mohammadali asghari moghadam

Lynch’s model is a new transdiagnostic model that explains the development of internalizing disorders. The present study has examined essential parts of this model regarding social phobia as an internalizing disorder. 

In this study, 521 students were recruited from three universities (Tehran University, Shahed University, and Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Branch) in the academic year of 2015-2016 using the convenience sampling method. They responded to the Social Phobia Inventory, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (maladjusted perfectionism subscales), Ambivalence over Expression of emotion Questionnaire, Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Data analyzed through structural equation modeling, SPSS-22, and AMOS-22 software. 

The model showed good fit ( : 2.9, RMSEA: 0.06, CFI: 0.98, GFI: 0.98, AGFI: 0.96). According to the results, over-controlling coping style (including over-perfectionism, emotional ambivalence, interpersonal problems and lack of social safeness) mediates the relationship between parental perfectionism and social phobia (indirect effect of parental perfectionism on social phobia via over controlling: 0.35, p < /em>< 0.001). 

It seems that Lynch’s transdiagnostic model for internalizing disorders got support regarding social phobia. Accordingly, the parental maladaptive perfectionism leads to an over-controlling coping style. This coping style, in turn, leads to social phobia.

Current studies show that specific pathological features separating chronic depression from non-chronicremain largely unknown. In his psychopathological theory, Lynch has introduced two constructs namely overcontrolling and social connectedness that can not only explain the depression but also its chronicity and treatment resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength of these two constructs in distinguishing chronic depression from non-chronic depression. The study sample consisted of 20 patients with chronic depression, 16 patients with non-chronic depression and 17 healthy subjects (n=53) who were selected using purposeful sampling. The data were analyzed using MANOVA. The findings showed that overcontrolling and social connectedness were able to distinguish patients with chronic depression, patients with non-chronic depression and healthy subjects from each other; however, analyzing each variable individually, reveal that ambivalence over expression of emotions did not differentiate between patients with chronic depression and patients with non-chronic depression. Also the personal need for structure could not differentiate between the groups. The implications of the findings are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to determine the gender differences in Jealousy between men and women. It is assumed that men are disturbed more than sexual infidelity and women more than emotional Infidelity. In order to investigate the research questions, samples were selected from students and educators in Golestan province. The statistical population of the present study included all single and married women and men (19 to 30 years old ) in Gorgan. The research sample included two groups: The men and women who were selected by Clustering method among single students of Gorgan University, and male and female employees of married education, which their age and gender were matched to single individuals. In this research, 200 subjects were studied that included 104 men (56 single and 48 married) and 96 women (33 single and 63 married). The current research tools included two parts: 1) Researcher-made questionnaire on demographic characteristics of samples that included variables such as age, gender, marital status and duration, educational level, place of residence, spouse's profile.  2) scenarios, which were presented in accordance with external research and related questions. In order to adapt it to the conditions of the Iranian society and respect cultural aspects, referring to men and women in the family courts and the public environment, the cases of emotional and sexual  infidelity were amended in accordance with the cultural conditions of Iran. After implementation of the mentioned tools, the research data were analyzed based on multiple variance analysis. A summary of the results showed that in part of the scenarios, men suffered more than sexual infidelity and women more than emotional infidelity. In terms of sexual and emotional infidelity, there are gender differences between men and women.

The purpose of this study was to design emotional and sexual infidelity scenarios and to examine the factor structure and its internal consistency in a sample of Iranian students and staff. In this research, 104 men and 96 women were selected with an average of 19-30 age and using multistage cluster sampling. The researcher-made questionnaire and scenarios are the tools of this research. To construct and validate scenarios, original scenarios related to research patterns translated, initially. In the second step, by interviews with ordinary samples and examples of divorce cases, revealed the areas and issues related to jealousy in Iranian culture. In the next step, with the help of several professor and graduate students, they were examined and corrected. Finally, by introductory run in a sample similar to the previous one,  scenarios  were re-criticized and corrected. In this study, 7 scenarios were obtained which was measured emotional and sexual  infidelity in each of them, separately and was responded according to the Likert pattern, from no disturbing (zero) to very disturbing (seven).  Findings of the exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors ( sexual and emotional jealousy) and the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for this model. The range of the correlation between scenarios varied from 0.15 to 0.75, which was significantly, indicating the good  intrinsic coherence of this tool. The scenarios of emotional and sexual jealousy have the proper factor structure and the good internal consistency.

