mohammadreza abbaszadeh

This paper investigates the effect of auditors' sensory processing on their objectivity. It is a descriptive survey, and the research population consists of independent auditors at different professional levels (the sample size is 115 auditors who work at audit organizations and IACPA audits). The required data was collected, in the year 2022, by standard questionnaires provided in the literature and analyzed by applying Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) method using “R” software. The results showed that auditors' sensory processing affects their objectivity. Therefore, it can be argued that auditors are not objective in all situations, implying that the audit quality may be impaired in specific conditions. This finding indicates that the auditors’ objectivity could be affected by different personal traits leading to increased audit risk, which may negatively affect audit firms and audit professional reputations. The paper represents a start into the territory of the minds of auditors by investigating the effect of auditors' reactions to environmental stimuli on their objectivity. The results showed the significant effects of sensory processing capabilities on objectivity, leading to more developments in audit behavioral research. The findings may have some implications for regulators, standard setters and audit firms for providing insights to improve professional objectivity.

The stock exchange with its operational mechanism, is a suitable place in a country's financial and economic structure and can work effectively in the direction of developing and expanding the country's liquidity resources. People consider the stock market to be related to behaviors such as greed, crises and assumptions. The increase in the number of active companies in the stock market, causes investors to face different options for investment, which has made it difficult and complicated to make appropriate investment decisions. Since people's decisions reflect their beliefs, distortions in beliefs will cause inappropriate decisions and subsequent harmful consequences for the decision maker. Therefore, the study of beliefs is considered as a fundamental issue because they have an important role in decision making. Behavioral finance theories challenge efficient market hypotheses by highlighting the important role of Investors' sentiment and psychological states in financial decisions. Behavioral financial studies the way people analyze and interpret information in order to make informed investment decisions and seeks to identify the effects of psychological processes on their beliefs and decisions. This field of knowledge is related to the psyche of investors and its role in financial decisions. All people have emotion that affects their decision-making and behavior. As an effective factor in their behaviors, investors' emotional tendency causes changes in the capital market and thus affects the volume of transactions and the stock market price. Another factor affecting the decision-making and investors' behavior is the published reports on companies' performance and financial status, such as the board activity report. These reports contain textual and quantitative information that includes a larger volume of the reports than quantitative information. One of the most important features of textual information is its tone, which in accounting refers to the amount of positive and negative text in reports. The tone of the reports published by managers is determined by the use of vocabulary and the combination of positive and negative words, which shows how management intends to inform outsiders. Therefore, the textual information used by management can be effective in investors' decisions.

The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and classification according to a method, which is descriptive-correlational, and the data analysis method is regression analysis and panel data method. The statistical population of the research is the companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2021. The statistical sample selected from the statistical population includes 151 companies (1963 year-company) in the studied period. The principal component analysis (PCA) method measures the investors' sentiments. Also, the tone of the board activity report is measured through text mining and using MAXQDA 2021.

The results show a positive and significant relationship between investor Sentiment and their trading behavior. Also, a negative and significant relationship was observed between the tone of the board activity report and investors' trading behaviour.

The behavioral finance perspective discusses the behavior of investors and its effect on the capital market. One of the primary topics of this view is how to adapt the investors' sentiment to their decision-making and trading behavior. Investors' sentiments create a belief that causes them to react based on the same belief and behave differently based on this belief. These different behaviors, in total, cause a change in the price trend in the stock market. On the other hand, based on the signaling theory, to eliminate information asymmetry between insider and outsider users, managers publish information about the company in various reports, especially board activity reports, which are the most important form of reports. This type of report contains numerical and textual information. Textual information and numerical information are important in investors' decision-making. Managers can influence the behavior and reaction of investors by using the tone of textual information in reports. This research assumes that investors' sentiment is related to the formation of their trading behavior in the capital market (first hypothesis). Also, there is a relationship between the tone of textual information that managers use in their activity reports and investors' trading behaviour (The second hypothesis). The type of tone that managers use to disclose the textual information of the board activity report affects the decision-making of the users of this report and causes them to show behavior in the stock market that reduces the abnormal volume of transactions in total. Considering that no research has been done to study the effect of the tone of board activity report on the behavior of investors, the findings of this research can greatly help to identify the effects of the tone used by the management in disclosing the textual information of this type and also to understand the effect of investors' emotions on their trading behavior.

