mohsen pishvaiialavi

Penomenology is of the philosophical thinking approachs that was founded at beginhng of the 20 th century by Husserl with the influence of “ Descartes”, “ Hegel” and “ Kant”. This approach of human consciousness when facing the universe and one of its most basic goals is to realize the principle of “returning to things themselves”. In order toreakize this principie, Husserl raised the problem oe “Epoche”. Today, applying the phenomenology approach is considered a very important step in the field analysis and reading of literary texts because this approach by using thematic criticism , besides explaining the way phenomena manifest in the mind, examines the relationship between the literary work and the ontological philosophy makes it possible for the reader to understand the worldview and thoughts governing the text. Based on this, the purpose of the current reaserch is to use Husserl phenomenological theory and rely on the analytical descriptive method, while providing an ontological interpretation of the play Shahrzad by Hakim, to investigate the effectiveness and compatibility of this outhorˈs views with Husserl thoughts. The results of the research show that Hakimˈs success in this play has been greatly influenced by the theorical foundations and practical requirements governing the phenomenological approach, and his ontological thoughts have commonalities and similarities with Husserlˈs fundamentals are: belief in the transcendental attitude and the centrality of the thinking self, redefining phenomena based on sensory perception, suspending the assumption of assumptions in cognitive action, and intertwining of subject and object, Emergence childhood ego

Learning depends on the process and many factors. One of these factors is the text and selections of the texts based on which the teacher tries to develop a comprehensive intellectual and educational education. Compared to other texts, literary texts have a greater role in the education of children and teenagers because they provide them with the possibility of using imagination and they have a great influence in the cultivation of art and culture in general. This research is a descriptive and analytical method based on pathology and criticism of Persian prose and verse texts of the first secondary school. The necessity of conducting this research is to make the selection of texts more rational in order to achieve better learning in general. The results of the research indicate that: the compilers of the texts did not pay attention to the distribution and dispersion of the arrays in the courses and also the lessons of each course and this, in turn, creates boredom and a sense of fear in the general. On the other hand, the compilers of the texts had a single mission for all the arrays regardless of their nature and role in learning and they did not pay attention to the remoteness of some arrays in comparison with other arrays. The use of irony in the texts of this period is almost more logical. Learning depends on the process and many factors. One of these factors is the text and selections of the texts based on which the teacher tries to develop a comprehensive intellectual and educational education. Compared to other texts, literary texts have a greater role in the education of children and teenagers because they provide them with the possibility of using imagination and they have a great influence in the cultivation of art and culture in general. This research is a descriptive and analytical method based on pathology and criticism of Persian prose and verse texts of the first secondary school. The necessity of conducting this research is to make the selection of texts more rational in order to achieve better learning in general. The results of the research indicate that: the compilers of the texts did not pay attention to the distribution and dispersion of the arrays in the courses and also the lessons of each course and this, in turn, creates boredom and a sense of fear in the general. On the other hand, the compilers of the texts had a single mission for all the arrays regardless of their nature and role in learning and they did not pay attention to the remoteness of some arrays in comparison with other arrays. The use of irony in the texts of this period is almost more logical.Learning depends on the process and many factors. One of these factors is the text and selections of the texts based on which the teacher tries to develop a comprehensive intellectual and educational education. Compared to other texts, literary texts have a greater role in the education of children and teenagers because they provide them with the possibility of using imagination and they have a great influence in the cultivation of art and culture in general. This research is a descriptive and analytical method based on pathology and criticism of Persian prose and verse texts of the first secondary school. The necessity of conducting this research is to make the selection of texts more rational in order to achieve better learning in general. The results of the research indicate that: the compilers of the texts did not pay attention to the distribution and dispersion of the arrays in the courses and also the lessons of each course and this, in turn, creates boredom and a sense of fear in the general. On the other hand, the compilers of the texts had a single mission for all the arrays regardless of their nature and role in learning and they did not pay attention to the remoteness of some arrays in comparison with other arrays. The use of irony in the texts of this period is almost more logical.Learning depends on the process and many factors. One of these factors is the text and selections of the texts based on which the teacher tries to develop a comprehensive intellectual and educational education. Compared to other texts, literary texts have a greater role in the education of children and teenagers because they provide them with the possibility of using imagination and they have a great influence in the cultivation of art and culture in general. This research is a descriptive and analytical method based on pathology and criticism of Persian prose and verse texts of the first secondary school. The necessity of conducting this research is to make the selection of texts more rational in order to achieve better learning in general. The results of the research indicate that: the compilers of the texts did not pay attention to the distribution and dispersion of the arrays in the courses and also the lessons of each course and this, in turn, creates boredom and a sense of fear in the general. On the other hand, the compilers of the texts had a single mission for all the arrays regardless of their nature and role in learning and they did not pay attention to the remoteness of some arrays in comparison with other arrays. The use of irony in the texts of this period is almost more logical.Learning depends on the process and many factors. One of these factors is the text and selections of the texts based on which the teacher tries to develop a comprehensive intellectual and educational education. Compared to other texts, literary texts have a greater role in the education of children and teenagers because they provide them with the possibility of using imagination and they have a great influence in the cultivation of art and culture in general. This research is a descriptive and analytical method based on pathology and criticism of Persian prose and verse texts of the first secondary school. The necessity of conducting this research is to make the selection of texts more rational in order to achieve better learning in general. The results of the research indicate that: the compilers of the texts did not pay attention to the distribution and dispersion of the arrays in the courses and also the lessons of each course and this, in turn, creates boredom and a sense of fear in the general.

