mohammad valaei

Political divisions of space with different methods such as; Abstraction, annexation, integration, and promotion are changing at different levels of political zoning of the country. In the form of upgrading the political level, the lower administrative political unit is transferred to a higher level. At the same time as the political level in a land is improved, all the internal affairs of that land are accompanied by changes. The aim of the current research is to evaluate the effects of upgrading the level of the department to the County on the indicators of rural development, and in terms of the purpose, it is an applied research, and in terms of its nature and method, it is considered a descriptive-analytical research.. Library and field studies were used to collect data. Its geographical territory is the newly established county of Chaharborj in the southeast of West Azerbaijan, which according to the census of Iran Statistics Center in 2016 has 5004 households 16813 rural population, and 14 inhabited rural points, all of which were considered as part of the statistical community. A statistical sample of 286 people was obtained using the modified Cochran formula, and their selection was done by simple random sampling at the village level. Descriptive and inferential statistics (multi-criteria SAW technique, regression test, and path analysis) were used to analyze data and information. The results showed that the villages of Qapchag with a final score of 0.082, Firouzabad with a final score of 0.079, Fasandoz with a final score of 0.078, and Khazineh Anbar Jadid Village with a final score of 0.077 are respectively in the first to fourth categories in terms of the degree of realization of sustainable rural development after the promotion of MarhamatAbad district to Chaharbarj county And in terms of impact, physical indicators with a total effect value of 0.618, human resources with a total effect value of 0.456, and political and managerial indicators with a total effect value of 0.290 have the greatest effect from the promotion of Marhammat Abad district to Chaharbarj county. have accepted and as a result, they have had the greatest impact in the realization of sustainable rural development.

The current research aims to investigate the livability of rural settlements and the effects of implementing the Rural Guide Plans on the livability of rural settlements. The study was applied and descriptive-analytical. Library and field research methods were used to collect the data. The study area is Chaharborj County. Then, using Cochran’s modified formula, 143 households were selected as samples from the villages with Rural Guide Plans and 121 households without Rural Guide Plans. A random method was used to select the villages’ households according to the community’s size. The reliability level of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.789 using Cronbach’s alpha. We utilized the COPRAS technique for multi-criteria decision-making, cluster analysis, and regression to thoroughly analyze the information. This research showed that Qepchaq and Firouzabad villages have a high level of social livability with (Qi=7.81) and (Qi=7.71), respectively. In addition, implementing Rural Guide Plans had the most impact on employment and income, with a coefficient of 0.718, and social participation, with a coefficient of 0.709. The most minor impacts were on infrastructure facilities and services, with a coefficient of 0.245, and the quality of personal health, with a coefficient of 0.191. Generally, the implementation of the plans had the highest effect on the social dimension (increasing participation, social security, and reducing crime), with a value of 672. 0. Therefore, this dimension is higher than economic and environmental dimensions.

The corona virus epidemic in the world has disrupted many jobs and businesses and has put the livelihood of millions of people in an unstable situation. Illness and respiratory symptoms, death or loss of employment, especially for heads of households, are a threat to food security, including in rural areas that were born from the Covid-19 crisis.

In terms of purpose, the research is applied-developmental research Jirga, in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method, and documentary and field studies (semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the research is East Azarbaijan province (in 2015, it has a population of 1100220 people and 335878 rural households). The sample size is 48 people, business owners, villagers, district experts, university professors, etc., who were selected using the qualitative and theoretical method. Qualitative method of grounded theory was used to analyze data and information.Geographical area of researchThe geographical scope of this research is rural settlements in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

The findings of this research showed that after conducting semi-structured interviews with the sample population and open coding these interviews led to the identification of 37 general concepts, 26 categories and 18 indicators that show the effects of the spread of the corona virus in It shows the rural communities in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

Conclusion:

 The results showed that the spread of the corona virus in the rural areas of this province, especially in the nomadic territory, has had an impact on the livelihood capital of the villagers. Loss of permanent job, decrease in income and financial ability, decrease in motivation to create new job, food security, decrease in spatial flow of goods and products, increase in social anomaly, decrease in social trust, increase in stress and psychological pressure, transportation problems and intercity traffic and reducing social connections, reducing the flow of incoming capital, reducing the flow of people, the need to receive bank facilities, the expectation of institutional support, etc. are among them.

Introduction :

Poverty has long been one of the greatest problems of human societies and is a social, economic, cultural and political reality that and now society, despite the huge changes that have taken place in various fields of science, is facing and from The main concerns of planners in rural areas are to achieve sustainable development. The most important purpose of this study is to investigate strategies to reduce poverty in rural areas of Barouq County.

Considering the geographical distribution of nomads in Iran and the need to determine the area of this community with a special method of activity and conducting specialized research and studies, the purpose of this study is to determine the area of Iranian nomads based on available sources and census results of nomadic tribes in 1987. 1998 and 2008.

In terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method, library and field methods were used to collect data and information. In this study, by conducting 19 semi-structured interviews, the most important strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of Bavargh city were identified and then to weight and rank each of the internal and external factors in the SWOT matrix from 12 points of view. The opinions of 17 people from the statistical community were used to finalize the strategies. SWOT analysis and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) were used to analyze the data and information.Geographical area of research The geographical area of this research is Barouq County of West Azerbaijan province.

In this County, investment strategies and development of downstream mining and petrochemical industries and branding of handicrafts with an attractiveness of 2.71%, creation and development of small rural businesses in economic sectors (services, agriculture, industry) with a rate of / 21 2, Barooq tourism development with emphasis on ecotourism using government facilities and private sector participation with a rate of 2.11 and completion of Miandoab to Sarcham intermediate project and for tourism development and spatial access with a rate of 2.05% as the most important Strategies were identified.

The results showed the development of downstream mining and petrochemical industries and branding of handicrafts, creation and development of small businesses, tourism development with emphasis on the development of ecotourism houses and the establishment and development of workshops for processing livestock products (dairy) And livestock development are the most important strategies to reduce poverty in rural and nomadic areas of Barouq County.

With the growth and boom of tourism, new needs and demands arise and the demand for existing goods, services and facilities increases. This provides the environment for the creation of new businesses and enhances the entrepreneurial spirit among the villagers, leading to increased investment and the creation of new businesses in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of rural tourism development on micro business boom. The basis of this research based on pragmatism was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used for data collection. The spatial domain of the research is Barough district which according to the Census of 2016 has 3429 households and 12024 population. The sample of the quantitative phase was based on Cochran formula of 294 rural households and in the qualitative phase semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 saturated interviews. Households were selected from households with small businesses or in tourism and services, and semi-structured interviews with rural managers, business owners, local experts, tourists and business owners. Has been. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlation tests, sample t-test, regression and path analysis and qualitative analysis was used as the basis theory. The results showed that there are different areas for creating new businesses in agriculture, industry, services and tourism in the study area, but the most important business area in this area is the development of services and processing of agricultural products. However, there is a significant relationship between the expansion of rural tourism and the creation of small businesses in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions at 0.05% alpha level. Also, rural tourism development based on the route-analysis technique in non-agricultural jobs such as service jobs with 0.786 beta and rural industries with 0.389 had significant effects and agricultural sector with -0.254 due to dehydration in the region and the decline in production efficiency is lower.

Problem: 

There is a high correlation between poverty and rural life, because more than three quarters of the poor live in rural areas. Since any successful policy (in the direction of rural development) requires the recognition of this phenomenon, therefore, knowing the extent of poverty in society and its spatial distribution is an important issue in developing poverty reduction programs.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of poverty in rural settlements of Miyandoab county.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used to collect information. Spatial territory is the villages of Miyandoab county, which, according to the 2016 census, has a population of 125,893 people, 37,637 rural households and 189 inhabited villages. Percentage of villages were selected as sample villages. The sample size, according to the Cochran's formula, is 313 rural household heads living in rural areas. To analyze the data and information, Coopras multi-criteria decision analysis, K-cluster analysis and more I statistic were used.

Out of 38 sample villages in the county, 17 villages, equivalent to 44.74% of the villages are in the cluster of "very severe poverty" and in terms of agriculture, services, productive employment, income, participation, security, environmental degradation and. The people of these villages are facing many problems and most of these villages are located in Barouq district. Also, Lalehloo, Qataradash and Ghorghchi villages are known as the poorest villages of Miyandoab county and rural poverty has shown a clustered and dense spatial pattern based on Marian my statistics in the county.

Innovation: 

The most important research, innovation of reducing rural poverty and spatial analysis in Miyandoab county using Coopras technique and other statistical analyzes.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic viability in rural areas of Malekan city. The present research is exploratory in terms of exploratory purpose, descriptive-analytical method and applied research in terms of orientation. Library-field methods (observation and questionnaire) have been used to collect the required data and information. To rank the villages in terms of economic viability using the SAW method, 12 villages within a radius of 5 km of Malekan city were selected, which according to the 2016 census had a population of 29709 people and 9601 households, using the Cochran's formula, 154 rural households as Samples were selected. In order to study the mentalities regarding the effective factors in the economic viability of the suburban villages of Malekan city, the combined method of Q (Q) and exploratory factor analysis were used. The number of participants in this study was 19 specialists, experts and rural managers who responded to 30 research statements. The results showed that Laklar villages with a final score of 0.100, Tazeh Qaleh with a final score of 0.097 and Abbasabad with a final score of 0.095 are in the first to third ranks in terms of economic viability and the most important factors influencing the difference Spatial areas of villages in terms of economic viability are: 1) ease of access to the city and the existence of sufficient water resources with a specific amount of 4.28 and a value of variance of 26.76, 2) the existence of acceptable economic development, 3) environmental uniformity and labor efficiency And the existence of educational facilities and 4) the existence of job opportunities, the possibility of processing horticultural products and social security.