This study scrutinizes the independence of auditors in making professional judgments, exploring the influence of personal characteristics on audit quality. Utilizing a descriptive survey approach, the research examines a sample of 425 auditors from audit organizations and the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants (IACPA). Data collection occurred through field surveys and questionnaires administered in 2022, with analysis conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in "R" software version 4.0.2. The results reveal a significant association between auditors' independence and personality characteristics, indicating a potential impact on audit quality. Specifically, the findings suggest that auditors may not consistently demonstrate independence in their professional judgments. This study pioneers an investigation into auditors' genuine independence concerning personal traits, offering valuable insights for regulators, standard setters, and policymakers to consider in refining regulations and standards. Moreover, the research contributes to the expansion of literature in this critical domain.

Due to the constant changes in the auditing field, it is crucial to continuously share knowledge as a means of improving internal auditing processes. This process is essential in enhancing the quality and performance of auditing firms. This study aims to identify the factors that affect knowledge sharing in auditing firms and assess their relationship with the level of knowledge sharing among auditors.  Influential factors in knowledge sharing were identified through interviews, and a questionnaire was subsequently designed. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were evaluated using a pre-test sample. Data was then collected using the questionnaire, which utilized a 5-point Likert scale spectrum. The sample comprised 372 auditors, and the research period was in 2022. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the relationship between the identified factors and knowledge sharing.  The research findings indicate a significant and positive relationship between demographic factors, such as age, education, and rank of the institution of employment, with knowledge sharing. Moreover, Technical aspects and knowledge exchange, such as improving the institution's international professional relationships, mitigating the negative effects of competition among auditing organizations to promote knowledge sharing, enhancing knowledge communication among auditing institutions in specific geographic regions, increasing educational resources and the capacity for transferring auditing knowledge, and improving the quality of technical discussions and idea exchange within the service area, all contribute to boosting knowledge sharing. Additionally, by elevating public awareness and the organizational atmosphere, through  the widespread acceptance of knowledge sharing, the institution's management's focus on knowledge sharing, institutional support, equitable resource distribution, and ensuring auditors' access to knowledge resources in alignment with their work execution, will further augment auditors' knowledge sharing.

This study examines the dual role of institutional investors in Earnings management and performance at the time of IPO and afterwards. Research shows that institutional investors play an important role in corporate governance and by reducing earnings management they reduce corporate problems. However, institutional investors, through profit management, have the incentive to increase wealth when company engage in IPO. This research also examines the performance of companies with institutional shareholders after the IPO. The research hypotheses were analyzed by regression analysis using the data of 50 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2001-2016. The results show that institutional investors restrict earnings management at the time of IPO and participate in Earnings management based on discretionary accruals after IPO. Also, post-IPO performance evaluation shows that companies with a high percentage of institutional shareholders have improved their capital market performance and operating performance after IPO.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons for tax evasion in companies, which uses two independent variables (financial constraints and tax planning opportunities) and tow dependent variable (firm value and tax evasion by tax difference method) in the form of 13 models. The 11 indicators have been considered for the variable of financial constraints of companies, and the model is implemented for all these indicators. The research was conducted in the 5-year period from 2015 to 2019 in the Tehran Stock Exchange, and Eviews software was used to analyse the data and fit them for 3 research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the opportunity for tax planning has a negative effect on the value of the company, and the increase in the opportunity for tax planning and subsequently tax evasion causes a decrease in the value of the company. Also, the research results showed that there is a significant relationship between tax planning opportunity and tax evasion (by tax differences method) of companies, while there is no positive relationship between financial constraints and tax evasion (by tax difference method) in companies that have tax planning opportunities.

