease variables, calculated 91.64%, 89.60% and 90.27% respectively and this model was selected as the most appropriate model for describe GPM progress in Sistan region for two studied years.Also in total of two years rates of increase (rm) per unit of disease in the vineyards for three disease variables were 0.016, 0.004 and 0.005 respectively. This research is conducted for the first time in the region of Sistan and Iran.

Aspergillusniger is one of the microorganisms that produce the pectinase enzymes group of the at high levels. In this fungus, PgaA genes code Glycoside hydrolase family 28 that secrete polygalacturonase enzymes. Green algae (Chlorophyceae) and blue-green algae (Myxophyceae) having pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose compounds such as xylan, arabinoxylan in their structure could act as a precursor to the production of cellulase, xylanase and pectinase enzymes in fungi. In this work, the effect of green algae extract ; Spirogyra sp. at 500 and 1000 mg/mL concentration on the rate of pectinase enzyme secretion and the relative expression of PgaA gene at 4 and 8 day after adding algae extract to culture medium was evaluated using qRT-PCR analysis. . The highest level of enzyme secretion was observed at 8th days after algae extract adding to culture medium at 1000 mg/mL concentration( 4.28 U/ml). Gene expression analysis of PgaA gene showed that the highest expression level was relted to 4th days time interval after adding alge extract at 1000 mg.mL (10/142). According to positive effect of spirogyra algae compounds on expression level of PgaA gene responsible to pectinase production and increase of enzyme secretion, it is concluded that microalgaes could be used as important sources of enzyme production from favorable fungi and could be useful in biotechnological industry

Azospirillum comprises rhizobacteria that live freely in the soil where they change gaseous nitrogen to nitrite and nitrate and as a result promote growth and yield of some economically important plants. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify different native species of Azospirillum and to investigate their genetic diversity as plant growth promoting factors.

In this research, some soil and root samples from wheat and maize fields of Isfahan province were collected and cultured in the tubes containing nitrogen free bromothymol blue (NFB) semisolid media. The Azospirillum isolates were chosen on the basis of morphological properties on NFB and RC (Rojo Congo) media and then were purified. The detection and identification of Azospirillum isolates was done by molecular tests using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequencing and genomic fingerprinting with rep-PCR (repetitive extragenic palindromic elements-polymerase chain reaction).

The replication of 646 and 263 bp fragments by Az16S-A, Azo494-F/Azo756-R primers respectively, confirmed the presence of Azospirilum bacteria. Azospirillum species were also identified as A. brasilense, A. lipoferum and A. zeae using replication and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The genomic profilings of different Azospirillum isolates produced unique band patterns through application of repetitive element BOX (BOX-AIR), ERIC (ERIC IR, ERIC 2: Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus) and REP (REP IR, REP 2: Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic) and showed high genetic diversity between the isolates.

Early blight disease is one of the most common foliar diseases of tomato, which causes a great reduction in the quantity and quality of its yield. Regarding the use of fungicides in controlling this disease, identification of plant defense mechanism against the pathogen can be useful in introducing resistant cultivars and controlling the damage of the pathogen. In this research, several biochemical changes and expression patterns of PR1b1 and WRKY33 genes were investigated by qRT-PCR in a resistant cultivar Super 2270 and a susceptible cultivar CH Flat infected with the fungus Alternaria solani. Sampling was done during five intervals with three replications. The hydrogen peroxide accumulation, activity of defense enzymes Guacul peroxidase, Catalase and Superoxide dismutase enzymes, and the number of transcripts of genes was found to be increased in a challenge with the pathogen. The activity of these enzymes and genes were higher in the resistant cultivar. H2O2 accumulated rapidly in the resistant cultivar leaf tissues and peaked during the early stages of infection, whereas accumulation was stronger and more intense in the susceptible cultivar tissues in later stages.These results indicated that the induction of oxidant/antioxidant responses and the activity of genes in this study are a part of the tomato defense mechanism against the necrotrophic fungus A.solani.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in the outdoor sport activities on environmental knowledge and behavior. The statistical population consisted of those who had come to the suburbs to participate in the outdoor activities such as hiking, trekking, biking in the nature, etc. and 241 available subjects were selected randomly as the sample. The environmental behavior questionnaire by Zafeiroudi & Hatzigeorgiadis (2012) and environmental knowledge questionnaire by Cottrell (2003) were used to collect the data. The structural equation modeling and SmartPLS.2 software were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that the outdoor sport activities affected the social environmental behavior but these activities did not affect the personal environmental behavior and environmental knowledge. Also, the environmental knowledge affected the social and personal environmental behaviors. In general, this study showed that the participation in the outdoor sport activities helps people to create a more direct contact with the environment