The objective of this study were to investigate Lynch’s theory of psychopathology with regard to depression. students from three universities in Tehran (n= 521) was selected by convenience sampling method. The measures used in this study were negative temperament scale of Schedule of Non-adaptive and Adaptive Personality, Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, maladaptive perfectionism subscales of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire, Personal Need for Structure Scale, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The results showed that the model has good fit with data. Bootstrap analysis also confirmed the mediating role of over-controlling and social disconnectedness. Accordingly, the interaction of sensitivity to threats, sensitivity to rewards and parental perfectionism leads to development of an over-controlling coping style; this coping style leads to disturbance in social connectedness and subsequently to depression. Therefore, the results of this study support the Lynch’s model of psychopathology for depression.

Catastrophizing about pain has been identified as one of the most important psychological variables in transition of acute pain to chronic disabling pain. This study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) amongst a sample of patients with chronic pain.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 195 patients with chronic pain using convenience method. Participants completed a group of self-report measures including the Persian versions of PCS, pain severity, daily pain-related interference, physical disability, depression, anxiety, catastrophising, positive and negative effects and pain self-efficacy beliefs. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods.
Findings: The factor structure of the PCS was examined, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicated that PCS is conceptualized within a two-factor model, namely magnification and rumination/helplessness. Results also indicated that the PCS and its two subscales have good internal consistency (alphas range from 0.80 to 0.89) and test-retest reliability (rs range from 0.71 to 0.81 (with a 7-14 days interval)). The results of correlation analysis among PCS and its two subscales with measures of pain, interference, disability, depression, anxiety, catastrophising, positive and negative effects and pain self-efficacy beliefs support both the convergent and divergent validity for the PCS and the two subscales of magnification and rumination/helplessness.
Discussion & To sum up, the Persian version of the PCS has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be administered amongst the Iranian population with chronic persistent pain.

Researches have shown that social safeness is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor in a wide range of psychological problems. Therefore it seems to be necessary that researchers and clinicians consider this component in their investigations. To achieve this, the first step is to prepare an appropriate measure for evaluating this construct. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale (SSPS).
Translation-back translation was done to prepare the Persian version of SSPS. A convenience sample of 521 students from three universities in Tehran was examined in 2015-2016. To investigate the validity of the scale, construct validity (via exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and divergent validity were used. Therefore, the total sample was split randomly to two samples of 300 subjects (for exploratory factor analysis) and 221 subjects (for confirmatory factor analysis). For investigation of reliability, Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability coefficient were used.
Exploratory factor analysis of SSPS’s items showed a single factor structure and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure. Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 and test- retest reliability coefficient was 0.82. The divergent validity was verified by calculating the correlation between SSPS and IIP, BDI-II, and SPIN.
It seems that the Persian version of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale has adequate validity and reliability.

The objectives of this study are preparation of Persian language version of Personal Need for Structure Scale and investigation of its psychometric properties. A convenience sample of 521 from three universities in Tehran in 2015-2016 was examined to achieve the aims of this study. To investigate the validity of the scale, construct validity (via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity were used. For the investigation of the reliability, Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability coefficients were used. Exploratory factor analysis showed two factors named desire for structure and response to lack of structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the superiority of the factor structure of the 9th version which was resulted from exploratory factor analysis, in comparison to the other versions in Iranian samples. For total scale and two extracted factors, Cronbach alphas were between 0.69 and 0.77 and the test- retest reliability coefficients were between 0.69 and 0.75. PNSS showed positive correlation with SPIN; also the response to the lack of structure had the strongest correlation. In sum, the Persian language version of the Personal Need for Structure Scale has adequate reliability and validity.