This study aims to investigate the effect of some macroeconomic variables on the performance indicators of companies listed on The Tehran Stock Exchange (selected industries) during sanction periods (before and after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). This research is an applied and correlated study using deductive-inductive reasoning. Collected data is analyzed (financial reports). Therefore, this study is ex post facto. The sample of this study was collected over 11 years, spanning from 2010 to 2020, and included 181 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Multivariate linear regression is conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that sanctions (both pre-and post-JCPOA) acted as moderators in the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and firms’ added value. Except for the automotive industry, sanctions (pre-and post-JCPOA) moderated the relationship between foreign investment and corporate investment activities in all industries. Sanctions (pre-and post-JCPOA) moderated the relationship between the production price index and corporate profitability in all industries except the automotive industry. Sanctions (pre-and post-JCPOA) moderated the relationship between the import of raw materials for intermediate and capital goods and corporate operational activities. America’s withdrawal from Iran's nuclear deal, JCPOA, in 2018 caused great damage to Iran’s economy. These sanctions are expected to have a more destructive impact on business enterprises in the post-JCPOA era. Testing the hypotheses, the results show that sanctions (pre-and post-JCPOA) moderated the relationship between the exchange rate fluctuations and corporate performance indicators. This research provides valuable insight into the sanction conditions and companies’ reactions. It leads companies towards self-sufficiency and cooperation with knowledge-based firms for development and growth and reduces dependence on foreign resources and goods.

This study aimed to explore the factors contributing to the misalignment between undergraduate accounting education and professional requirements in Iran and it could present expert perspectives on the essential educational components and curricula necessary to bridge this gap.

This research was done employing the grounded theory method. For this purpose, concepts and categories were extracted by using the theoretical sampling method and conducting interviews with 14 experts. The steps taken to conduct the research included formulating general research questions, interviewing experts, extracting concepts and categories and their specifications and dimensions, classifying categories using open, Axial and selective coding, and presenting the final research model.

The final model of the gap between undergraduate accounting education and professional needs in Iran was presented in the form of causal conditions, underlying conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. Throughout this research, several critical factors were considered, including the evolving legal and regulatory landscape of the country, the rapid technological advancements, the globalization of the accounting profession, and quality-related issues in education. These quality-related concerns encompassed the infrequent changes and updates to curricula and educational materials in response to shifts in the economic and financial environment, as well as the need for ongoing professional development among university professors. Regarding the needs of the profession, it was identified as the causal conditions and factors of the gap. One of the most crucial strategies for mitigating this gap entails reevaluating the weighting and timing of certain course curricula, revising specific lessons and educational programs, enhancing educational materials, elevating the practical knowledge level of students, diversifying teaching methods, and ensuring the adequate supervision of professors' teaching. Additionally, creating an information technology infrastructure for educational purposes, expeditious approval and guidance on the implementation of standards by the audit organization, conducting both virtual and in-person training courses, and encouraging professors' active involvement in professional organizations are all essential measures to bridge the divide. The consequences of the implementation of the strategies include the existence of training courses for all students across the country and the observance of educational justice, the awareness of university professors about the changes that have occurred in the profession with their presence in professional organizations, and as a result, greater coordination between the profession and the university is employing expert professors suitable for each course in universities, using new educational methods, improving the level of students' practical knowledge, reviewing and revising the educational topics that are mentioned in detail in the text.

