فهرست مطالب mohammadtaghi karimi

 Patients with foot drop may need compensatory mechanisms to improve their gait. Although several gait analysis parameters have been studied in these individuals, no prior research has examined their joint contact force. Thus, this study investigated multiple gait analysis parameters and the joint contact force in patients with foot drop.

This experimental study recruited twenty individuals aged 15 to 60 (mean value 56.4 ± 3.68) with foot drop disorders. A control group was also matched with the first group based on age, height, and gender. The participants were instructed to walk along a 12-meter path. A motion analysis system with eight high-speed cameras and a Kistler force plate was used. During gait analysis, various parameters were measured, such as spatiotemporal, peak forces applied on the leg, range of motions, moments applied on the lower limbs, and joint contact forces.

The mean values of stride length and speed for normal subjects were 1.32±0.2 m and 1.24 ± 0.177 m/s, respectively, compared to 0.961±0.24 m and 0.686 ± 0.25 m/s for foot drop subjects (p-value = 0.00). The joint contact force components of the ankle joint increased significantly in foot drop subjects compared to normal subjects.

The joint contact forces of the ankle joint increased significantly in foot drop patients, which should be considered in the rehabilitation treatment of these patients.

This study investigates the chest wall motions and estimates respiratory volumes in a patient with scoliosis compared to a healthy person using the optoelectronic plethysmography method in a sitting position.

In this research, a scoliosis patient and a healthy individual comprised two subjects. Each person’s upper, middle, and lower chest movement in a seated position was measured using optoelectronic plethysmography.

The changes in respiratory volumes of the middle and lower parts of the chest in patients with scoliosis are more than those of a healthy person during quiet breathing. Moreover, the changes in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the chest in the healthy person are also more than those of the subject with scoliosis during deep breathing.

Optoelectronic plethysmography is a noninvasive method to evaluate chest wall movements, respiratory system function, and volumes with fewer limitations than other methods of evaluating respiratory function.

Hand function is influenced by various diseases and trauma. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a method used to evaluate the impact of these conditions on the joint contact forces of wrist bones. This review aims to assess the feasibility of using FEA to determine the effects of diseases, trauma, and surgical interventions on wrist joint biomechanics.

A search was conducted in several databases, including Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, Ebsco, Scopus, and PubMed. The primary keywords used in this review were ‘finite element analysis’ and ‘finite element model’, combined with ‘wrist joint’.

There were seven studies on using FEA for the wrist joint. Three of these studies evaluated the efficiency of various surgical procedures on wrist joint stress. The remaining four studies determined the joint contact forces in various diseases.

The results of the available studies on using FEA for the wrist joint confirm the high feasibility of this approach in determining the effects of various diseases or surgical interventions on wrist joint contact forces. It appears that various conditions, such as fractures, stroke, and rheumatoid arthritis, increase joint contact forces.

The effect of position and gender on chest movements and respiratory volumes is controversial and investigated in only a few studies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of position and gender on the breathing pattern during four different positions in healthy individuals.

In this cross-sectional study, twenty-eight (14 males, 14 females) healthy individuals participated aged 20-45 years. The optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) method was used for the three-dimensional evaluation of chest wall motions and the compartmental analysis of the breathing pattern in supine, sitting, standing, and active straight leg raised (ASLR) positions. Volume changes in different parts of the chest wall were also measured.

Position affected total and compartmental respiratory volumes in both genders. Respiratory volumes decreased in the supine position compared to sitting and standing. Total and abdominal respiratory volumes also decreased in females when comparing supine positions with the ASLR. A higher pulmonary rib cage contribution was identified in females, and males exhibited higher abdominal rib cage volume compared with females. 

The breathing pattern was affected by position and gender, and the respiratory volumes increased in more upright positions, perhaps due to a greater gravitational load. The ASLR decreases the respiratory volume, which is probably due to increased postural demand.

Thoracolumbar fractures are common traumatic injuries that can be treated conservatively or by surgery, depending on the type and severity of the injury. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of various orthoses used for these fractures based on the available literature.  