Reduction of inequality and poverty has always been one of the topics discussed by scholars and has been considered as part of the main aims of rural development. It has increasingly become one of the important topics in development literature.   Different strategies to reduce poverty by different scholars such as; funding micro-credit and increasing the quality of life and empowerment of women, small-scale agricultural development as an essential component of food security, strengthening social capital in the form of local organizations, global economic integration and globalization, increasing public participation and creating grassroots organizations including rural cooperatives, diversification of economic activities, etc.,  has been proposed. However, due to the dependence of the villagers on the agricultural sector, not compatibility with the culture of the villagers, none of these solutions has not completely succeeded in reducing poverty and eradicating it from rural communities. Similarly, in Miandoab County, the agricultural sector, due to limited water resources, reduced productivity, job creation, mechanization, etc., has undergone a declining trend and is not able to attract the available labor. Furthermore, given that the study area has been severely affected by the Lake Urmia drying up in recent years, leading to a decrease in income, employment, investment, labor productivity and agricultural land, and hence, an increase in the number of underprivileged people in rural areas and migration of youth and depopulation of a number of villages in the area. Therefore, seeking solutions to reduce rural poverty are crucial such as, reviving the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors according to the strengths and obstacles of the region, increasing labor productivity in all economic sectors and enhancing rural population sustainability and stability, employment, income and food security.  The main issue of the present study is to investigate rural poverty reduction strategies, emphasizing the rural economic diversification approach and the effects of economic diversification in reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.

The purpose of this study is to investigate poverty reduction strategies with an emphasis on rural economic diversification in Miandoab County. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method.  Field and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. This study includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the qualitative part, theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 24 semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, 120 local informants, rural managers and staff of Miandoab County were selected as a sample. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha method of 0.701.  Purposeful sampling (snowball and sequential method) was used.  Grounded theory, regression, path analysis and influence diagram were used to analyze the information.

The most important strategies identified to reduce rural poverty in Miandoab are: Funding micro-credit to villagers and farmers, crops insurance and government support, economic diversification in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (changing the pattern of cultivation with water-resistant species such as saffron, Damask rose, pistachio, livestock development, developing industries), construction product processing factories, industrial town establishment, handicraft, tourism development and expansion, creation small businesses, creation of local markets and services, etc., enhancing educational quality of villagers, using indigenous knowledge, increasing social capacities, improving infrastructure, increase research, change government support policies, reform rural management and belief system.  Among these, one of the most important strategies to reduce rural poverty in this area according to the study is to pay attention to the "rural economic diversification" approach. Accordingly, the diversification of the rural economy has positive effects on increasing income, employment, production, investment and hence reducing rural poverty in Miandoab County.  The index of non-agricultural (non-agricultural) diversification and the creation of jobs that require less water, such as development of rural industries (manufacturing units for processing livestock, agricultural, horticultural products, etc., handicrafts, carpet weaving units, metal industries, wood industries, food industries, etc.), development of service sector in most villages and expansion of rural tourism (religious, sport, nomadic) is of great importance in reducing rural poverty in the study area. Thus, long-term diversification alters the income opportunities for rural households and reduces their income vulnerability to economic and environmental changes. In general, diversification of jobs can be considered as an indirect insurance for the security of income of villagers who have low productivity or have been damaged due to unexpected natural disasters.

The basis of research based on pragmatism is a mixed research method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought. The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method and nature and in order to collect information from library and field studies. The Spatial realm of this research is rural settlements in the Township of Miandoab. The Township has 73338 households and 260628 population in 1395 and The Statistical Society consisted of 176 managers and employees of agencies involved in rural affairs. Including, Deputy Minister of Rural Development, Governorate, Provinces, Electricity Office, Rural Wastewater, Water Resources Administration, Housing Foundation, Agricultural Jihad, etc. To sample from Qualitative methods (snowball and theoretical method) have been used for sampling. The reliability level of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha for rural management indicators of 0.729 and for resiliency indicators of 0.651. The mixed method(Quantitative and qualitative) has been used to analyze the information. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between rural management and improvement of rural resilience. Also, the most important factors promoting the resilience of villagers to drought are the »Government policy and support« factor and the »diversification of rural economy« factor. Also, the performance of rural managers has increased in indicators of »infrastructure-physical, budget allocation and financial resources« and has led to this indicator to have the greatest impact in improving the resilience of villagers to drought.

Livestock farming is one of the most important activities in rural areasand most villagers, along with agriculture and horticulture, are engaged in animal husbandry (Livestock storage) and some products of the villagers in the agriculture and horticulture sector are devoted to livestock feeding, and others are consumed or sold, such as lob bits, live meat and etc. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of livestock economics on sustainable rural development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. The study area is East Gavdoul District in the Malekan County. According to the census of this region, there were 2306 households and 7468 inhabitants in 2016. According to the Cochran formula, 283 households were selected as the statistical sample of the research. This sample was randomly selected from households with livelihood economics. To analyze data on inferential statistics, one-sample t-test,  regression,  analysis and performance diagrams were used. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between livestock economy and sustainable rural development with a correlation of 0.400 and significance level of 0.30; So, for the dimensions of livestock economics,  the economic sector with the impact of 0.743 and the social sector with the impact of 0.355 have the most impact on the sustainable rural development in the region. Also, the physical section with an impact value of 0.176 has had the lowest level of impact on sustainable rural development in the region. The general results of the research show that the economic sector with 0.41% and the social sector with 0.31% have a positive effect on the development and expansion of the livestock economy of the area.