Due to continuous developments in financial markets, the gap between accounting education and the need for the profession is very important and it is necessary to periodically examine this gap and its causes. According to the strategies presented in this research, several suggestions have been made for some institutions related to the subject of the research. For example, regarding the educational planning committee, it is possible to mention the opportunity to create scope for members of the profession to determine educational curricula, weighting, and prioritization in educational curricula. Regarding the role of universities, efforts should be made to provide sufficient support to theses and theses in the field of education and provide sufficient funding to employ professional professors to teach some courses so that they can share their practical experiences with students in some applied courses such as auditing and or transfer tax laws. Establishing greater convergence of the audit organization with other government institutions such as the tax affairs organization to recognize the standards developed in the preparation of financial statements to reduce ambiguity in the application of some standards can be considered as one of the practical suggestions of this research and a factor to reduce this gap.

With the tightening of sanctions and the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA in 2017, the maximum pressure on Iran caused great damage to Iran's economy. It is predicted that in the new period after the JCPOA, these sanctions will have many destructive effects on the performance indicators of selected industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of some macroeconomic variables. During the sanctions periods (before and after the JCPOA), it is based on the performance indicators of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange (selected industries: automobile, chemical, medicine and steel).In terms of the purpose of this research, it is considered as applied research, and the current research is of the post-event type, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information (financial statements of companies). Also, the method of this research is correlational in nature and content. The time period of the research includes 11 consecutive years from 1389 to 1399.The results of the research showed that sanctions had a moderating role on the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and added value of companies. Sanctions in all selected industries, except the automobile industry, have had a moderating role on the relationship between the volume of foreign investment and the investment activities of companies. Sanctions in all selected industries, except the automobile industry, have had a moderating role on the relationship between the price index of products and the profitability of companies. Sanctions in the whole sample and in the chemical industry, on the relationship between the import of intermediate goods and capital and operational activities of companies have a moderating role.Keywords: sanctions, exchange rate fluctuations, volume of foreign investment, performance indicators of companies.

AbstractDue to the movement of the country's economy towards the knowledge-based economy and the growth and development of knowledge-based companies, the importance of valuing the intangible assets of these companies has become more and more apparent. Much research has been done on quantitative variables to measure intangible assets and their relationship to other variables, and none specifically addresses the financial statements of knowledge-based companies and provides a practical model for such companies in the developing economy. The present study deals with the issue of providing a suitable model for valuing intangible assets in knowledge-based companies. In this study, with the help of interviews and based on the content analysis of interviews with 15 experts and experts in the field of intangible assets and knowledge-based companies, a model for valuing intangible assets in knowledge-based companies in 1400 has been proposed. In this valuation model, intangible assets are identified quantitatively (qualitatively) based on intangible assets and the variables below the measurable index obtained from interviews with experts seem appropriate. The consequences of intangible assets valuation, use as input to corporate valuation and financing purposes, reduction of information asymmetry and applied management tools were also confirmed.

The current study investigated whether the cognitive neuroscience dimension affects auditors’ judgment in an increasingly competitive emerging audit market. In addition, other influential dimensions, including “identity characteristics,” “biological characteristics and moral values and spirituality,” and “environment” were also considered. The research was a descriptive survey, and the statistical population consisted of independent auditors. The field survey and questionnaire were used for data collection. The results generally showed that the cognitive neuroscience dimension affects auditors’ judgment positively. Among the examined factors, “the auditor’s selectivity about which problems to solve,” “the auditor’s level of attention,” and “the level of concentration” were the most important factors. In addition, other investigated dimensions, including “identity characteristics,” “biological characteristics and moral values and spirituality,” and “environment,” were considered influential factors. The findings imply that different neuroscience factors that require more research in this area affect auditors’ judgment and performance. Studying cognitive neuroscience factors as a novel stance to the audit literature can help auditors improve their professional judgments and opinions, resulting in reduced audit risk and increased audit quality. It can also help develop a new era in interdisciplinary studies via associating decision-making with cognitive theories and implementing neuroscience related technologies.