Between 1950 and 2023, a search was conducted in some databases, including PubMed Central and MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane-centered Register of Controlled Trial (CCTR), Embase, and Scopus. Some keywords—such as conservative treatment, orthoses, brace, and cast—were used in combination with thoracolumbar fracture, burst fracture, and compressive fracture. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Two researchers independently reviewed the studies.   

Based on the results of the included studies, orthosis is not necessary for stable burst and compression fractures. Based on the inclusion criteria, 20 papers were selected for the final analysis, 12 of which were on the use of spinal braces and casting (with quality between 1 and 6), 2 on the no-treatment approach, and 6 on comparing the outputs of treatment with spinal braces with no braces.   

Although the use of orthosis and cast is one of the conservative treatments recommended for patients with thoracolumbar fractures, it seems that for stable burst fractures and compression fractures, the use of a brace does not provide any benefits. However, the use of a brace or cast is recommended for burst fractures with more than 1 column fracture.

The most important condition for an Islamic state lies in the correspondence of the legal system of the Islamic state with religious principles and standards. This debate has been going on for a long time, from the Mashrooteh era to the present day, and it has been intertwined with the basic question of the necessity and whatness of the norm for perceiving the religious quality of the Islamic law. This research, using the analytical-critical method and intending to answer the question, tries to reach an answer befitting the Islamic system by delving into the ideas of this field and criticizing and evaluating them. This answer is based on the presupposition of the systematicity of Islamic thought, the feasibility of acting on the ruling jurist's fatwa, and its comprehensiveness and breadth compared to other pertaining viewpoints. Therefore, the fatwas issued by the ruling jurist with regard to conditions, place and subjective extension is the closest fatwa to the public interest and, thereof, the most applicable one for Islamic state`s legislation.

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of fixing scapholunate with pins and screws in parallel,convergent, and divergent orientations.

In this computer simulation study, the CT scan images of a healthy subject wereused to construct a 3D model of the wrist joint using MIMICS software. The imposed force to scaphoid and3D model lunate bones, as well as the scapholunate angle and distance, were compared in different surgicaltechniques using parallel, divergent, and convergent pins and screws.

In the absence of external force, the imposed stress applied to the scaphoid and lunate bones in casesof parallel pins and screws were 7.5MPa, 5.08MPa (pins), 1.134MPa, and 1.151MPa (screws), and 10.90MPa,10.90MPa (pins), 9.7MPa, and 34.1MPa (screws) for 50N flexion force. The imposed stress in this approach issignificantly lower compared to other interventions. Better outcomes were seen regarding scapholunate angleand scapholunate distance in using parallel pins or screws as well.

In conclusion, implementing parallel pins and screws for scapholunate fixation had better resultsin terms of achieving carpal stability in scapholunate dissociation. However, fixation with pins and screwsshowed a statistically significant difference. Furthermore, a wide range of motion exercises with no additionalforces can be used in the rehabilitation of patients undergoing this surgery.

Since the function of muscles, and subsequently the mandibular joint, is affected in patients with Bell's palsy, therefore, the evaluation of facial muscles and mandibular function in these patients can be effective in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment planning. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of displacement and range of motion (ROM) of the mandible and the ability of the facial symmetrical muscles of patients with Bell's palsy.  

This was a quasi-experimental comparative study. The variables evaluated were mandibular movement in a vertical direction and side-to-side displacement. Ten patients with Bell's palsy and 10 healthy eligible volunteers participated in the present study. Three mobile video cameras (to record jaw movements), 9 color markers, Kinovea software, House-Brackmann index, Toledo protocol, and a specialized patient questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the normality of data distribution, and independent samples the t test and paired samples t test were used to compare means.  