Today, human beings are exacerbating environmental degradation due to pressure on environmental resources and their unprincipled and unsustainable exploitation, which will not only hinder the realization of sustainable development, but also endanger the future of life on earth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of rural farmers' activities on environmental degradation in urban peripheral mountainous areas. The present study is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical. Document review and field studies were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study includes rural households with livestock (light livestock) in Baruq district, which is located 15 km far from Baruq city. Among the villages of this district, 20 villages were located within 15 km from Baruq city, which according to the 2016 census had 3428 households and 11575 populations, and according to the revised Cochran's formula, 272 households were selected as statistical samples. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.703, which shows its high reliability. Spearman correlation, regression, t-sample and satellite image content analysis were used to analyze the data and information. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the expansion of livestock activities of farmers and the destruction of the environment in different dimensions at the level of 0.01%. Livestock farmers' activities have had the greatest impact on the destruction of natural resources with a beta of 0.400 and the destruction of irrigated, rainfed lands and gardens with a beta of 0.366. Spatial analysis using Landsat 8 satellite images from 2001 to 2019 also confirms this. Also, among the mountainous villages of Baruq City, In terms of environmental degradation, Ghol Soleimanabad village is in the first place with an average rating of 197.50 and Chalkhamaz village is in the second place with an average rating of 183.94.

Lakes and especially inland lakes Although they play a key role in the rural economy and the stabilization of agricultural activities, water depletion is a major threat to population sustainability in rural areas and a factor in the migration of rural areas in particular. Migration is the workforce and rural youth. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of decreasing the water level of Lake Urmia on seasonal migrations of Chahar Borj town in Miandab country. The type of applied research, descriptive-analytical research method, library and field data collection method and factor analysis and principal component analysis were used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study includes rural households of villages around Chahar Borj village in North Mokmat Abad village which according to Census 1395 has 2803 households and 10294 population. The findings show that factor analysis results were classified into eight categories and explained 66.99% of the variance. The most important factors that have caused the seasonal migration of villagers through the decline of Lake Urmia include: income, water and soil resources, management, inputs and machinery, and diversification of income and collective cooperation.

The present research studies the social problems and problems of marginalization of Tabriz city with the empowerment approach. It is a desirable and descriptive-analytical type in terms of its nature and method and the method is mixed (qualitative then quantitative). In order to achieve the desired result, qualitative data were first collected using participatory method techniques including observation, interview, group discussion, and field notes, the statistical community of which includes informed local people. In the second stage, the structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data of the researcher-made questionnaire from the statistical population (sample size using Cochran formula 383) using simple random sampling. The results show that most of the marginalized families do not have an official job for their livelihoods, and because these people are generally lacking in skills and expertise and investing in false and sometimes criminal practices such as sales, coupons, sales, drug trafficking And alcoholic beverages. The existence of specific subcultures has made it hard to attract urban cultures and make it difficult for cultural poverty to influence their implementation of various social programs, such as health and family planning, and so on. Of the tendency to addiction, poverty, unemployment, lack of proper program to fill leisure time, we can mention the economic and social inequalities and the availability of drugs. In completing the discussion, the results of structural equations show that "dropping out of education due to economic poverty", "low level of literacy" and "lack of cultural and recreational centers" are the most important socially harmful social consequences that have a significant relationship. The combination of these three causes has caused other serious harm, such as "addiction", "lack of formal job" and "false employment."

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors causing the spreading out the poverty in rural areas of thcounty of Miyandoab. knowledge of the extent of poverty affecting the community and the factors affecting it are important issues in the formulation of poverty reduction programs.

The current research is exploratory and descriptive-analytical and follows a hybrid approach. However, the present research adopts a quantitative approach in (Q) and a qualitative approach, and in the process of factor analysis. The philosophical framework is a kind of interpretive paradigm-positivism, and is a field research the community of discourse includes rural managers (governors, heads of government departments, County Department, rural directors and Dehyars), experts and local experts in the County of Miyandoab. The discourse community was identified through targeted sampling (snowball) and the (Q) collection (41 items) was arranged by 28 members of the statistical community. For data and information analysis, Stephenson's factor analysis was used based on an individual basis.