In the present study, the relationship between the qualitative information of the auditor's report and the quality of accounting has been discussed. In particular, the relationship between the tone of the auditor's report and the audit fee (audit quality criterion based on the input of the audit process) has been examined with respect to the concepts of risk, client business risk, and litigation risk. To test the research hypotheses, 360-year-firms data of Iranian Stock Exchange were used during a period of 6-years, three years before and three years after the revision of Auditing Standard No. 700. Textual data were analyzed using Maxqda10 text analysis software and after quantification along with other quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression in Ives software and SPSS Eviews 9. The results indicate a weak inverse relationship between the optimistic tone and the audit fee variable. In addition, the findings showed that the acceptance of the requirements of Auditing Standard No. 700 does not make significant changes in the relationship between the tone of the auditor's report and the remuneration compared to the period before the review. In general, the results of the research indicate evidence of the predominance of the signaling effect (albeit poorly) in the sample.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the speed of adjustment of financial leverage. According to various theories such as signaling theory, information asymmetry, dynamic equilibrium theory, etc., companies that have higher transaction costs move to their target lever at a lower speed, or so-called lever adjustment speed. According to these theories, companies that score higher in terms of CSR indicators have the possibility of financing through more leverage and using financial leverage at a lower cost. Therefore, we expect leverage adjustment to be faster in companies that meet CSR requirements.In this study, a sample of 84 companies listed on the Iranian Stock Exchange over a period of 8 years from 2011 to 2018 have been studied. Multivariate regression model based on composite data was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. First, the target lever was estimated using a two-stage GMM. Then, the effect of CSR on lever adjustment speed was investigated. The findings of the present study confirm the positive effect of CSR score on lever adjustment speed. In other words, CSR has an impact on financing methods, transaction costs and leverage changes, and the results of the present study support this effect. Hypothesis testing also showed that firm size, leverage level and information asymmetry can affect the CSR relationship and leverage adjustment speed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of deficit in the factors of auditors' executive function (in Self-Time Management, Self-Organization, Self-Control, Self-Motivation) on their moral judgment. The research is a descriptive and survey method.The statistical population consists of external auditors. The samples size is determined based on related formula for the method used to test hypotheses (it destrebuted to number of 120 people and finally fulfield by 70 people). The field survey and questionnaire were used for data collection. The research hypotheses were also examined using the structural equation method (SEM).The results show that deficit in the self-organization (problem solving) and self-control (behavioral inhibition) has a negative effect on the auditor's ethical judgment. Deficit in executive function has a negative effect on memory (retrieving information and procedures related to work), attention and performance, and weakness in these factors have a negative effect on the quality of auditor’s moral judgment.

Human behavior in organizations is very complex because it is affected by the interaction of many factors such as management measures, competitive environment and new technologies. People have personality differences, and how people behave in groups will be different. The occurrence of knowledge sharing behavior is no exception to this rule and the behavior intent of individuals will change under the influence of various factors. In this study, using grounded theory, causal conditions, main phenomenon, underlying factors and intervening factors around knowledge sharing in the auditing profession were identified. Through interviews with 20 experts in 2022, the underlying theory of "knowledge sharing behavior management in the auditing profession" was extracted from 29 categories. Eight strategic categories were extracted from the interviews: Strengthening commitment and responsibility, creating motivation, creating technology infrastructure, regularity, obligation and supervision, creating the ground for the transfer of foreign knowledge and modelling, paving the way for the sharing and exchange of knowledge between auditing institutions, culture building and promoting organizational climate. Eight consequence categories were also extracted: Achieving public and social interests, institutionalizing and internalizing knowledge sharing behavior, facilitating knowledge sharing, demonstrating and aligning with professional and legal behavior, receiving knowledge, methods and up-to-date tools; Transfer and exchange of knowledge in similar environmental conditions, compliance with cultural norms, sense of belonging to the organization and job satisfaction. The findings of this study can be used by professional associations to develop requirements or provide guidelines to promote knowledge sharing in auditing firms.