The maximum lateral on the sound side was 12.40 and 4.49 mm during lateral movements of the patients' mandible, while this value was between 12.30 and 3 mm on the involved side. There is a difference between the affected side and the nonaffected side in terms of the mean lateral movements of the patients' mandible. However, this difference in the mean ROM on both sides is not statistically significant. The maximum mouth opening in healthy individuals during mandibular movements was between 40 and 60 mm, while this value was between 25 and 50 mm in the patients with Bell’s palsy. This study shows a significant difference (P = 0.007) between patients and healthy individuals in terms of the mean of maximum mouth opening (P < 0.05).  

The results of this study showed that the ROM of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the patient is the same as that of normal subjects, but the side-to-side motion is more than normal which should be considered in rehabilitation treatments. The present study emphasizes the need to implement a mandibular kinematic evaluation protocol in patients with bell's palsy to prevent damage to the TMJ in the long term.

The musculoskeletal complaints of the shoulder are prevalent in people who work with computers for a long time.

This study aimed to investigate the glenohumeral joint contact forces and kinematics in different keyboards and monitor setups using OpenSim.

Twelve randomly selected healthy males participated in an experimental study. A 3×3 factorial design was used in which three angles were considered for the monitor and three horizontal distances for the keyboard while performing standard tasks. The workstation was adjusted based on ANSI/HFES-100-2007 standard to maintain a comfortable ergonomic posture for controlling confounding variables. Qualisys motion capture system and OpenSim were used.

The maximum mean range of motion (ROM) of both shoulders’ flexion and adduction was observed when the keyboard was 15 cm from the edge of the desk, and the monitor angle was 30°. The maximum mean ROM of both shoulders’ internal rotation was recorded for the keyboard at the edge of the desk. Peak forces for most right shoulder complex muscles were obtained in two setups. 3D shoulder joint moments were significantly different among nine setups (P-value<0.05). The peak anteroposterior and mediolateral joint contact forces were recorded for the keyboard at 15 cm and the monitor at zero angles (0.751 and 0.780 N/BW, respectively). The peak vertical joint contact force was observed for the keyboard at 15 cm and the monitor at 15° (0.310 N/BW). 

The glenohumeral joint contact forces are minimum for the keyboard at 8 cm and the monitor at zero angles.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting balance. It is also a risk factor for falling in older people. People with a history of falling, whether being injured or not, acquire a fear of potential falling, so they limit their functional activities, leading to decreased mobility, muscle weakness, and increased risk of falling in the future. Evaluating the relationship between balance and fear of falling in these patients can detect the disability mechanisms and falling and also help find more effective therapeutic methods for these patients. Some previous studies evaluated the stability of patients by clinical methods in static situations and related it to fear of falling. However, the walking stability of patients was not assessed by laboratory-based systems in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate dynamic (during walking and based on the center of mass sways) and static stability (based on the center of pressure sways) and their relationship with falling risk in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A group of 15 subjects with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis with a Mean±SD age of 50±3.22 years and 15 normal subjects with comparable age, height, and weight participated in this study. The subjects’ standing stability was evaluated using a Kistler force plate based on mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) displacements of the center of pressure. Also, the dynamic stability of the subjects was evaluated during walking and based on the center of mass-base of support relationship in AP and ML directions. Kinematic data were collected using a motion analysis system with 7 high-speed cameras and a Kistler force plate. To model the body segments, the output of Qualisys track manager software was exported to Visual 3D software. Fear of falling was assessed by the native version of the fall efficacy scale (FES-I). The normal distribution of data was checked by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The independent samples t-test was used to compare the stability of patients and normal subjects. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationships between static and dynamic stability parameters and fear of falling in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Patients with knee osteoarthritis had less stability during standing and walking than healthy subjects (P<0.05). Moreover, based on the results of this study, there was a linear relationship between the center of body pressure (COP) excursions in the AP direction and the fear of falling scale. Still, it was not significant (r=0.416, P=0.123), and there was no correlation between the other COP parameters with FES (r=0, P>0.05). The correlations between mean center of mass (COM) excursion in AP and ML directions and FES were 0.309 and -0.123, respectively; however, these correlations were also not statistically significant (P>0.05).

