پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال دوازدهم شماره 25 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Examining the poems of Hussein ibn Zahak from the perspective of innovation in the introduction of the poem, which was at the same time as the beginning of modernization in the intellectual and cultural system of the Arab traditions, was a state of change and awareness of the new reality. Similarly, the influence of conquests and the presence of different ethnic groups with multiple cultures in Islamic society led to innovation in Arabic thought. Hussein ibn Zahak was one of the poets who, under the influence of various cultures, including Iranian culture, used new styles and interpretations to be able to synchronize his poems with the new development, so like Abu Nawas, Informed used his poems, making it the starting point for expressing new intellectual and cultural approaches. This research is a descriptive-analytical method and based on the theories of critics, has studied the innovation in the Khmer of Hussein Ibn Zahak. The results of the research show that Zahak has expressed Wine as a symbol of a new culture, with a new approach that shows his delicacy in expressing poetry, and using new interpretations, and the contrast of Wine and Tal, with Arabic values and Jahli, has opposed and invited to Iranian culture and originality and thus has been able to introduce new forms in a new framework that is consistent with the reality of the age. Therefore, movement, life, and dynamism are also evident in the poet's Wine due to linguistic coherence and the use of live visual images

The effect of translation on the transmission of the message of the source language to the target language is undeniable. The more accurate and fluent the translation, the more the audience will benefit from the main concepts. Previously, language-based approaches used the text as a unit of translation. This made the study of cultural layers in translation challenging. With the change of translation unit, the fidelity of the target text to the source text took on a different meaning and translation was considered as a tool for creating cultural communication between ethnic groups. In other words, translation studies was used as a tool to examine the role of the translated text as an independent work in cultural interactions. The present study intends to use descriptive-analytical method and library tools to study how popular culture is translated based on Michel Ballar's division. Based on this, three plays by Tawfiq al-Hakim; The prominent Egyptian author has been selected as "Al-Hub Al-Azri", "Al-Shams wa Al-Qamar", "Sahib Al-Jalala". The data of the article were analyzed semantically and semantically based on the principles of translational research and confrontational linguistics, analysis and strategies used in expression, and the characteristics of equations. The results show that the cultural layers have been translated into the target language to a large extent correctly and with the most familiar words and phrases.

The study of linguistic signs and semantic structure is a relatively new way of studying literary texts that expresses the inner actions, messages, and intentions hidden in the secondary layers of the text. One of the suitable models for criticizing the semiotics of literary works is Pierce's theory, which divides the sign into three parts: representation, subject, and interpretation. According to this theory, the concept of sign arises from the semantic connection between these three components, and words have many implicit meanings whose representation displays the concept and the main message of the poet. Muhammad Adam is one of the modern Egyptian poets with poems in which color element is widely reflected and each of these colors has various poetic meanings and semantic loads that in addition to their true meaning, have many virtual and poetic meanings hidden in them. This research tries to study the process of formation of signs in Mohammad Adam's poetry based on Pierce's theory and to express the hidden data in colors. The research data indicate that the signs in the colors show the special and sometimes unique attitude of Mohammad Adam towards concepts such as love, death, life, aging, and nihilism. The concept of sign in Adam's poems arises as a result of the semantic continuum between representation, subject, and interpretation

One of the most important literary methods used in the Quran is images of events, concepts, and values. In this way, educational and moral concepts were offered to the audience by applying literary arrangements, better and more accurately, and to sit with him in his heart. Surah Yusuf, as well as the best stories in the holy Quran, has a special place in terms of the expression of educational concepts using literary and fiction techniques. These techniques can be referred to as using image schemes to convey the concepts. The purpose of this article is to show what pictorial schemas are used in Surah Yusuf and what concepts schemas refer to. In this article, a descriptive method is used to explain schemas. In Surah Yusuf, motion, power, and volume image schemas are used, which are more motion schemas. They refer to moving from top to bottom and bottom to top and the concepts of humiliation and dignity, and volumetric schemas indicate concepts such as misguidance, and more power schemas indicate concepts such as abstaining from sin and avoiding following the misguided

Literary sociology or the sociology of literature is one of the new trends that have emerged in the field of literature and seeks to study the relationship between literature and society. Based on the descriptive analytical method, this article has targeted a sociological study of the novel “Al-Hariq” by Mohamed Dib, the contemporary Algerian writer, according to this theory. In this regard, elements of the semantic contexts of the novel are studied, such as knowledge of current and potential awareness of characters, problematic hero, and individual awareness. The point worth noting was that the characters of the novel did not transform throughout the novel and that their current consciousness did not transform into possible consciousness. At the end, must be said that Mohamed Dib has excelled in presenting the social picture of Algeria, and drawing the semantic contexts of the novel, which appeared in the social and political levels of the novel from the extreme poverty of the Algerian people due to the oppression of the French, the fatal cultural weakness, people’s efforts to change the situation and other social and political contexts that It influenced Muhammad Deeb and caused the writing of this wonderful novel.Keywords: Sociological study, structuralism, the contemporary Arabic novel, Muhammad Deeb, Al-Hariq.

