فهرست مطالب mohammad sayari

 Numerous studies on the association between the human development index (HDI) and road traffic death rate (RTDR) merely focus on developed countries, not reflecting the relationship between the HDI components and RTDR in a time-trend analysis. Accordingly, this study analyzes the trends of RTDR and their association with the HDI and its components from 2000 to 2019.

 The RTDR data of 154 countries were imported into the unconditional latent growth model (LGM) to assess the RTDR trends. The impact of the HDI and its components (viz., education, income, and life expectancy [LE viz]) on the trajectory of RTDR was also evaluated using the conditional LGM.

 The results of the unconditional LGM indicated an overall decreasing trend in RTDR. The conditional LGM results revealed the negative effect of the HDI and its components on the model parameters. The findings of random forests indicated that education and LE were the most crucial variables.

 Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of HDI and its components, particularly education and LE, in lowering the number of traffic fatalities. In this sense, improving formal education and LE could be one of the main policies that policymakers could consider to reduce RTDR.

 When households have high out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses, they are more likely to experience poverty and encounter catastrophic health expenditures (CHE). Heart disease is a significant cause of health decline and mortality.

 This study aimed to provide essential knowledge about CHE and OOP for heart disease patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Shiraz, Iran.

 This cross-sectional study with two prospective follow-ups was conducted in three heart surgery centers in Shiraz, Iran. The data were collected using the world health survey (WHS). Catastrophic health expenditures and OOP were asked from the most informed family member. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling was employed to identify the main factors related to CHE and OOP. Binary distribution with logit link and gamma distribution with log link were used for CHE and OOP, respectively. The significance level was set at 0.05.

 We found that OOP payment among patients who needed cardiovascular services in public-private partnership (PPP) hospitals was 76,953,100 Rials (R), equal to 2,506.78 $ (USD) (SD = 53,247,600 R/1,734.56 $) in the PCI group and 230,937,700 R equal to 7,522.89 $ (SD = 248,295,200 R/8,088.32 $) in the CABG group. This value in public hospitals was 15,083,800 R, equal to 491.36 $ (SD = 18,637,600 R/ 607.13 $) in the PCI group and 12,276,800 R, equal to 399.92 $ (SD = 11,131,900 R/ 362.63 $) in the CABG group. We also found that admission duration, age, type of hospital, and being currently a smoker were significant factors for OOP (P-value < 0.05). During baseline assessment, we also found that the percentage of PCI patients that faced CHE was 95.56% and 47.92% in PPP and public hospitals, respectively. This value in CABG patients was 92.31% and 40.45%. Our study showed that the type of hospital and socioeconomic status were significant factors (P-value < 0.05) that pushed a family facing CHE.

 The baseline CHE is very high in both PCI and CABG patients. Thus, the government should pay special attention to this issue. Further investigations are needed on factors affecting OOP and CHE.

In the current era of monitoring healthcare costs for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there has been a shift in the pattern of such costs. In this cross-sectional study conducted in three hospitals in Iran from 2015 to 2021, we aimed to assess the in-hospital costs of IBD and identify predictors of higher total hospital costs in hospitalized patients with IBD.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at three hospitals in Iran. For the purpose of this study, we collected demographic and clinical information, as well as cost data for patients with IBD. Two non-parametric statistical procedures, classification and regression trees (CARTs) and quantile regression forests (QRFs), were employed to identify the main factors related to hospital costs of IBD, which served as the dependent variable in our analysis.

During 7 years, 930 admissions occurred in these three hospitals. 22.3% of patients (138 of 619) were readmitted, and 306 (49.4%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 33 (SD = 18.9) years. A total of 454 patients (73.3%) had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 165 patients (26.7%) had Crohn’s disease (CD). Hotelling and medication costs accounted for the largest share of the total hospital costs, with percentages of 30.61% and 23.40%, respectively. Length of stay (LOS) was found to be the most important variable related to hospital costs of IBD in both QRF and CART models, followed by age and year of hospital admission in QRF. Additionally, in the CART model, hospital type and year of hospital admission were also significant predictors of hospital costs for patients with IBD.

The present study showed that LOS, age, year of admission, and the hospital where the patient is admitted are all important factors that determine hospital costs for patients with IBD. Patients admitted for 20.5 days or longer had the highest hospital costs. These findings can be used as thresholds for future DRG policies.