Findings of the research showed that the Spreading out of rural poverty are: 1) Low economic power And inappropriate macro policies of the state, 2) Social barriers, insufficient service and investment insufficiency, 3) Environmental hazards and the level of education and awareness, 4) The weak sources of sustainable earnings and marketing mechanisms, (5) Natural sources of inappropriate production and limited spatial flows, and (6) Vulnerability of income sources and the weakness of support institutions (insurance, etc.). Among them, the first factor with a specific amount of 7.17 and a %25.64 variance was identified as the most important factor affecting rural poverty in Miyandoab County.

The most important Constraints of this research were the lack of cooperation of the authorities in the process of completing the questionnaire, and the lack of accurate statistics on rural poverty.

The most important ways that can improve the growing situation of the poor in the study area include diversification into rural economies, improvement of economic infrastructure and change in government policies in the field of creating new and small rural businesses.

Few studies have been conducted in this area. Therefore, consideration of the phenomenon of rural poverty and the factors influencing its expansion with the Q method is essential for accurate and logical planning by planning organizations such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Deputy Rural and Nomad Committee, and academic researchers.

Informal settlements have special social- economic and skeletal properties that are different from the planned neighborhoods. The present research studied the spatial analysis of social- economic and skeletal inequalities (injustice) of formal and informal settlements in Miyandoab city. The present study is applied research and its methodology is descriptive- analytic and the data collected by field survey. Miyandoab city has 10 informal neighborhoods that among them 4 neighborhoods were selected by cluster sampling as experimental groups and 4 neighborhoods were selected from formal settlements as control groups. By using of Cochran formula, 215 households were determined as sample size of informal neighborhoods' households and also the same number were determined from control group or the proportion of households of each neighborhood. The research respondents also were selected randomly. The findings of the research indicated that informal neighborhoods have basic differences with formal areas' residents in social-economic and skeletal indices. The low income, chronic unemployment and absolute unemployment, the low of life's quality and reduced level of participation, low study, the disturbed space of urban form (skeleton), and the standard lack of housing indices … are the gripped features of informal settlements of this city.

  Expansion and growth of urban - rural settlements have Different effects on each other in physical, social and economic aspects, as social and economic progress in urban areas, could have positive or negative effect on jobs, markets, rural livelihoods and environment, particularly surrounding villages, also opposite of subject is true. Accordingly, Urban Sprawl and Integration of rural within cities brought different outcomes in physical, social, economic and cultural aspects for rural settlements. Therefore purpose of this study is Socio-economic effects of Urban Sprawl process in integrated rural and Effective factors on rural integration. The process of urbanization historically has been associated with other important economic and social transformations, which have brought greater geographic mobility, lower fertility, longer life expectancy and population ageing. As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture Change to the manufacturing and services sector. Along with the structural transformation of countries, usually emerging urbanization, this means that spatial evolution occurs with people movement from rural to urban areas. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before the Industrial Revolution, People mainly lived in rural areas or small villages. Even though cities have existed thousands of years ago and were partly planned action, but until Industrial Revolution only a small part of the world population lived in urban areas. However Technological change in late 1700 encouraged more people to living in urban areas, so farm work was replaced with factory work. Expansion and growth of urban- rural settlements have mutual influence on each other in physical, social and economic aspects, as social and economic progress in urban areas, could have positive or negative effect on jobs, markets, rural livelihoods and environment, particularly surrounding villages, also opposite of subject is true. Accordingly, Urban Sprawl and Integration of rural within cities brought different outcomes in physical, social, economic and cultural aspects for rural settlements. Therefore purpose of this study is Socio-economic effects of Urban Sprawl process in integrated rural and Effective factors on rural integration. This research is an applied study conducted with an analytical – description strategy and for information and data Collection Used of desk and Field method (Semi - structured interviews (Collaborative meetings), Observation and questionnaire). Research domain is integrated Qejelu village in Miyandoab city. Statistical Society of present study consisted of 30 university professors and employees of various government agencies as well as 187 heads of households of the village Qejelu based on the revised Cochran formula as the sample for research to answer the research questions, designed questionnaire on Effective factors in integration of Qejelu village and integration Effects and questionnaire was distributed within sample and collected. Also for data analysis used quantitative method (Exploratory factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis) and qualitative method (participatory and effect diagram). Results of factor analysis shows, most important factor from perspective of Qejelu village people that Cause integration of Qejelu within Miyandoab city, is social and economic Factors with 3/48 special value and Factors such as population growth and need more space, thirst private ownership of land, get more credibility, creating a diverse and sustainable revenues on the edge of town has most important role in sprawl of Miyandoab city. Economic - political factors with 1/79 Score has been Least impact in this issue. Therefore, with expansion of Miyandoab city and Qejelu village annexation in it and Municipal supervision in the affairs of the village, Gradually more funds dedicated to the people of this village and Diversified and sustainable earnings generated by this integration. Also There''s growth and development capacity of Qejelu village One of the factors that led to integration Qejelu village in physical structure of Miandoab City. study social and economic effects of Qejelu village integration in Miandoab city Using multiple regression analyzes stepwise Show that between 8 Index of employment, income, land prices, benefit from resource production, consumption and production patterns, lifestyle changes, changes in migration and retention incentives and social cohesion, beta Standardized coefficient relating to employment index is calculated 0/482 that Compared to other indices is highest value. So we can say that Qejelu Integration in Miandoab city in the first phase increased employment in the service and industrial jobs and the next step cause is lifestyle change. Study results showed that most important factor Qejelu integration in the Miyandoab city is social- economic factor. sprawl of Miyandoab city in recent decades, especially from 1991s and integration of Qejelu village in it, has brought Effects such as; municipal supervision in rural affairs, funds attract, creation diversified and sustainable revenue, enhance quality of construction and monitor them and Strengthening urban culture and urbanism in rural areas. study Economic and social effects of integration shows that with integration of Qejelu village Service jobs such as (Cafe, supermarket, bakery, Tailors, agricultural and non-agricultural machinery repair shop, Sales tools, business machines, passenger terminal of Miyandoab to Tabriz, Islamic Azad university, Phone Agency and etc) created in this village and and subsequently increased revenue, and life pattern has shifted from rural to urban life. These changes and employment and income increase, Has an important role in reducing rural migration and increase of population durability motivation and As a result, Cause is Increase Public participation in affairs Related to Urban and rural and cooperation with Municipality.
In general, the results showed, Social and economic factors, physical and investment were the main factors in the Miyandoab city sprawl to suburbs and the political factor in this area has been minimal role. Also in the process of urban sprawl, Qejelu village integrated in Physical Structure of Miyandoab city and most importanteffects of this integration isIncrease of employment in the industrial and service fields and as well as people lifestyle changes from Pastoralism to Urbanization