Plant diseases assessment is necessary for developing effective integrated diseases management strategies. Amount of disease, is usually evaluated with two quantities, incidence and severity. Relationship between incidence and severity is important concept in plant diseases epidemiology. Sclerotinia stem rot is a rapeseed important disease in the world and Iran. For measuring disease incidence and severity and determination relationship between them, 240 rapeseed fields were investigated in Mazandaran province during years 2010, 2011, 2015 and 2016, and disease amount recorded in weekly surveys. Based on final incidence and severity, there were significant differences (P<0.01) between regions and years. The highest incidence and severity (34.02 and 23.70 percent) was in year 2016 and the lowest of them (12.85 and 6.32 percent) in year 2015. Between regions, Galogah and Sari had the highest and lowest disease infection respectively. In order to determine relationship between two mentioned quantities, the related data, were fitted with different mathematical models by linear regression analysis method that based on statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of estimates, linear, allometric and square root models had good fitness with data. The linear model, was selected as the final model because of the simplicity and having low computational complexity. Based on slope of linear model equation, there was significant difference (P<0.01) between four years of investigation. The equation of the model for years 2010 and 2016 was S=0.72(I)-0.99 and for years 2011 and 2015 was S=0.55(I)–0.61. Weather conditions had significant effects on disease infection in different years.

Common bean root rot which is a fungal disease is an economically important diseases of the crop product worldwide. Distribution and relative dominance of the disease was investigated in the farms of the major bean cultivating regions and clima of Lorestan province including Azna, Aligudarz, Selseleh, Doroud and Borujerd. Totally, 1164 isolates were obtained using general and selective culture. Pathogenicity of isolates evaluated and confirmed on Akhtar cultivar. The dominant pathogenic fungi were identified based on colony morphology and microscopic characteristics, and then confirmed by molecular technique using β-tubulin and TEF1- αgenes. Frequency of fungal isolate and the pathogenicity tests showed that F. solani, with 33.42 % isolation frequency was the most important causal agent of common bean root and crown rot in Lorestan province, and followed by F. oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani with 26.55, 15.55 and 7.73 %, respectively. Frequency of roor rot pathogens distributed across bean farms of Selseleh, Borujerd, Azna, , Doroud and Aligudarz were 24.57, 18.64, 16.58, 15.20 and 8.25 %. respectively. The frequency of the pathogen isolated from common bean plants at the early growth, flowering and podding stages was 20.70, 26.37 and 52.92 %, respectively. Based on Climate zoning, the highest frequency of fungal agents was evaluated in semi-humid temperate clima.

Stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the important diseases of rapeseed, and fungicides are applied for its control. In Iran, carbendazim and tebuconazole are often used for chemical control of the disease. In order to introduce other effective fungicides against the disease, seven fungicides were studied in laboratory conditions and then six of them were applied in the field. In the laboratory conditions, different concentrations of the fungicides showed significant differences (P<0.01) with control (without fungicide) and caused inhibition of pathogen radial growth on potato dextrose agar medium except chlorothalonil (Daconil®). Effective concentration (EC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungicides including iprodione + carbendazim (Rovral TS®), propiconazole (Tilt®), thiophanate methyle (Topsin M®), trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole (Nativo®), tebuconazole (Folicure®) and spiroxamine+ tebuconazole+ triadimenol (Falcon®) was calculated. The EC50 values of these fungicides were 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.22, 0.36 and 0.60 ppm, and MIC values were 1, 5, 1, 10, 10 and 10 ppm respectively. In the field conditions, all fungicides, had significant difference (P<0.01) with control  and decreased the rate of the disease infection and increased the crop yield about 300 to 700 Kg/ha. Nativo® was the most effective fungicide. The duration of plant protection in Nativo® treatment was longer and occurrence of disease symptoms after spraying was later than other treatments. Therefore, these fungicides can be used in rotation with common fungicides.

The Sugarcane grasshopper (Chrotogonus trachypterus) is one of the most important and indigenous and harmful pest of field crops in Sistan region of Iran and cause considerable damage especially during seedling stages. We conducted this study in order to introduction of a biocontrol agent to C. trachypterus in a completely randomized designs and factorial experiment with three replications using topical application under laboratory conditions. For inoculations, after the preliminary experiments, five fungal suspensions prepared at consecrations of 1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107 and 1×108 conidia mL-1 in distilled water containing 0.05% Tween-80®. Grasshoppers typically inoculated under the pronotal shield using a Hamilton microaplicator. Control treatment were treated with distilled water containing 0.05% Tween-80® as surfactant. The corrected cumulative percent mortality was recorded daily until 15 days after inoculations. Percentage of insect mortality was analyzed using (log-probit) methods. Results showed T. harzianum was pathogenic to adult insects and insect mortality increased with increasing concentrations. The highest and lowest mortality observed at 108 conidia mL-1 and 104 conidia mL-1 with a 75 and 25 percent respectively (p50 value was 1.01×106 conidia mL-1. This is the first report of the pathogenicity of T. harzianum to the grasshopper, C. trachypterus.