Based on the results of this study, there is no significant relationship between static and dynamic stability of the patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis (based on COP-COM variables) and the fall efficiency scale. So, it seems that to improve these patients’ functional abilities, and the therapists must focus on the other parameters that affect the falling, such as reducing pain, improving proprioception, and enhancing muscle strength. It is suggested that future studies include a more varied age range of elderly people and evaluate all contributing factors in falling of patients with knee osteoarthritis (such as pain, proprioception, vision, and muscle strength) and also evaluate the stability of patients with both laboratory-based and clinical tests.

Throwing movements are repetitive motions in overhead athletes that cause soft tissue adaptations and ultimately lead to shoulder joint damage. The current study purposed to determine the torque of internal and externalrotation of joint shoulder in overhead athletes with and without impingement syndrome in the ball throwing position.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 63 male overhead athletes (33 with and 30 without shoulder impingement syndrome(. Simulated maximum functional torque was evaluated while the athlete threw a ball into a net from a sitting position. A 6-camera Vicon Motion Capture system incorporated markers on the upper limb and trunk. A kinematic model of the upper limb was used in OpenSim software with inverse dynamics to obtain maximum torque.

The internal and external rotation and elevation torques differed significantly in athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome compared to those without impingement syndrome (P<0.001, P=0.012, and P<0.001,respectively), while no significant difference was seen in shoulder depression (P=0.283) between the two groups.

The current findings suggest that there may be adaptations to shoulder strength and torque in response to throwing a ball that ultimately cause injury to the shoulder.

 One of the most important approaches in the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients is the use of different orthoses. To date, no review has been published that analyzed the effects of orthoses on health aspects of spinal cord injury clients using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

 A systematic literature search was done in some databases, including Medline, PubMed, Cochrane centered register of the controlled trial (CCTR), Cochrane database of systematic reviews (CDSR), a database of abstracts of reviews of effects (DARE), Embase, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Knowledge. SCI was used in conjunction with terms like orthotic device, mechanical orthoses, external power orthoses, assistive devices, and functional electrical. The time frame for this search was from 1970 to 2022.

 A total of 200 papers were found. Based on the titles and abstracts, 100 related papers were detected. After careful evaluation of the papers, 47 studies were selected for final analysis—53 papers were excluded due to duplication, non-English language, and lack of full-text. 

 The results of 32 studies (70% of studies) support the efficiency of orthoses in walking and standing of SCI patients. In most of the included studies, the efficiency of orthoses was evaluated mostly based on body functions and structures, and their impact on other outcomes such as participation and quality of life (QoL) of SCI patients was unclear.

Sub-acromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and affects shoulder joint proprioception. The closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises with sling are more effective and safer than open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of OKC and total-body resistance exercises (TRX) sling training on shoulder joint position sense (JPS) in overhead athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS).

This article was a randomized control trial (RCT) study conducted in Kerman City, Iran, in 2019. The research sample included 33 overhead athletes with SIS who were randomly classified into three groups: OKC, sling, and control groups. Joint position sense (JPS) was evaluated in external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), and abduction of the dominant arm in the target angle concerning the shoulder range of motion with the Leighton flexometer. The obtained data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The post-intervention results showed that a significant difference was observed between groups (ER, P<0.001; IR, P<0.001; abduction P<0.001). The change in the sling exercises group was significantly higher in ER, and IR, except abduction JPS than in OKC (P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.235, respectively) and control groups (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Change in the OKC group was significantly higher in ER, IR, and abduction JPS (P=0.001, P=0.019, P<0.001, respectively) than in the control group. The OKC and sling exercise improved the shoulder JPS of overhead athletes with SIS.

The study results showed that the sling exercises were more effective than the OKC exercise for the shoulder JPS because these exercises were CKC and performed on an unstable level.