Theorists and planners to realize rural good governance, are looking for solutions and new strategies. Social capital is one of the strategies that recentlyis considered by development planners in many countries. In this regard, the aim of this research is Analysis of social capital impacts on rural good governancein Zarineh Rood and Northern Marhamat Abad rural district. Present Research In terms of purpose is applied research, research method is descriptive – analytical and method of gathering data and information is Library and field. Research Statistical population is rural households that 138 households of  Northern Marhamat Abad and 133 households of Zarineh Rood was selected through Modified Cochran formula and Simple random sampling. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the rule (0.716) and social capital (0.701), respectively. To analyze the data, used of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (cluster analysis, Correlation and multivariate regression). Results show that between social capital and rural good governance in the rural district studied, there is a significant relationship. Also, the effects of social capital components on the realization of rural governance in Zarineh Roodrural district is different from Marhamat Abad. As in the Zarineh Rood rural district, all components of the reviewhad much influence in Realization of rural Good governance. But This Effectivenessis low level in Northern Marhamat Abad rural district.

Transportation based on motor vehicles has a wide range of negative effects on society and environment that can mention to air pollution, noise pollution, heavy traffic, increase number of accidents and the allocation of urban valuable lands to the streets, roads and car parkings. One of the transportation strategies that is compatible with sustainable environment is using of bicycle in commuters (urban Commuters) along with other means of public and private transportation. In fact, Sustainable urban transportation is the smooth movement of vehicles, people, and goods that require the peace of people and sustainable environment with the most desirable cost and attempt. This research studies the effect of using of bicycle on sustainable urban transportation. The nature of this research is analytical-descriptive and the data were collected by library studies and field survey (questionnaire and interview).The validity of the instrument is formal and its reliability is obtained by Cronbach's alpha 0.835. The place of research is Miandoab and the participants are from Miandoab that among 41459 urban households, 165 people were selected (census 2017). The participants were selected by purposive methods (snowball and successive theoretical method). Data analysis was done by qualitative methods and SPSS software. The results indicate that using of bicycle in commuters in bicycle city of Iran (Miandoab) is an accepted issue and its oldness is close to one century 39.73 percent of urban Commuters is being done with non-motorized vehicles. There is a positive and significant relationship between the using of bicycle by Miandoabian citizens and sustainable transportation dimensions (Economy, environmental, decrease of traffic, availability, and social) at alpha level 0.01. The index of traffic reduction and availability play an important rule with the effect 0.786 on making of sustainable urban transportation system in Miandoab city

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways to reduce the effects of drying water of Lake Urmia with an emphasis on alternative crops. Therefore, the research is essentially experimental in terms of its purpose. Library and field studies (observation, interviews and questionnaires) have been used to collect data and information. The area of research is located in the village of Marhamat Abad Conty, north of the city of Miyandoab , which has 8 villages. Due to the low number of villages, sampling was not performed and all villages were considered as a statistical society. This village has 3014 households and 10146 inhabitants according to the census of 1395. The number of 266 households was selected using the modified Kochran formula. Household selection was done by simple random method. Reliability of the questionnaire is 0.810 with the Cronbach's alpha formula. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (T Single Sample and Friedman) were used to analyze the data and information. The results of the research showed that the average of all four indicators of sustainable rural economy (income, capital, agricultural products and employment) is higher than the utility number 3, while the employment index with an average of 3.63 and T-value of 14.77 and an agricultural production index with an average of 3.38 And T 6.21 have the most negative effects on the drying of Lake Urmia water and among the proposed solutions to reduce the negative impacts of Lake Urmia in the villages of Marhamat Abad Conty, north of Rasht "Variety to rural economy in the agricultural and non-agricultural sector "With an average of 3.89 and a" modification of the pattern of cultivation and cultivation of dehydrated crops " The average rating of 3.73 was the most important solution for this field from the perspective of the statistical population.