Sports injuries are an integral part of sports in all age groups that cause concern among athletes during their careers; On the other hand, today the role of psychological variables in sports and related cases is undeniable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of sports injuries based on the mental toughness of young volleyball players.

In this study, 110 young volleyball players in Aligudarz with an average age of 22.24 years, an average weight of 78.43 kg and an average height of 185 cm were selected by purposive sampling. Initially, the baseline data of this study were used to select injured individuals to collect injury information, the Australian Sports Medicine Injury Standard Questionnaire was used to collect common injuries in volleyball. Then, using a 48-item questionnaire related to mental toughness, their mental toughness was measured. In order to describe and classify the information, the mean was used as the central index and the standard deviation was used as the dispersion index. Sample t-test, multivariate linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were also used. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 at a significance level of less than five percent.

There is a negative correlation between the rate of sports injuries and mental toughness and the highest correlation score is related to the number of injuries and control in mental strength (r=-0.26) and the lowest correlation is related to the component. The recovery and confidence status (r=0)

The rate of hospital readmission is seen as a measure of quality and accountability. Knowing the risk factors that can be changed could reduce the cost burden on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the health system.

Retrospective analysis was performed on the data extracted from hospital records during a 4-year period. The study setting encompassed three referral hospitals in Tehran and the south of Iran. The primary outcome was hospital readmission of patients with IBD. The factors associated with binary and categorical dependent variables were analyzed using robust logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression, respectively. The significance level was set at P=0.05.

187 patients were admitted during the 4-year study period for an IBD-related reason, among whom 131 patients (70.1%) had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 56 patients (29.9%) had Crohn’s disease (CD). Moreover, 29% (55) of the participants had been readmitted at least once during the study period, and seven patients with IBD had been readmitted five or more times during the study period. Corticosteroids (OR=4.55, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.65- 12.55) and chronic pain (OR=6.65, 95% CI: 1.73-25.62) were two factors associated with their readmission within 90 days. For the patients with five or more times of readmissions, Corticosteroids (RRR=5.68), chronic pain (RRR=5.05), length of hospital stay (RRR=0.69), and age (RRR=0.9) could significantly explain the hospital readmissions.

About one in seven hospitalizations of patients with IBD leads to 30-day readmission. Moreover, younger patients with IBD and shorter length of hospital stay were more likely to be readmitted five or more times during the study period. The use of corticosteroids and the presence of chronic pain were predictors of 90-day readmission. More studies are needed to detect the best management plan for chronic pains.

Colectomy is considered as a part of therapeutic armamentarium in ulcerative colitis. The availability of new biologic treatments might have affected the trend of using this modality.

The hospital records of all tertiary centers in Shiraz, which are the main centers for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in southern Iran, were reviewed to estimate the total number of admissions for the treatment of severe UC and colectomy among patients from 2009 to 2019. In this historical cohort study, information about the current status of the patients was collected by phone calls during December 2019.

Totally, 111 (4%) UC patients, out of 2933 admissions, underwent colectomy. Sixty-five (54.6%) UC colectomy patients were female. The results revealed an upward trend for the ratio of the frequency of colectomies to total UC admissions (Z = 3.39, P < 0.001). Colectomy complications occurred in 44 patients (40%), and most of the patients 38 (34%) had late complications, leading to readmission. Seven patients (6.3%) had died from colectomy during the follow-up calls. Most of the dead patients underwent urgent surgery and were young.

Despite the use of biologics during the past decade in southern Iran, there was a rising trend among the UC patients’ colectomies. The frequencies of post-operative complications and mortality was considerable, highlighting the need for refinement of UC care in this region.

The Hedijan coastal plain around the Zohreh River is a hub for essential agriculture, fisheries, trade, and the military. Any change in the regime and territory of the Zohreh River will have significant economic, social, and security effects in the region. Due to the privation of the region and preserve the available resources and capital, it is necessary to carefully study the hydraulic parameters affecting the morphological changes and the complex pattern of the meandering of the Zohre River. In this study, considering the special conditions of this coastal plain, it has been tried to study geometric features such as curvature coefficient, curvature radius, central angle, and river arc length in three time periods by studying and examining satellite images in a GIS environment.

In this study, to study the morphological changes and meandering pattern of the Zohre River in the coastal plain of Hindijan, Google Earth satellite images from 2000 and 2014 were used. Based on these two images, the old route of the Zohreh River can be identified in the study area. In the next step, to investigate the meandering and morphological changes of the river, the route drawn from Google Earth entered the GIS environment. Using the ArcMap 10.2 software, to examine essential parameters in river morphological changes, circles with a suitable radius tangent to the existing curves in the river path were drawn. In the old route, 35 meanders were detected, and in the 2000 and 2014 routes, 21 meanders were identified and examined.