The advent of social media has led to the development and importance of word of mouth communications and the emergence of a new phenomenon called electronic word of mouth . This study was conducted with the aim of exploring and prioritizing the dimensions of electronic word of mouth in interpersonal Communications of sporting goods consumers on social networks. The method of this research is mixed in nature and a type of developmental research in terms of purpose. Therefore, the Meta - Synthesis method has been used to explore the dimensions of ewom and the best-worst method to prioritize these dimensions. In the qualitative section, the statistical society was 158 documentary articles, which were eventually adjusted to 28 articles related to the research topic, and in the quantitative section, 10 social network managers of 5 online sporting stores, were selected as experts by using convenience sampling method. Data in the qualitative section, were analyzed using the seven-step method of Sandlowski and Barroso in Meta - Synthesis and in the quantitative section, data were analyzed by the best-worst method using LINGO softwares. Dimensions of ewom among sporting goods consumers were determined and introduced in 5 categories (communication elements, message platform, message effectiveness, information exchange and consequences of ewom), 10 axial codes and 70 open codes and their prioritization were presented (message effectiveness, Message platform, information exchange, message elements and the consequences of ewom). The results of this study can be useful for social networks managers to manage electronic word of mouth effectively.

Electronic word of mouth is the most important information source in tourists purchase decision.

Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of exploring and prioritizing the dimensions of electronic word of mouth among coastal tourists. The method of this research is mixed in nature and developmental research in terms of purpose. Therefore, the Meta - Synthesis method has been used to explore the dimensions of ewom and the best-worst method to prioritize these dimensions.

In the qualitative section, the statistical society was 158 documentary articles, which were eventually adjusted to 28 related articles, and in the quantitative section, 10 social media managers from selected coastal tourism centers in north of the country, were selected as experts by using convenience sampling method. Data in the qualitative section, were analyzed using the seven-step method of Sandlowski and Barroso in Meta - Synthesis and in the quantitative section, data were analyzed by the best-worst method (BWM). Dimensions of ewom among coastal tourists were introduced  in 5 categories,10 axial codes and 70 open codes and their prioritization were presented by their importance. The effectiveness of the message was in the first priority, the message platform in the second priority, information exchange in the third priority, communication elements in the fourth priority and the consequences of ewom in the fifth priority.

Company managers need to recognize the characteristics of message receiver and sender and the motivations for their participation in electronic word-of-mouth, and create and expand ewom by creating platforms such as tourism websites, discussion forums and brand communities.

In this study, the motivational action and planning opportunity in tax evasion of companies with financial constraints are investigated and also a new model is presented to identify companies with tax evasion.

The data in this study are measured through 16 models. The research period is 10 years from 2009 to 2019 for companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data were collected through the website of the Tehran Stock Exchange, corporate financial statements and new mortgage software. R software was also used to analyze the data and fit them into 9 research hypotheses.

In general, this study showed that the financial crisis in companies will cause tax evasion in the next period. The research results also indicate that there is no opportunity for tax planning in companies that are in financial crisis.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between financial constraints and tax planning opportunity with corporate tax evasion; Companies in financial crisis will have more tax evasion in the next period; Companies that have a financial crisis and have more tax evasion in the next period do not have more tax planning opportunities; There is a significant relationship between financial constraints and corporate tax evasion.

Contributions:

Knowledge enhancement of these results is considered from two dimensions. In the first dimension, attention to the economic crisis created for Iran due to international sanctions and a special look at tax revenues and other non-oil revenues as the first revenue of the country in the budget of 1400; And the second dimension refers to the specialized issue related to tax evasion of some companies. The results of this study also help tax auditors to identify companies that are evading taxes due to financial constraints.