The process of most migrations in underdeveloped countries is from village to city. The reverse of this process, i.e. migration from city to village, is called reverse migration. The reverse migration is an important phenomenon, and in the national scale, the linear motion of migration from urban settlements to rural ones is due to some reasons like the birthplace and initial settlement of immigrants. However, return migration is a process which is related to the birthplace and initial living place of the person, who then immigrated to cities and settled there and after that returned to village. Accordingly, in return migration, the birth place and living place of rural people along with socioeconomic reasons make them migrate to cities and spend a long-life time there, and then, return to their country land. The phenomenon of return migration in Iran is one of the subjects to which little attention has been paid. However, those who have returned to villages can accelerate the development of rural areas with technical skills and financial capitals. This study aims to evaluate the spatial–local and socioeconomic effects of return migration on rural areas of Miyandoab County.
The present study is a kind of applied-developmental qualitative research and its method is analytic-descriptive and intensive. Among the different types of qualitative methods, the Grounded theory has been selected. The participants are from Miyandoab county in Southeast of West Azarbaijan. The participants of this study are 126 householders who have come back to their country lands in the past fifteen years. In order to determine the sample size, the researchers made use of purposive sampling using sequential-theoretical method. The field data were obtained through sub-structured interviews with returned immigrants. With 22 interviews reached to theoretical saturation. The data analysis has been done using Strauss Al and Corbin JM methods along with data gathering. In this method, the obtained qualitative data from interviews were analyzed manually in three phases, namely, open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
At the time of migration, the average age of respondents was 31.4, and at the time of returning, it was 55.2. The returnees had almost higher levels of lands than beneficiaries of the county. The average land of beneficiaries of this county is 4.15 hectares. While, the average land of returned immigrants is 23.7 hectares. Therefore, returned immigrants are those who have significant area of lands (personal or hereditary). The return mechanism followed four indices including economic, social, psychological, and developmental indices. Having evaluated costs and socioeconomic benefits, the immigrants made their decisions to return. Therefore, these two indexes, i.e., cost and benefit outcome, are important return factors. Generally, the economic aspects have more impact on people's motivation in returning to villages while the developmental, psychological and social aspects are in next positions. On the other hand, return migrations (urban- rural) are because of the effects of pull factors in rural areas rather than push factors in urban areas.
One of the results of immigrant's returnees is the return of financial and human capitals to villages. The immigrants have brought back their financial capitals or part of them to the villages and invested in different parts of economy. The triggering of industrial livestock and fattening cattle, the development of under pressure irrigation or mechanization of cultivation and harvest stages of grain products are some instances of the returned immigrant's investments in agriculture. The industry sector has also attracted some parts of returnee's capital including workshop industries, building doors, windows and welding, industrial mill, cheese and bakery industry. The establishment of cooperative company of agricultural distribution, and the appliance's repairing centers are also among investment cases of returned immigrants in service sectors of sample villages.
Return migration as a human action in geographical space occurs because of two main types of factors. High costs of living, lack of housing, high rent, unemployment, and cultural problems of destination cities are among a series of factors called Repulsiveness factors. On the other hand, the delivery of infrastructure services, the development of physical layout of village, acquisition and revival of agricultural land are among the other type of factors named the attractions of original place. However, the effect of economic factors in making people return to village was much more. Therefore, the findings of this study are in harmony with push-pull theory of Everett S. Lee and Lary Shastad's theory. The fact that returnees did not disconnect themselves to village people and have had significant land areas acted as a system of desired data in Mabogunje theory in immigration returning phenomenon. Return migration shows the capital trend from city to village. The trend of human and financial capitals in rural areas indicates the geographical reforming in the studied area. The return of human capitals, skills, experiences, and economic capitals in the form of return migration has a kind of cyclone flow of capital in space area having a flow from village to city and then to village.