 Results :

In order to study the morphology and meandering pattern of the Zohre River in the study area, various parameters such as bending coefficient, central angle, arc length, half-wavelength, and radius of curvature were calculated. According to Wolfert (2001), four types of rivers, including direct, sinusoidal, meander, and more meander, have been introduced in terms of the degree of curvature of rivers. According to this criterion, the Zohre River can be placed in a meandering river in the study area. Also, the number of meander from previous years, 2000 and 2014, was 35, 21, and 21. The maximum radius of the meander of this river was 450.1, 661.8, and 632.3 m. The lengths of the arch were 1197, 1118.2, and 1154.6 m, respectively. There have been alternating positive and negative changes in the values of the central angles in all three study periods. The average central angle from the old route to 2000 has been declining, and from 2000 to 2014, it has been increasing. In the old route, based on the size of the central angles, 57.14% of the torsions are in the overdeveloped area, 14.30% of the torsions are in the developed inverted 11.42% are in the undeveloped area. 17.14% was the size of a cowchr('39')s horn, and no percentage was found for quasi-twisting curves. In 2000, based on the size of central angles, 42.86% of turns were over-developed, 14.30% of the turns were over-developed, and 23.80% of the turns were twisted. The average amount of radius in the old path increased from 450.1 to 66.81, and from 2000 to 2014, it decreased to 632.3. In total, this parameter has increased over three time periods. Finally, the obtained values for this parameter indicate that the river is meandering and the morphological changes in these three periods.

The results showed that significant changes have taken place and are taking place over the years under study. During the three times of periods, four significant shortcuts and other significant morphological changes occurred. It is predicted that in the place of the 18th meander at the location of the existing bottleneck, there will be a shortcut in the future, which will eliminate the existing meander and create new ones.Also, according to the Wolfert classification criterion based on the bending coefficient (1.5-2) and the Corneiss classification based on the central angle (158-296), the Zohreh River is located in the Hindijan Plain is in the category of meandering and the meander is overdeveloped.

Cenozoic volcanic activities in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) have occurred in three main pulses of Eocene, upper Oligocene-Pliocene, and Pio-Quaternary (Dilek et al., 2010, Sayari, 2015). Magmatic activities in the UDMA until a few years ago were marked with calc-alkaline and occasionally shoshonitic signatures. Recent studies have reported post-collisional adakites in some parts of the UDMA (e.g., Ghadami et al., 2008; Omrani et al., 2008; Sayari, 2015; Sayari and Sharifi, 2018). Since magmatic genesis of calc-alkaline, shoshoitic, and especially adakites are absolutely different, variation in the volcanism nature of Iran is a key to recognition of geodynamic evolution of Iran. This study tries to analyze the volcanic evolution in the central part of the UDMA by systematically processing of geochemical database for three main Cenozoic volcanic pulses.   

Whole rock reliable ICP-MS analysis data from scientific texts having exact location coordinates were gathered to form a geochemical geodatabase which includes 99 samples. This database spatially covers around 200 km in the central part of the UDMA from 51°15´E and 33°47´N (north of Isfahan) to 52°57´E and 32°35´N (east of Isfahan).  

Analysis of the geochemical geodatabase indicates that none of the samples belong to alkaline and tholeiitic magmatic series. About 71 percent of group 1 (volcanic pulse of Eocene) are calc-alkaline, and the remaining 29 percent are shoshonitic. About 67 percent of group 2 (volcanic pulse of Oligocene-Miocene) are shoshonitic, and the remaining 33 percent are calc-alkaline. About 88 percent of group 3 (volcanic pulse of Plio-Quaternary) are adakite, and the remaining nearly 12 percent are both calc-alkaline/shoshonitic (samples CN4, JS13, OG4 and SK1 of Khodami, 2009). Adakitic samples are situated in two areas in Joshaghan-Ghohrud and Kajan-Kahang. Sayari and Sharifi (2018) showed that there is a correlation between UDMA adakites and positive lithospheric thickness anomalies. They showed that adakites in the central part of UDMA are restricted to 4 regions exactly where lithosphere and crust are anomalously thicker than the surrounding. In the areas where adakites lie, lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is situated deeper than 212 km (Sayari and Sharifi, 2018). The geochemical aspect of the studied adakites which are all related to the third volcanic pulse of UDMA shows that they have been derived from the subducted slab. They do not have adakite-like or crust-derived adakites characteristics.