Often, practitioners avoid investigating sexual symptoms due to concerns of insufficient time or lack of proper and rapid tools to address female sexual dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the 6-Item Version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-6) amongst a sample of healthy Iranian women. In this descriptive-correlational study, 650 married women inhabitants of Tehran and 107 women with sexual dysfunctions were selected via a convenient sampling. These participants completed the Persian versions of FSFI-6, Female Sexual Distress Scale Revised (FSDS-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS) and Locke & Wallace-Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT).The construct validity and the convergent and divergent validity of the FSFI-6 were examined by using exploratory factor analysis and Pearson correlations, respectively. To examine the discriminant validity of the FSFI-6, data collected from 650 healthy participants, and they were compared with 107 women having sexual problems. The results of the exploratory factor analyses indicated that the FSFI-6 is conceptualized within a one factor model. Results also indicated that the FSDS-R has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Significant correlations were seen in the predicted directions between the FSFI-6 scores with the scores of FSDS-R, DASS, PANAS and LWMAT which support both the convergent and divergent validity for the FSFI-6. The results also indicated that the scores of the FSFI-6 significantly differentiated woman with and without sexual problems. In general, these findings support the reliability and validity of the Persian version of FSFI-6, so it can be used as a rapid and accurate tool in screening, research and clinical situations among Iranian women.

Objective (s): This paper presents the results of a study that examined the factor structure, divergent and convergent validity and reliability of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) amongst a sample of 195 Iranian patients with chronic persistent pain.

All participants completed a group of self-report measures including the Persian versions of TSK, pain severity, physical disability, depression, and catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy beliefs. The factor structure of the TSK was examined, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

The results indicated that TSK is conceptualized within a two-factor model, namely “believed injury” and “activity avoidance”. Results also indicated that the TSK and its two subscales have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (with a 7-14 days interval). The results of correlation analysis between TSK and its 2 subscales with measures of pain, disability, depression, catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy beliefs supported both the convergent and the divergent validity for the TSK and the two subscales.

The Persian version of TSK had satisfactory psychometric properties and can be administered amongst the Iranian population with chronic persistent pain.

The present study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of measuring dementia scale in a sample of elderly women has been reviewed. Method and materials: This study is descriptive based on what has been designed in which 310 elderly women were participated in this study out of two ranges of Tehran Kahrisak Prison and Tehran Jahandidegan Institute after being received the consent letter to participate in. In this study, samples were selected as available sampling and four questionnaires were used to collect information which was completed as an interview with elderly women. Information obtained has been analyzed using SPSS software and related statistical methods. based on research findings, mean age of people under study was 76/86 years and the scale reliability were reviewed in convergence method (Quality of Life and Elderly's Depression Questionnaire) and divergence (The informant Questionnaire on Cognition Decline in Elderly questionnaire and Mine Mental Status Examination (MMSE)). Also, scale validity was 0.792 with Cronbach's alpha method and 0.759 with division method and 76.0 with test-retest method. In addition, factor analysis indicates the saturation of this scale of a factor. the results achieved from this above study indicate that this scale has appropriate reliability and validity among elderly women. Therefore, it seems that planning to do this research will be very effective in clinical and complex population.