Human being chose social life in order to dominate nature, escape insecurity and threat, provide his basic needs and all in all to achieve security and a secure feeling; and on the other hand as the society and social contracts grew more and complicated he entered diverse relationships that separated the different aspects of life under rubrics of social, economic, political and cultural which endangered his security altogether. Thus human being has readied a new threat for his own security by forming a society in the first place, a threat that results from the social life itself. Considering the increasing level of social ills and problems in today's societies and communities, an analysis of the sense of social security seems as inevitable as crucial. Our country’s rural areas, as a host of 30 percent of the whole population, is a place for living so that gaining a knowledge of its people’s sense of security is a necessity in maintaining the population. One of the factors that can play an important role in households’ feeling of security is social capital and its diverse aspects. In the present study, this issue has been considered carefully and scientifically. Therefore, this is an applied research with a descriptive-analytical method. The sample includes the households of the villages in Marhamat Abad Myani rural district of Myandoab county which is located in West Azerbaijan province. According to the 2012 census, this rural area has 1616 households and a population of 7040. The needed sample was 270 according to the Cochran formula. Considering the number of households in every village, a certain number of households were randomly chosen for filling up the questionnaires so that the equal opportunity principle would be observed rightly. A questionnaire of 21 indicators related to the feeling of social security and 28 indicators related to social capital was designed. The level of reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using the Cronbach’s Alpha 0/71 which shows a proper reliability coefficient. The method of analyzing the data was descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Kendall test, one-sample t-test, and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient). The study shows that in the indices of social security, having an equal education opportunity for all people and their taking part in elections are the means of the studied households’ sense of social security. The results demonstrate that among the indices related to low environmental pollution, items such as waste disposal, air and water pollution, hygiene and the possibility of entrusting capital to others are not in a very good condition. Also the results show that due to the lethal drought of recent years and Urmia Lake’s worsening situation, the households’ sense of security has been badly damaged and threatened. And in the end, it has been proven that the most effective dimension of social capital on the households’ sense of social security has been the social coherence dimension.

Today, tourism is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the global economy and as hospitalization for social and economic changes in in many rural areas of developing countries is considered. In addition, the benefit of tourism industry in rural areas not is limited to only an economic benefit, but the benefits can be derived from different angles, such as improving the quality of rural life and social capital be evaluated. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of religious tourism in rural development, with an emphasis on quality of life and social capital. Type of applied research, descriptive research method - analytical and field data collection, and analysis libraries and other information descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Friedman test, Wilcoxon test) was conducted. Statistical population of research, includes families in the rural of ghepchagh according to Census 2011, has 963 households and 3562 people are required sample size of 242 households was obtained Cochran formula. Research findings show that religious tourism in the economic, physical, social and physical environment to improve the quality of life in rural households has been studied, The research findings in relation to social capital in rural households case study demonstrates the consistency condition of the households studied had recovered after religious tourism, But the scale of participation and social trust, the surface these dimensions the development of religious tourism has declined.

Economic and Economic structures important factorin fluencing in the Manufacturing، Shaping and Development people living space. In the approach geography Is very important Production trend، Transport، Interchange، Changing shape and consumption Products Required people، Risedesire، Spirit،The beliefsand behavior. Weekly market from the distant past Hitherto As center for doing necessary Interchange Require،Continue to own life. Probably this claims that Weekly market Remainder Of the market first Forms in the Human primitives ocietiesthat so far maintain Self Function and Plays in the Economy of communities – Claims appropriateand trustworthy. Purpose from study Assessment effects Weekly market Malekan on the economic sustainable Habitat rural. Type of research Applied، method research Descriptive – analytical، information collection bylibrary and information Plaza (Observation، interviews، and questionnaires) and Analysis of information using from Factor Analysis and Principal components analysis. Statistical Society research Exploiter farmers Villages Marhamat Abad shomali. According General Censusof Agriculture In the year 1382، Exploiter farmers this village Intheyear Equal 1503 Exploiter farmers that Number 266 farmer Through the Cochran formula was selected As the Sample volume. The results showed that Saturday Market effect Different in the Economic village regionCase study So that Mosteffects Motivation buy between Agriculture Because Inexpensivecommodity and Services and Direct Salesproducts by Agriculture To Consumer Also In creasing obs As Drover، peddler، Charchy and Shopthe way and also Increasing Income Agriculture According to the In creasing crops Agriculture

Lakes and ponds are considered as one of the signicant beauties of creation، the most advantageous and of the most vulnerable natural ecosystems in the World at the same time. These Vital and varied environments are of life rules that merely have no replacement: how ever، none of worlds ecosystems havae experienced harms due to environmental Jeopardies، superficial activites، short-sighted and selfish desires of man kind as much as ponds have. This study is aimed to investigate effects of oromiye lake level of water on agricultural economy of villages in Marhamat abad shomali of Miyandoab township. Kind of research is applied one، Method of research is descriptive and analytical، Method of collecting literature and at- firld information and analysis of information has been with factor – analysis and in the method of analyzing of the research were harvesting agriculturals of Marhamat abad shomali county based an a qeneral agricultural census in 1382، harvesting agriculturals in this county in this yrar were 1437 which 264 agriculturals of them were selected by kokran equation as the sample volume. Findings of the research illustrate that with water level decrease in oromiye lake and blowing of storm and strong winds، salt get transferred to agricultural fields and causes reduction of planted fields production decrease، some salted fields، decrease of under ground waters، destruction of some fruit trees and at the end leads to decreased eagerness in agricultural activities. In addition the increased cost in the usage of agricultural devices، unavailability of modern methods of production due to lack of knowledge، shortage of income، etc has lead to decrease of employment in agriculture field in the county.