mohsen hajizadeh

Undoubtedly, the glorious Islamic revolution marked a new discourse in the field of international relations. Meanwhile, the knowledge of jurisprudence in the post-Islamic revolution period, as a science that provides the strategic and practical program and model of the country's administration and is the foundation of the country's laws, has a great position. In view of the existing research gap, in a problem-oriented research and by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the requirements and requirements of teaching and researching jurisprudence in the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader, by referring to his statements and writings in different positions , has been studied from the beginning of his leadership until the present time. The results of the research show the correct and accurate introduction of jurisprudence knowledge capacities to the students and students of religious sciences, streamlining and removing unnecessary content from the textbooks, as well as the compilation of new educational books according to the needs of the day, including the educational needs of knowledge. Jurisprudence is included in his intellectual system. In terms of research, there are also indicators and components such as research within the scope and criteria of Javaheri jurisprudence, comparative and comparative research, precise thematics of research topics, priority of research in social and current issues, as well as free thinking and avoiding unnecessary prejudices. In the matter of research, they are one of the axes that can be extracted, analyzed and evaluated by reflecting on their opinions.

The quality of bayt al-mal distribution is one of the crucial issues in the Islamic system, and its fair distribution can create economic justice, public welfare, and social security in all strata of society. The present study aims to answer that Imam Ali's (AS) seerah in the administration of justice in the distribution of the bayt al-mal was based on which foundations and principles? To answer this question, the problem was investigated by reading the relevant books and in a descriptive-analytical way. In this research, after investigating the method of performance of Imam Ali (AS) in distributing the bayt al-mal, we concluded that Imam was able to direct the expenses of bayt al-mal with his unique knowledge. So, homogeneous economic growth was available in social classes, and this growth was not accumulated in a specific stratum. Imam aimed to grow all social classes and strongly avoided the concentration of wealth and the creation of social gaps. In this regard, Imam used to pay the shares of different classes of people from bayt al-mal equally according to their work criterion, need, and expediency.

the purpose of this article was to investigate green human resource management activities, effective factors, and their consequences in government organizations.

To achieve the purpose of this article, a qualitative research project was selected and the dimensions, components, and indicators of the green human resource management model were identified using the meta-combination method and theme analysis. Then the identified dimensions, components, and indicators were validated using the fuzzy Delphi technique.

The results of the meta-combination led to the identification of the dimensions of leadership, technology, budget, and culture as prerequisites for the establishment of green human resource management. The dimensions of recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and compensation of green services were identified as the executive processes of establishing green human resource management. Finally, the dimensions of economic, social, organizational, and environmental consequences were identified as the consequences of the establishment of green human resource management.

that green human resource management activities can have positive consequences for the development of Iranian government organizations, this article was conducted to identify the prerequisites, processes, and consequences of establishing green human resource management in government organizations and led to the design of a model in this regard.

The inertial navigation system is a dead reckoning system, thus initial alignment for an inertial navigation system plays an important role in the accuracy of it. In this paper, a novel approach for initial alignment in an inertial navigation system with increased speed and accuracy is proposed. This method has two stages, which integrates the Kalman filter and a high order sliding mode observer. In the inertial navigation system, leveling misalignment angles reach the steady-state faster than the azimuth misalignment angle does, which means the azimuth alignment takes a considerable time for initial alignment. Therefore, in this paper at the first stage estimations of state variables of the system are obtained using the Kalman filter and whenever all variables (except azimuth alignment) reach steady-state, the second stage begins. In the second stage, the estimation which is obtained by the Kalman filter is used as the input to design an equivalent system with unknown inputs for inertial navigation system. A high-order sliding mode observer is then used to estimate the states of a system with an unknown input for estimating the azimuth alignment angle. This method not only increases the speed of estimation but also has comparable accuracy.

Control of impact time of missile to target has a great importance in applications such as Cooperative Attack of Multiple Missiles or Anti-Ship Missiles. This paper presents sliding mode control based guidance law against maneuvering targets with impact time constraints. Using nonlinear engagement dynamics, appropriate switching surface has been selected and sliding mode control has been designed using Lyapunov stability theorem. The sliding surface has been selected such that both the line of sight range and the error of the time remaining to target become zero to guarantee impacting the target at the desired time . By considering the non linear dynamic equations of maneuvering target , the proposed method can achieve the desired impact time against maneuvering target . In the proposed method , there is no need to consider small impact angle and non maneuvering target . Using the simulation model, the effectiveness of the proposed method in different scenarios (static and maneuvering) and taking into account different times for the impact time and its efficiency and its superiority as compared to other methods is shown.