The results indicate that volcanic activities from Eocene to Quaternary have evolved from calc-alkaline to shoshonitic signatures and then turned into adakitic nature. Calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magmatism resulted from partial melting of the mantle wedge, while adakitic magmatism resulted from partial melting of the subducted slab. This means that the origin of the third volcanic pulse has shifted from mantle wedge to slab. According to the La/Sm versus La diagram (Aldanmaz, 2000) calc-alkaline samples have been derived from about 15% partial melting of the spinel-garnet lherzolite, and the shoshonitic samples have resulted from about 3% partial melting of the spinel-garnet lherzolite. Based on La/Yb versus Yb diagram (Bourdon et al., 2002), adakites from Kajan-Kahang have been derived from about 10% partial melting of the garnet amphibolite. Moreover, the Adakites from Joshaghan-Ghohrud have resulted from about 6% partial melting of the hornblende eclogite.

Volcanic rocks with a porphyritic texture have experienced two crystallization stages. The first is slow, resulting in phenocrysts, and the second, which took place at, or near the surface, or during intrusion into a cooler body of rock, result in a groundmass of glass, or fine crystals. The pressure and temperature history of a magma during crystallization is recorded in the chemical composition of the phenocrysts during both stages. These phenocrysts provide valuable data about the physicochemical conditions of the parent magma during the process of crystallization. The composition of clinopyroxene (cpx) reflects not only the chemical condition and therefore the magmatic series, but also the physical conditions, i.e., temperature and pressure of a magma at the time when clinopyroxene crystallized.
The Ghohrud area lies in the middle part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc , which is part of a much larger magmatic province extending in a vast region of convergence between Arabia and Eurasia north of the Zagros-Bitlis suture zone (Dilek et al., 2010). In the Ghohrud area, north of Isfahan, exposed Eocene volcanic rocks belong to the first pulse of Cenozoic volcanism of Iran (Sayari, 2015), ranging in composition from andesitic basalt to basalt. The basaltic rocks of the Ghohrud area are composed mainly of plagioclase phenocrysts surrounded by smaller crystals of clinopyroxene in a groundmass of microlites, glass and opaques. In this study, the clinopyroxene and plagioclase of these rocks were analyzed in order to estimate the physicochemical conditions of the parent magmas.
Clinopyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts of nineteen samples were analyzed with the electron microprobe. The chemical compositions of the clinopyroxenes were used to estimate both the chemical evolution and temperature and pressure conditions of the magmas during crystallization, using SCG, a specialized software for clinopyroxene thermobarometry (Sayari and Sharifi, 2014). Microprobe analyses show that plagioclases in the Eocene basaltic rocks are labradorite-bytownite (An85-58Ab15-41) and clinopyroxenes are augite (En41-49Di29-38Fs17-26). The compositions of the clinopyroxenes indicate a tholeiitic affinity for the magma. After plotting the cpx thermobarometry results on a P-T diagram, and applying a linear regression, an equation of P-T describing the physical conditions of the ascending magma was obtained.
Several complex thermobarometry equations used to estimate T and P of cpx have been introduced to the Society of Petrology by different researchers (e.g., Sayari, 2012; Sayari and Sharifi, 2014Putirka et al., 1996; Nimis and Ulmer, 1998; Putirka, 2008). Ten well-known barometric and six thermometric equations developed for clinopyroxene were tested for the analyzed samples with the aid of SCG, and then the equations giving the best match were selected and integrated to estimate contemporaneous P and T. According to the systematic cpx-thermobarometry calculations done with SCG software, it was inferred that the clinopyroxenes crystallized over a range of 1120-1170 °C and a range of pressure of 2-6 kbar.
The results of the cpx-thermobarometry were then plotted on a P-T diagram and a linear regression was used to find a function describing P and T for clinopyroxenes. The equation of the regression line is: P (kbar) = 0.0846T (°C)-93.128
The equation has a high coefficient of determination parameter (R2), making it reliable to determine the rate of T-loss against P-reduction. By assuming that the pressure on the magma was lithostatic due to the weight of overlying rocks, and considering the density of continental crust of about 2.7 gr/cm3, this equation shows that while magma was ascending while the clinopyroxenes were crystalizing, pressure was decreasing at a rate of about 84.6 bar per 1 °C temperature loss. This pressure loss indicates a rise of about 320 m in the continental crust.