Iranian Accounting Standard No. 1 states that presentation of financial statements is aimed for public sector, however, according to the International Financial Reporting Standards and Iranian auditing standards for small and medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs), there are no public purposes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the need to develop accounting standards for SMEs from the perspective of creditors and financial information providers in the research population. The research data is collected through interviews and questionnaires and the needs assessment is done by measuring the gap between existing standards and formulating new standards. The sample includes 371 people in two groups of creditors (141 persons) and financial information providers (230 persons) in Mashhad metropolitan area. Based on the Mann-Whitney U-test that determines a significant difference between the two groups of creditors and financial information providers as maximum 5 percent, findings of the research indicate that there is a significant difference with 95 percent of confidence between the two groups of creditors and financial information providers in terms of the gap. The results indicate that there is a need for accounting standards development for SMEs from the perspective of both creditors and financial information providers, and the need of creditors is greater than that of financial information providers. Need assessment of accounting standards development for SMEs will enable accounting standards developers to better identify the needs of financial information users and to make specific adjustments, adapting standards to the needs of users, and preventing multiple workloads.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) on good governance and, therefore, crime index. To investigate this issue, data related to the status of the public sector accounting system, good governance indicators as well as crime index of 30 countries in the period 2015 to 2019 are collected and analyzed. This paper shows that implementing IPSAS will improve the quality of good governance and decrease crime index. Furthermore, these associations are stronger for developing countries. Overall, based on the evidence of this study, the adoption of IPSAS will have positive impacts on the quality of governance and improve social indicators, including crime rates.

The advent of social media has led to the development and importance of word of mouth (verbal) communication and the emergence of a new phenomenon called electronic word of mouth marketing and advertising. Today, electronic word of mouth is one of the most influential and persuasive means among social media users today. The purpose of this study is to design a model of electronic word of mouth advertising in interpersonal relationships of social media users. In order to conduct the research, the qualitative research approach, based on the data-based method and using semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of advertising and media has been used. The sample size with the logic of theoretical sampling and until the achievement of theoretical saturation included a total of 12 people. Data coding was carried out by using MAXQDA software. Findings of Electronic Mouth Advertising Research with 9 Factors (Stimulus Factors, Electronic Word of Mouth Advertising Media, Expressing of Opinion, Source of Electronic Word of Mouth Advertising, Market related Factors, Searching of Opinion, Situational Factors, Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth Advertising and Electronic Word of Mouth Advertising Recipient) and 45 components were elaborated. The results of this study can be useful for business managers to manage electronic word of mouth advertisings on social media.

In the line of analyzing the role of the corporate governance mechanism and behavioral characteristics of managers in corporate financial reporting, this study examines the effects of management overconfidence and governance regime on the tax avoidance considering the lifecycle. The sample consists of 104 firms during the period from 2011 to 2015. Institutional ownership mechanisms and the board independence are used as proxies for corporate governance. Also, to measure management overconfidence, Sherand & Zechman (2012) surplus criteria and to calculate tax avoidance the effective tax rate (ETR) are used. Firms are divided into growth, maturity and decline stages, according to Park and Chen (2006). Results show that there is a significant difference between the institutional ownership of corporate governance mechanisms and the management overconfidence on tax avoidance in the stages of growth, maturity and decline. However, there is no relation between the board's independence of corporate governance mechanisms and tax avoidance, according to Paternoster test.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the need for compilation of accounting standards for small and Medium- Sized Entities from the perspective of tax auditors and independent auditors.

The research method was data collection, interview and questionnaire and needs by measuring the gap between existing standards and developing new standards. The statistical population consisted of 345 people in two groups of independent auditors (140 persons) and tax auditors (205 people) in Mashhad metropolitan area.

Findings of the research according to the Mann-Whitney testshowed that the difference between the two groups of independent auditors and tax auditors is less than 5 percent, it can be said that with 95 percent confidence, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the two groups of tax auditors and independent auditors in terms of gaps

The results of the research indicate that in both independent auditors and tax auditors, there is a need to develop accounting standards for SMEs, and the need for an independent auditors group is greater than that of tax auditors.