Social anxiety is one of the most debilitating anxiety disorders that can negatively affect all aspects of a person''s life. Yet، despite the fact that its prevalence rates are relatively high، factors associated it are still poorly understood. The study aimed at determining the prediction model of social anxiety through investigating variables like: depression، shame، behavioral Inhibition، shyness،and anger aspredictors of social anxiety. The study applied a correlative method and a Sample of 581 participants (235 males and 346 females) selected through Cluster Sampling from among Shahed University students. Data were collected through Social Fobia Inventory، Revised Check and Buss Shyness Scale، The third Scale of Adult Self-Conscious Affection، Carver and White Behavioral Activation/Inhibition System Scale، Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Data were then analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Simultaneous Multiple Regression Analysis in SPSS-16 software. All variables were significantly correlated with social anxiety. Simultaneous multiple regression analysis suggested that with the exception of anger which cannot predict social anxiety، other studied variables (depression، shame، behavioral inhibition، and shyness) can predict social anxiety. Although part of the obtained results are in line with other research findings، the rest should be encountered carefully and more cross-cultural and inter-cultural research can help scrutinize the findings.

Aim and There is a relation between patient's levels of physical functioning and their acceptance of chronic pain. However, this relation has not been examined amongst Iranian chronic pain patients. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the relation between acceptance of chronic pain and physical disability. Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling was used to select 245 chronic pain patients from pain clinics in Tehran, Iran during spring and summer of 2010. The participants completed the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and a demographic questionnaire. They also provided information about physical disability, pain intensity, and daily dysfunction. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple hierarchical regression models. There were significant relations between acceptance of pain and pain intensity and disability (P < 0.001). According to the regression model, acceptance of pain could predict a significant proportion of variance of disability scales (i.e. physical disability and daily dysfunction) (P < 0.0001). Therefore, it was a better predictor of disability compared to over pain intensity, gender, education, and pain duration. Chronic pain acceptance is an important factor in reducing the perceived disability in chronic pain patients. Therefore, acceptance-based treatment methods are helpful to decrease pain-related disability.

The aim of this study was to find out if gratitude can increase positive affectivity، happiness and optimism in Iranians with low positive affectivity. In this quasi-experimental study، 636 students of three Iranian Universities (Shahed، Vliasr، and University of Sience and Culture) were chosen using pretest-posttest method. Then 96 low positive affect subjects were chosen. Finally، 62 subjects completed satisfaction form and were assigned randomly into seven groups (Gratitude and Neutral Strategies based on the Emmons، Seligman and Verbal-Action patterns، and a Control group)، and received separate instructions in specific envelopes. The data required were collected Positive And Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)، Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ)، and Life Orientation Test (LOT). Then the data of 50 participants were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical methods. The results showed significant increase in positive affects by Seligman and V-A strategies (p=0. 20)، and increase in happiness by Emmons، Seligman and V-A strategies (p=0. 04). The results confirmed the effect of the above three training strategies on the expansion of positive affectivity and happiness.

This paper examines the psychometric properties of a Persian version of the Short form of Health Anxiety Inventory (F- SHAI) among non-clinical Iranian population. After translation of the SHAI from English into Persian and pilot testing, the following steps were taken: first, the F-SHAI was administered to 519 healthy students or employees from a number of universities in Tehran. The results of principal component analysis with Varimax rotation showed that three factors best explained the F-SHAI structure amongst the study sample. These factors were (1) “Illness Probability”, (2) “Illness Consequences”, and (3) “Preoccupation with Illness”. Cronbach alphas, mean inter-item correlations and test-retest coefficients (with 21-day interval) showed that this solution was reliable. Second, in order to examine the convergent and divergent validity of the F-SHAI and its 3 subscales, 472 participants from the original sample (i.e., 519) completed the two measures of Illness Attitude Scale (IAS) and Positive and Negative Affects Scales (PANAS). Pearson correlations were calculated between the F-SHAI and its 3 subscales with the total scores of the IAS and positive affect and negative affect of the PANAS. These results provide further support for the convergent validity of the F-SHAI and its 3 subscales. Furthermore, these results confirme the divergent validity of the F- SHAI and the two subscales of “Illness Probability” and “Illness Consequences”. The authors suggest that the F-SHAI and its 3 subscales are sufficiently valid and reliable for research purposes in the Iranian population.