Each special phenomenon requires its own jurisprudential rules. With the completion of religion, new narrative premises are not issued in Shari'a, however, in order to determine the jurisprudential ruling of new phenomena, religious scholars must place it in the subject of one of the Shari'a cases and then face the question of whether they can relay on the application or generality of the subject of ruling of that jurisprudential premise. Also, the question that must be answered before is what is the criterion of the novelty of the phenomenon and the emergence of the feature?In this article, which is a library in terms of data collection and a descriptive analytic in terms of method and developing in terms of purpose, two types of emerging issues are introduced. In the first place, the new phenomenon is such that it makes the implementation of at least one of the religious cases difficult. Secondly, when corresponding the tittle of the subject of the Shari'a case on a new phenomenon, we encounter the problem that the correspondence of the Shari'a issue on the new phenomenon is doubtful and sometimes the character or activity of the phenomenon is new despite its correspondence on the new phenomenon and sometimes new phenomenon appears in the religious subject. Reliance on these species is definitely faced with theoretical forms of the feature and follows the ruling expressed in this article.

To evaluate the efficiency of various methods used for SCI subjects in this regard based on the available literature.

A search was done in some data bases such as Google scholar, ISI web of knowledge, PubMed, and Scopus. Some keywords such as bowel, bladder control and management were used in combination with SCI. The studies’ quality was evaluated with Pedro scale.

From 100 articles found, 21 papers were selected based on abstracts and titles. The quality of the studies varied between 5 and 7 based on Pedro scale. There were 3 studies on abdominal muscles stimulation, 1 on stimulation of tibial nerve, 8 on stimulation of sacral nerve root, 2 on combination of stimulation and exercise, 4 on Brindley bladder control and 3 on sacralizotomy.

The bowel and bladder management functions is not the main problem of SCI subjects anymore. Some advantages of the mentioned procedures used for SCI subjects are including improved quality of life, socialization, and decreased bladder infection.

Various treatment methods have been used to manage tibia fracture, including conservative and surgical treatment. Various studies investigated the effects of functional brace on fracture of tibia. This review was aimed to summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of functional brace on tibia fracture.

An electronic search was carried out through internationally published scholarly articles in EBSCO, Medline, PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Knowledge (from 1950 to 2020) with the following keywords: tibia fracture, healing, conservative treatment, functional orthosis, brace, and patellar tendon‑bearing orthosis. The quality of the papers was assessed using the Down and Black tool.

On the basis of the keywords, 50 articles were found, of which 11 articles were selected in accordance with the selection criteria. Most of studies support the use of orthosis for tibial fracture. The scores of reporting, external validity, internal validity (bias), and internal validity (confounding) varied between 2–7, 1–2, 1–5, and 2–4, respectively.

One of the most important treatment methods for tibia fracture is use of functional brace. Based on the results of the available literature, use of functional brace is a good approach for stable tibia fracture. Some parameters, such as the condition of surrounding muscles, initial shortening, angulations of tibia, and intact of fibula, play significant roles in this regard.

To our knowledge, no study has examined the kinematics of lumbopelvic-hip complex of individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) who had lumbar flexion+rotation (F+R) syndrome during sit to stand (SiToSt) and stand to sit (StToSi) activities. Thus, this study aimed to examine movement patterns of the lumbopelvic-hip complex in participants with CLBP classified into F+R syndrome subgroup.

This was a cross sectional study. A 3-dimensional motion capture system was used to record movements of the lumbar spine and hips during SiToSt and StToSi. Participants were 20 patients with LBP classified in lumbar F+R subgroup, based on the movement impairment system model, and 20 asymptomatic individuals. The study was approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR, SBMU.RETECH, and REC.1395.365).

Greater and significant lumbar flexion, with SiToSt, and lumbar extension, with StToSi, were observed in the patients. In addition, the patients exhibited a greater magnitude of lumbar rotation during SiToSt. No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in hip motions.

The patients with lumbar F+R syndrome tend to move their lumbopelvic region to a greater extent in sagittal and horizontal planes during SiToSt and StToSi compared with participants without low back pain.