 A review of the need for compilation of accounting standards will enable standard-setting enforcers to better identify users' needs and achieve clear orientations, Compliance Standards with Needs, Avoid rework, and optimal allocation of credits.

As the largest amount of capital around the world is traded through stock markets, and the national economy is heavily influenced by these markets performance, the increase in listed company’s investment volume affects the development and improvement of company performance and so, it will attract more capital towards the capital market and improve the economic situation. On the other hand, given the important role of foreign direct investment (the index of financial liberalization) in the economy of each country, most countries try to attract this capital. In fact, the global market for attracting these funds is highly competitive. This competition is particularly high among developing countries due to the need for rapid access to development and a lack of funds. Such countries seek to attract different types of capital, and they make various arrangements to attract these types of funds.

The liberalization of capital flows drives capital flows from high-capital to low-capital economies. These capital flows should complete domestic savings in low-capitalization countries and lead to increased investment in these countries. Capital flows can improve technology. There are indirect ways through which financial liberalization can improve the economic growth of countries. Financial liberalization, with transferring capital between countries, can help improve investment by increasing financial sector development. According to existing theories about the effect of financial liberalization on consumption, since consumers are often risk averse, they use financial markets to reduce investment risk, which will increase the likelihood of investing in companies accepted in financial markets. Therefore, the study of macroeconomic factors facilitating the investment process in listed companies at the stock exchange will be an issue.

In this study, the impact of financial liberalization on the investment rate of listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange and Iran Over the Counter Market was evaluated and due to the lack of consensus among previous researches on how to measure the concept of financial liberalization, In this study, three measures such as potential financial liberalization (Heritage index), financial liberalization index (Reverse of difference between US real interest rate and Iranian real interest rate) and interest rate control (interest rate changes) were used to measure financial liberalization and its effect on the amount of corporate investment (net amount of operational activity investment class in the audited annual cash flow statement disclosed in each company) in the period 2002-2015 in companies listed at Stock Exchange using the structural equation approach, was measured.

The results indicate a significant positive relationship between financial liberalization and investment. In other words, with the liberalization of finance and the facilitation of foreign capital inflows, the reduction of capital costs and financing, companies have more resources to develop and complete their own operational projects and face easier conditions to Access these resources. Therefore, the company's management investing interest will increase and use cheaper resources than before liberalization. The results of this study are consistent with the findings of the study: Henry (2000); Hermes et al., (2005); Forbes & Warnock (2012) and Jadiyappa et al., (2016) are consistent. The results also show that the direct relationship between the interest rate changes and the financial liberalization index (Reverse of difference between US real interest rate and Iranian real interest rate) with the investment rate is negative.

The results also show that the direct relationship between the interest rate changes and the financial liberalization index (Reverse of difference between US real interest rate and Iranian real interest rate) with the investment rate is negative. In other words, there is a trade-off between interest rate and private equity investment, Therefore, the reduction of interest rate increases investment, so, financial sector policies that affect the long-term interest rate as well as the growth and development of money markets improve the productivity of the capitalized. increase savings and increase the present value of the profitability of investment projects. Therefore, it is suggested that in future research, in addition to those factors mentioned in the present study, the factors affecting financial liberalization will be identified in order to formulate the final model of financial liberalization measurement.

This study aimed to investigate the determinants of sticky cost behavior including adjustment costs, agency costs, political costs and corporate governance in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach.

The sample included 1695 company-year in the years 2006-2017. The Smart_PLS program was used to obtain a good-fit model of cost behavior, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to construct measurement models to validate the latent variables underlying the cost behavior model. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multiple regression analysis were used to identify the determinants of cost stickiness.

The results showed that adjustment costs and agency costs are positively correlated with the degree of cost stickiness, but political costs and corporate governance are negatively correlated with the degree of cost stickiness.

The results of this study are useful for managers to understand cost behavior needed for planning, controlling and reducing costs.