Pilgrimage of sacred places has a special position among different religions. Pilgrimage has also been considered in Islam. Arbaeen pilgrimage is considered a part of Islamic human rights. In the last two decades, the pilgrimage of the grave of Imam Hussein (p.b.u.h) and the pilgrimage of Arbaeen ceremony have burgeoned. This research has used analytical descriptive method to study relationship between Arbaeen pilgrimage as a Islamic human right with the establishment and maintenance of peace and security. The findings of this study are Along with spiritual and educational effects, the Arbaeen pilgrimage has caused empathy and friendship between the Arbaeen pilgrims with different nationalities. The Arbaeen pilgrimage has recovered Iraq's sacred places. Also, the Arbaeen pilgrimage has created security. The Arbaeen pilgrimage has created and strengthened peace and friendship in the region as well. This study has concluded that Arbaeen pilgrimage is an Islamic human rights in the direction of peace and humanity that states should respect this right and provide the basis for its implementation.

Due to stochastic noises, modeling uncertainties and nonlinearities in low-cost inertial measurement units (IMUs), the positioning error of Strap-down Inertial Navigation Systems (SINS) are increased exponentially. So, SINS is integrated with aiding navigation systems like a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) by using an estimation algorithm to obtain an acceptable positioning accuracy. In urban area the GNSS signal may be obstructed because of tall trees and buildings. Therefore, in the paper a novel constrained adaptive integration algorithm is developed for integration the SINS/GNSS. In this algorithm, the velocities constraints in body frame in addition to altitude constraints based on a barometer data are firstly developed, and then a constrained estimation algorithm is designed based on the proposed constraints. In addition a fuzzy type 2 algorithm is used to calculate the estimator parameters based on vehicle maneuvers. The real vehicular tests are used for implantation and validation of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results indicate that, the proposed adaptive constrained estimation algorithm enhanced the estimation accuracy of the SINS steady states.

Flight control system is a unit of the air defense and missile system that takes commands prescribed by the guideline law and operates due to the operators embedded in the system. Missile physical system includes nonlinear aerodynamic coefficients and other physical dependent variables, so accurate identification of them is difficult. This issue makes deference between real and mathematic model of missile equations of motion and causes designed linear controller performance degradation. In this paper, inverse dynamic approach is used for uncertainty identifying and mathematic modeling of missile defense system. Then, this model is used for optimizing and controlling the flight of a missile with nonlinear 6 DOF (Degrees of freedom) equations of motion. Thus, the designed controller is a nonlinear fuzzy-adaptive controller which has high adaption and robustness against the parametric changes during missile’s flight. Using the invers dynamic method for modeling motion equations of missile defense is the innovation of this research.

The importance of the authenticity of single-narrator ḥadīth, or it's nonauthenticity, regarding "human life" is due to two points: first, the behavior of the divine about the necessity of the observation of precaution regarding "human life", which is one of the given principles of Sharī'ah, and second: the fact that the jurist's opinions in some cases of the unprotected (outlaw) - which are the most explicit case in "human life" issue – are totally based upon the single-narrator tradition. Therefore, it is very vital to discuss authenticity scopes of the single-narrator tradition and see if it is backed by any comprehensive argument so that could embrace "human life" momentous issue. Answering this question compelled the authors to make a deep reflection and immense investigation through the pertinent arguments. This paper, through an analytical-descriptive method and along with a problem-oriented approach comes to this result that ýsingle-narrator traditions are not reliable where "human life" concerns. Invoking to the sane's conduct, necessity of taking heed regarding "human life", and observing the mechanism of the maqāṣid-based (objectives-based) fiqh, are parts of the chosen evidences of the authors.