Evaluation of functional movements is a motor assessment method for identifying risk factors and detecting injuries. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the factors that are more critical in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The study sample consisted of 40 boys aged 18-25 years who were selected according to the percentage rank of functional movement screening test. Their age, height and weight were 21.88±2.94 years, 179.57±7.71 cm and 72.67±11.85 kg, respectively. Landing in the laboratory was recorded using a motion capture system for subject and scored based on the landing error scoring system. Then the knee joint reaction force was calculated using OpenSim software. Subjects’ scores were also recorded on the single leg squat, Y Balance and Landing Error Scoring System- Real Time tests. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that have the most decisive role in estimating knee joint reaction force.

The results showed that landing error scoring system significantly (ADJR2 = 0.91, p≤0.000) predicts knee joint reaction force.

jumping technique is the most important indicator for the knee joint reaction force in the studied age group. Therefore, the score of LESS test or in fact the jumping technique can be used to estimate the knee reaction force and thus predict the landing injury.

Interaction between the foot pronation and gait pattern has been emphasized by researchers; but this effect has not been well understood in patients with low back pain (LBP). Therefor This study investigated the characteristics of spatiotemporal gait factors patients with chronic Low back pain with and without pronated feet.

Among low back pain (LBP) patients of 25 to 35 years old, 10 patients with normal foot, and another 10 patients with pronated foot were selected as experimental groups. Also 10 healthy individuals of the same age group were selected as control group. Spatiotemporal parameters of gait were analyzed using Vicon motion analysis system during barefoot walking with self-selected speed.

Both experimental groups had less walking speed than control group. Stride and step length in LBP with normal foot were smaller than the other groups (p˂0.05). Double support phase time of LBP with normal foot was longer than control group (p˂0.05). Stride width and stride time was greater in LBP with pronated foot than control group (p˂0.05).

LBP is associated with decreased walking speed. In LBP patients with pronated feet the stride was wider and slower than in control group. However, the walking speed and stride and step length were affected only in LBP patients with pronated foot. It is better that the training and rehabilitation programs of LBP patients should be optimized based on the foot structure.

In this study, an active orthosis has been designed to rehabilitate patients with weak wrist flexor and extensor muscles.

First, the mechanical design of the actuating mechanism with a linear servo motor to provide the desired wrist rotation, is performed in SolidWorks software. Also, to determine the force created by the actuator during flexion and extension of the wrist, the movement of the mechanism is simulated in Visual Nastran software. After molding the patient's wrist, the main body of the orthosis is made by forming the thermoplastic sheets on the mold, and the components of the mechanical part of the mechanism are installed on it.  Then, the hardware part of the electronic circuits to drive the motor and to communicate between the control modules and the actuator is designed. For the programming of microcontrollers and synchronizing of deriver to the joystick, Bascom AVR software is used. The simulation of electrical circuit is performed in Proteus software and the printed board circuit is made in Altium Designer software.

The results of applying this orthosis on the wrist of a healthy subject indicate its proper performance in creating an acceptable angle range for the wrist extension and flexion.

The use of the designed active wrist orthosis can improve the rehabilitation process of the patients with weakness in their wrist muscles.

To compare the stability of the radius stabilized fractured parts by volar and dorsal planting based on modeling approach.

Ten forearm models were created based on Computed Tomography (CT) Scan images by using of Mimics software. The distal part fracture of radius was induced in the models. The stress were developed and implanted in various parts of the bone and and their displacement were evaluated in volar and dorsal inserted implants.

The results of this study showed that the stress developed in screws, implant and bony parts differed significantly between volar and dorsal plate conditions. The displacement of implant and bony parts in volar plating was more than dorsal plating (p=0.05). However, the screws displacement in dorsal plating significantly increased compared to volar plating.

The stress developed in dorsal and volar implants is not too high to fail the structure. However, it seems that the irritation of soft tissue and tendon would be less in volar inserted implant than dorsal implant. It is recommended to use valor plating to be a good approach for stabilizing the distal part fracture of radius.