Cognitive semantics is one of the new patterns in the study of language that examines the relationship between the mind, human sensory perceptions, and linguistic elements. This model analyzes the way information is conceptualized in the mind. Image schema is one of the most fundamental approaches of cognitive semantics, which is formed as abstract concepts in the minds as a result of human interaction with the surrounding world and based on biological experiences. The clear and meaningful structure of schema can be a basis for forming metaphorical maps and understanding complex intellectual domains; Therefore, the purpose of the current research is that, based on the cognitive approach and relying on Johnson’s theory, while examining the three schematic containment, path, and force systems, how to represent life experiences in the poet’s mind, the connection of his worldview with the three schemas, as well as the ability of these systems to objectify abstract matters should be analyzed. The finding of the research show that Samih al-Qassim used has tangibly expressed his desired revolutionary themes by using perceptual elements and physical experiences in order to arouse the spirit of struggle in the audience. He has used a containment schema to visualize the concept of identity, a path schema to objectify the theme of achieving social goals and ideals, and a force schema as a tool to show the stability of the Palestinian nation. Based on the results of the research, the mentioned schemas show a detailed understanding of the mentalities and personality dimensions of Samih al-Qassim, these systems show the singer as committed to the community, as well as a person with high self-esteem and epic emotions.

Stylistics is an above-normal knowledge of language that demonstrates the particular system of the writer's or the orator's thoughts and his or her way of expression. This knowledge has attracted researchers' attention in recent decades. The analysis of the voiced and unvoiced sounds and their role in conveying meaning is one of the new layers of the above-mentioned knowledge that analyzes the rhythms of these sounds in different situations proportionate to the present setting. The Hadiths of the Prophet ( PBUH) in Nahjolfasahah is one of the most valuable texts that has been considered from different angles. The analysis of the phonological stylistics of this precious text provides an appropriate ground for understanding the characteristics of the expressive style of the Prophet.The present article has studied the stylistic sounds and their coherence in the Hadiths of Nahjolfasahah in a descriptive- analytical method. The results indicate that the voiced and unvoiced sounds with the highest frequency strengthen the internal music and imagery and convey the intended meanings. Hence, the voiced sounds are used where speech requires decisiveness and firmness and unvoiced sounds are used where speech necessitates gentleness and flexibility.

Poetry is a prominent status in which the author expresses the feelings of his nation. Poets in different periods of human history have sought to portray the true faces of colonialists and tyrants. With the arrival of Israel in Palestine, the  difficulties of this Muslim country increased, leading to the formation of resistance literature in it. Palestinian poets fought side by side with people against this   usurping regime and helped the people with their hands and tongues. Saleh Mahmoud Howari is one of these poets who, despite being far from his country, has considered the situation of his country and has expressed the crimes of the occupying regime. The present article has tried to explain the manifestations of   resistance literature in his poetry by examining three Diwans of him. By examining Saleh Hawari's poems, it was determined that the poet pointed to various manifestations of resistance literature such as patriotism, oppression and lack of freedom, condemnation of oppression, etc. In his poetry, he has used the method of cryptography to express his goals. The poet mentions symbols such as mosquitoes, guards and pirates for Israel and also uses other symbols such as olives, figs,almonds, palms, etc.

Translation as one of the main factors in universalizing a work of art plays a significant role in the relationship between various nations and cultures. It offers an interactive context for two thoughts, and opens up new intellectual horizons for them. Kalila and Dimna, written by Ibn al-Muqaffa and Translated by Abu’l-Ma’ali Nasrallah from Arabic into Persian, is one of the most important texts of Persian literature. It has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers. Having been translated in different stages of history, translators have manipulated its text to suit their tastes. One kind of manipulation is explication which was first introduced and theorized by Jean Darbelnet as one of the strategies of translation. This study examines the process of explication in Abu’l-Ma’ali Nasrallah’s translation of the story of “The Lion and the Ox” in Kalila and Dimna. Research findings demonstrate that the translator has employed all types of explication in the levels of meaning and discourse, namely replacement, reference, deletion, coherence, and elaboration. Furthermore, they show that elaboration is the most frequent type of explication.