Gamma camera is an important apparatus in nuclear medicine imaging. Its detection part is consists of a scintillation detector with aheavy collimator. Substitution of semiconductor detectors instead of scintillator in these cameras has been effectively studied. In this study, it is aimed to introduce a new design of P-N semiconductor detector array for nuclear medicine imaging. A P-N semiconductor detector composed of N-SnO:F, and P‑NiO:Li, has been introduced through simulating with MCNPX monte carlo codes. Its sensitivitywith different factors such as thickness, dimension, and direction of emission photons were investigated. It is then used to configure anew design of an array in one‑dimension and study its spatial resolution for nuclear medicine imaging. One‑dimension array with 39detectors was simulated to measure a predefined linear distribution of Tc2 activity and its spatial resolution. The activity distributionwas calculated from detector responses through mathematical linear optimization using LINPROG code on MATLAB software. Threedifferent configurations of one‑dimension detector array, horizontal, vertical one sided, and vertical double‑sided were simulated. Inall of these configurations, the energy windows of the photopeak were ± 1%. The results show that the detector response increaseswith an increase of dimension and thickness of the detector with the highest sensitivity for emission photons 15-30° above the surface.Horizontal configuration array of detectors is not suitable for imaging of line activity sources. The measured activity distribution withvertical configuration array, double‑side detectors, has no similarity with emission sources and hence is not suitable for imagingpurposes. Measured activity distribution using vertical configuration array, single side detectors has a good similarity with sources.Therefore, it could be introduced as a suitable configuration for nuclear medicine imaging. It has been shown that using semiconductorP‑N detectors such as P‑NiO:Li, N‑SnO299_m:F for gamma detection could be possibly applicable for design of a one dimension arrayconfiguration with suitable spatial resolution of 2.7 mm for nuclear medicine imaging.

Attenuation correction is a useful process for improving myocardial perfusion SPECT and is dependent on activity and distribution of attenuation coefficients in the body (attenuation map). Attenuation artifacts are a common problem in myocardial perfusion SPECT. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of attenuation correction using different attenuation maps and different activities in a specially designed heart phantom. The SPECT imaging for different activities and different body contours were performed by a phantom using tissue-equivalent boluses for making different thicknesses. The activity was ranged from 0.3-2mCi and the images were acquired in 180 degree, 32 steps. The images were reconstructed by OSEM method in a PC computer using Matlab software. Attenuation map were derived from CT images of the phantom. Two quality and quantity indices, derived from universal image quality index have been used to investigate the effect of attenuation correction in each SPECT image. The result of our measurements showed that the quantity index of corrected image was in the range of 3.5 to 5.2 for minimum and maximum tissue thickness and was independent of activity. Comparing attenuation corrected and uncorrected images, the quality index of corrected image improved by increasing body thickness and decreasing activity of the voxels. Attenuation correction was more effective for images with low activity or phantoms with more thickness. In our study, the location of the pixel relative to the associated attenuator tissues was another important factor in attenuation correction. The more accurate the registration process (attenuation map and SPECT) the better the result of attenuation correction.

Ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), is an effective iterative method for SPECT image reconstruction. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the role of system matrix in OSEM image reconstruction method using four different physical beam radiation models with three detection configurations. SPECT was done with an arc of 180 degree in 32 projections after injection of 2 mCi of 99mTc-pertechnetate in a heart phantom by a Siemens E.Cam gamma camera equipped with LEHR collimator and data were transferred to a PC computer for reconstruction of the images with Mathlab software. The system or probability matrixes were firstly calculated using radiation fraction of pixels for three different detection models with linear, rectangular and divergent FOV, and reduction coefficient of photons from pixels to detectors in four different radiation models of distance independent (DID), inverse distance dependence (IDD) [1/R], inverse square distance dependence (ISDD),[1/R2] and inverse exponential distance dependence(IEDD),[exp-R]. In these calculations the detector was assumed at a distance of 842 mm from the phantom center and pixel size was 6.638 mm. The divergent angle in divergent field of view was 2.08 degree. 12 Images of the phantom were reconstructed using system matrixes of 4 different radiation and 3 detection models. Qualities of the images were compared using universal image quality index, UIQI. The results shows negligible although statistically significant difference between contrast and brightness of the images, but it is possible in the organs with constant absorption coefficients such as brain, to use the system matrix with mathematical IEDD radiation model for attenuation correction in SPECT images. It is shown that variation in distance weighting factors in mathematical IEDD radiation model changes the system matrix so that the weights of deeper data decrease in image reconstruction process. Therefore, by this method contrast of the image at different depth can be controlled. Applying different beam radiation models and detection configurations in system matrix has no significant improvements on the image quality. However image contrast at different depth can be controlled by using system matrix derived from different distance weighting factor in mathematical IEDD radiation model.