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and drought stress on some physiological parameters and antioxidant activity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Three levels of drought stress including stress-free conditions (irrigation within the field capisity)، mild stress (60% of field capacity) and sever stress (30% of field capacity) and four concentrations of ALA including 0 (as a control)، 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1 mM were investigated. In drought stress condition، growth parameters reduced، but chlorophyll a، b، total chlorophyll،carotenoids، anthocyanins and peroxidase activities increased. Application of ALA caused significant increasing of peroxidase enzyme activities، total chlorophyll content، chlorophyll a and b، carotenoids، anthocyanins and weight، length and diameter of fruits. Interaction effects of ALA and drought stress were significant in measured parameters except fruits length. The results showed that ALA could be effective approach in reducing negative effects of drought stress and maintaining antioxidant capacity of pepper.

Volcanic rocks of interest are situated in the middle part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA). They are parts of a vast magmatic province located in the north of Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. Having a prevailing porphyritic texture، these rocks include phenocrysts of plagioclase، amphibole and biotite in a matrix composed of feldspar، quartz، opaque، glass and microlite and mineralogically show composition of dacite to andesite. Minerals are mostly fresh. Effects of alteration are limited to weak chloritization and saussuritization in some amphiboles and rim of plagioclases، respectively. All of the analyzed biotites in the Miocene-Pliocene volcanic rocks in the east of Kamu are of Mg-biotite. According to a widespread classification of micas to 6 general end-members، biotites of interest are averagely composed of 55. 45% phlogopite، 15. 90% talc، 12. 72% Ti-phlogopite، 11. 44% eastonite، 3. 71% ferri-eastonite and 0. 78% muscovite. Chemical composition of biotites indicates a calk-alkaline magmatic series for the magma from which biotites are crystallized. Estimation of the oxygen fugacity of magma، based on chemical composition and Fe3+ content of biotite، shows that the oxygen fugacity was limited to FMQ buffer in quality and was about 10-15 bar in quantity. This value accords the oxygen fugacity for intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks.

The studied volcanic rocks، in the middle part of the Central Iranian volcanic belt (Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc) belong to a vast magmatic province located in the north of the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. Petrographically، these rocks show dacite to andesite composition and include phenocrysts of plagioclase، amphibole and biotite with a prevailing porphyritic texture in a matrix composing of feldspar، quartz، microlite and glass. Having a relatively invariable composition، plagioclases are all andesine. Amphiboles are calcic and tschermakite type. Estimation of temperature and pressure of crystallization resulted from graphically integrating amphibole and amphibole-plagioclase geothermo-barometry equations indicates that the amphibole-plagioclase phenocrysts were crystallized in the temperature range of 763-823 °C with average of 797 °C and in the pressure range of 2. 2-4. 5 kbar with the average of 3. 4 kbar. The maximum depth of crystallization is evaluated at 17 km in continental crust.

The Eocene volcanic rocks of the Posht-e-Badam block represent very good exposures in Saghand (Khoshoumi Mountain)، Alahabad and Chapedony areas (Yazd province). These rocks were developed during five volcanic phases: 1- Volcanic rocks of Alahabad area which are formed during three various phases: 1-1: The central andesitic phase; 1-2: The first andesitic fissure phase; and 1-3: The second andesibasaltic fissure phase. 2- The Chapedony andesite to andesibasaltics. 3- The Saghand (Khoshoumi Mountain) andesic rocks. On the base of field observations، the evidences of contamination are clearly noticed in the volcanic rocks of Saghand area which point to slower rate of magma ascending. The lowest volume of Eocene volcanic rocks exposed in Alahabad area. These rocks developed by two fissures and one central eruption. The presence of the highest volume of the Eocene volcanic rocks in Chapedony area displays active Chapedony fault during the Eocene time. The absence of contamination evidences in the rocks of Chapedony and Alahabad areas indicate the higher rate of magma ascending in compare to that of Saghand area. The occurrence of xenoliths and xenocrysts، the formation of fine grained clinopyroxenes around xenocrystic quartz، the sieved and anti-rapakivi textures، the gulf corrosion of quartz and the oscillatory zoning of plagioclases reveal magmatic contamination in Saghand area. The chemistry of clinopyroxenes and biotites display that these rocks، in nature، are similar to the calc-alkaline continental volcanic arc rocks.