The purpose of this study was evaluating the effect of core stabilization trainings with Thera-band on energy expenditure, static balance, pain, and functional disability in patients with mechanical low back pain (MLBP).

A total of 30 women with MLBP (height 163.9±4.73, weight 60.4±2.17, age 27±2.6) participated in this research. Pain severity, functional disability, static balance, and energy expenditure were measured using VAS, Oswestry, Force plate, and Polar activity watch, respectively. To analyze data ANCOVA was used (P<0.05).

Data analysis with ANCOVA revealed a significant difference in the training group for VAS and Oswestry measures, but no significant difference was observed in static balance and the consumed energy (P<0.05).

According to the research findings, it can be concluded that core Stabilization training with Thera-band can be used to improve the pain and functional disability of patients with MLBP.

Joint kinematics, muscle activity, plantar pressure, and ankle joint position changes with wearing high heeled shoes can decrease walking stability, so the assessment of walking stability during walking with high heeled shoes is necessary. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of high heel shoes on spatiotemporal and dynamic stability during walking.

Nine girls with the mean weight of 593.25±17.24 N and height of 1.48±0.14 m participated in the present study. Qualysis motion analysis system and a Kistler force plate were used to record data. Visual 3D software was used to extract spatiotemporal and Centre of Mass (COM) variables. SPSS software was used to analyze data, running dependent t-test, at the set point of 0.05.

The mean displacement of the center of mass in the anterior-posterior plane was 96.69±15.66 cm during walking with 6 cm high heeled shoes which was 7.7cm (P = 0.03) and 7.45cm (P = 0.02) lower compared with walking without shoes and walking with 3-cm high heeled shoes. Walking speed of 3-cm high heeled shoes (1.51 ± 0.17 m / s) (P <0.001) and walking speed without shoe (1.31±0.36 m/s) (P = 0.02) were significantly higher than those of walking with 6-cm high heeled shoes.

According to the results, high heeled shoes reduce the dynamic stability of walking. Waking speed and anterior-posterior displacement of COM of walking with 6-cm high heeled shoes decreased, thus decreasing dynamic stability, and endangering users at the risk of collapse and instability and injury. It is advisable that wearing high heeled shoes be avoided in all populations.

T Abstract To improve motor function, movement pattern and changes in joint kinematic parameters are investigated in different conditions. Using a treadmill in human gait analysis, makes it possible to record several steps of gait in a limited space and also controlled conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consistency of the kinematic parameters of lower limb joints during walking on the ground and treadmill. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for kinematic parameters of lower limb joints of 15 healthy young male participants were calculated during walking on the ground and treadmill. The angles of pelvic, hip, and ankle were often in the range of excellent reliability (ICC>0.9) when walking on the ground, while the results were in the range of average reliability (ICC<0.7) when walking on a treadmill. Therefore, in treatment activities or research studies, considering the decrease in consistency of walking trials on the treadmill is important.

One of the important topics of practical philosophy, especially political philosophy, is the discussion on how to access the content of this category of disciplines and the statements related to the subjects of this part of disciplines. In epistemological knowledge, the question of realistic or unrealistic statements of sciences is examined. The theories in the field of political justice can be evaluated in this division and a judgment is made about whether they are right or wrong. This study tries to examine how to develop theories about justice based on a realistic and unrealistic view and the results which these theories produce and concludes that the theory of justice based on the realism accepted by Muslim scholars is not only capable of responding to individual and social needs and establishing the structure of a society, but it also has the capacity to lead man's social and political life and fabric towards true perfection and prosperity. Accordingly, in tyrannical governments, not matter how good they are – which are concerned with the administration of justice in society even on the supposition that in democratic governments there is a necessary and sufficient condition for administering in the society validity of justice is questioned because fulfillment of justice in society can only be valuable by public participation and consent. Therefore, a democratic Islamic government is the most favorable form of government in which the ground is prepared for achieving justice in Islamic society.