The Romantic School was founded in the late eighteenth century under the influence of political and intellectual developments and social classes. The Characteristics of this school, as opposed to the classical school, are: emotional power, honest experience, love of beauty and exemplary patterns, strange feeling, love of the home, love of nature and melt in it. In Arabic literature, Khalil Matran is known as the pioneer of the Romantic school. The fascinating nature of Lebanon, her innate talent, gentle emotions and critical thinking helped her in this way. In Kurdish literature, Molavi is also known as the pioneer of this school.However, given that Besarani lived almost a century and half before Molavi and the characteristics of the Romantic school thrive throughout her poetry, the pioneer of the Romantic school in Kurdish literature was Bismarani, whose work has been mostly neglected by researchers. The authors of the article seek to identify this poet by the means of a descriptive-analytical method, to prove that he is a pioneer in the Romantic school and also to rely on the American adaptive school of Romantic poetry with the romantic compare and study the romantic poems of contemporary Arab poet Khalil Matran .The findings confirm that both poets are pioneers in Romanticism and have shown that both poets took advantage of all the romantic features, first describing nature then fantasy and love of the home.

his article in the structure of the theory of Paul.c. Castango to explain the role of the language and it`s multiple abilities in creation of the structural elemants of the Mahmoud Teymour’s drama “Shelter No. 13”, considering. The current stady aimed at investigating different type of Dialogic beat and various functions in the Mahmoud Teymour’s drama “Shelter No. 13.
The results of this research indicate that Dialogic beat are known as the most basic recognizable unit of linguistic and intellectual actions and it constitute the main part of the drama and with an emphasis on rapid time break can altering ongoing flow of the means also the result obtained indicate that linguistic and metalinguistic implications are highly considered in discourse of this drama and conversational pulses are used in high level. “tum talking” is the most frequent conversational technique and refrain “riffing”, “deletion”, “halt” and “cut” are other linguistic tools that the writer used them as a factor to “analyze the thoughts and emotions”, “space creation”, “conflict” and “expressing the intensity of crisis”.

Using symbols is one of the most complicated methods of thinking and expression of meanings. It plays an important role in creating a literary work and expressing the poet's inexpressible ideas. Such an approach is rooted in the existing socio-political situations, the poet's personal experiences and his intellectual and philosophical tendencies. Hawari (1938) is a contemporary Palestinian poet whose poetry was born through Palestinian resistance in the occupied territories and is directly linked with its current situation. Concerning about suffocating environment and ruling repression, he has used symbols to express the suffering of Palestinian people and to express his ideas of resistance. Symbolic elements in his three divans:"Meraya Alyasmin" (1998), "Maqalah Alghym Alshajar" (2000) and "Latakasar Alnay" (2006) are studied in present research through an inductive – analytic method. The symbols are classified in 8 categories and their implied meanings and corresponding themes are documented in tables. The results show that the symbols of the poet often express two general concepts: a) occupation of his country and its requirements; and, b) standing and resistance with all facilities.

For a long time, color has played an important role in the creation of literary work. Poets have sometimes employed colors in order to materialize the artistic images and to discover the relationship between the components of those real effects felt. And sometimes they have used the symbolic color space in line with explaining the unspeakable thoughts. The roots of the application of the symbolic concepts of colors should be sought in light of personal experiences, the political situation, the philosophical orientations of the poet and especially in the extension of complexity and ambiguity of the poetry. Khalil Havi is among those contemporary Arab poets who have employed symbolic colors to a large extent. In this research, attempt has been made to study the position of color in the Khalil Havi`s poetry and its symbolic concepts. The method is analytical and descriptive. The results obtained indicate that he has used colors in expressing his mood or his political and social goals. The most widely used color in his poems is black which implies stagnation, psychological distress, resentment and amusement. Thence, the red, white, green, yellow and blue are the most widely colors used in the Khalil Havi`s poetry.

Resistance Literature is an intellectual and cultural reaction by the dominated nations. Although the dominated nations throughout the world have different geographies, cultures, characteristics, and ideas, they share the same resistance motifs in their literatures. This study will draw on a descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature to better represent the hidden aspects of resistance literature in the Constitutional Period of Iran and contemporary Palestine.To do so, the resistance motifs will be compared in “Bagh- e Behest” (Garden of Eden) written by Nasime-e shomal, the Iranian poet of the Constitutional Period and “Maraya-alyasmin” written by Saleh Mahmood Howari, the contemporary Palestinian Poet. These two poets were totally committed to their country and nations. The common resistance motifs in the resistance literature of Iran’s Constitutional Period and contemporary Palestine were patriotism, protest to repression, hope for the future and call for unity. It was also found that Nasim has reflected his ideas about resistance with use of a direct language, but Howari has mainly applied symbols and indirect language.

Having a variety of performative functions in the language، questions are one of the most effective tools affecting the audience، and creating external acts. Regarding the special importance of questions in influencing and the rhetoric of speech، case studies of the speech acts of questions in the Holy Qur''an، and explicating their performative function in the influence and eloquence of the Qur''an is one of the necessities in the field of rhetoric and Qura''nic studies. To explain some other aspects of the rhetoric of questions in the Qur''an، in this article، based on speech act theory، we study the performative functions of questions in the Qur''an. To achieve better results، surah «Al-Mu’minoon» has been selected as the corpus. The results of this research show the purposeful and dynamic functions of the language of the Qur''an in the realm of speech acts. On the other hand، due to the fact that speech act theory is founded on «natural language» and its function in human societies، some principles of this theory are contrary to features of the inspirational language of the Qur''an and other scriptures. Thus، in the study of verses of the Holy Quran using speech act theory، this needs to be taken into account.