Abd al-Qaher al-Jurjani sees the literary miracle of the Noble Qur’an in its precise arrangement, where the vocabulary is very precise in choosing and leaving its synonyms, so the words are in complete harmony in pronunciation and meaning. Then the sentences of various types are in complete harmony with each other in terms of wording and meaning, with full observance of the rules of grammar and the foundations of rhetoric, and each of the aesthetics of pronunciation and meaning in the service of the context of the noble verses. Then Abd al-Qaher Ma interpreted the Holy Qur’an based on his theory, so we studied four specific verses from Surat Taha in the light of his theory by taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach. So, through our analytical study, we concluded that the vocabulary in the noble verses is based on a dialectical dialogue between Pharaoh and the sorcerers in very sobriety, with some intensity in concepts related to the threat of Pharaoh with torment. Then the methods of emphasizing verbal meaning completely take into account the need to take into account the situation. Among the prominent methods are deletion, mention, and repetition in disapproval of mention, and mention of the interview or repetition of pleasure. The sentences are short, keeping in mind the brevity of both types, to meet the dialectical dialogue status. And each of the masterpieces of systems, verbal and moral, in the service of the overall context of the noble passage.

In recent years, the contemporary theory has examined the concept of double thinking, which is rooted in the theories of Saussure and Derrida's deconstruction. Helen Cixous, a French feminist writer, based on Lacan and Derrida, believes in the inversion of these oppositions in her theory of double oppositions. By communicating between women and writing, he seeks to subvert the patriarchal order. Jokha Al-Harithi's novel Sayyadat-ul-Qamar connects the rapid social changes and their consequences through an Omani family with the past and the real history of Oman. This novel depicts the story of three middle-class sisters in the small village of Al-Awafi in Oman in a patriarchal culture. The current research with a descriptive and analytical method aims to explain the changes in the cultural structure according to the approach of Helen Cixous in the theory of binary oppositions by combining tradition with modernity, changing gender role patterns, breaking taboos, social structure, attitudes towards education and romantic relationships. And by reading Sayyidat al-Qamar's novel, examine the way of drawing female characters and the challenge of patriarchal double thinking in Omani society. The findings of the research show that al-Harthi has tried to clear the gender roles in our minds and cross the gender boundaries in Sayyidat al-Qamar, and by inverting the Binary oppositions and creating a positive character, he has given a suitable image of today's woman.

The civilizational conflict between Western and Eastern cultures represents an important problem that has caused an identity crisis in many human societies, especially Eastern ones. Some Arab novelists were able to embody this bitter conflict between the western and eastern civilizations, and it is the subject of the relationship between the ego and the other. Although a group of Arab writers had previously raised this civilized problem in their writings, the novel “How Close the Sky Seemed” by the Iraqi writer Batoul Al-Khudairi is one of the creations that presented this issue extensively, as it dealt with it with great accuracy and depth in its civilized (intellectual) level. By clarifying the material, social and psychological aspects of the behavior of the characters in the novel, and began to unveil the fundamental conflict between the two civilizations. This research paper, by relying on the descriptive and analytical approach, aims to shed light on the issue of civilization conflict in that novel through some text samples. In this novel, the father represents a symbol of Arab-Islamic civilization, and the mother represents a symbol of Western civilization, and their daughter was confused about this conflict and had an identity crisis that caused her behavioral fluctuation in customs and traditions, so she does not know who her loyalty is too! Among the most important findings of the study is that the relationship between the ego and the other did not result in this novel in the cross-fertilization and blending of the two civilizations, but rather produced a confused and lost character represented in their daughter, so that she lost her identity, and could not determine her affiliation accurately, but continued to live on fluctuation in her behavior as she was unable to determine her loyalty to each of the two civilizations.

"An" is one of the letters of Jar, which is generally interpreted, "mojawazah" by syntacticians; But they do not mention the exact meaning of "mojawazah" and only explain "mojawazah" through some examples. Also, they mention many other meanings for "an" that have no relation between them. This paper has tried to find a single meaning for "an" in a descriptive-analytical method based on the theory of the principle of meaning and reasoning and citing the use of "an" in the verses of the Qur'an so that all uses of "an" in the Qur'an and general non-common uses. This is an attempt to analyze it in Arabic accurately and acceptably based on this main meaning. From this article, it was obtained: The meaning of "an" in the Qur'an is the same meaning everywhere that syntacticians interpret it as "mojawazah". "Mojawazah" means the permanence of the dimension and the preservation of distance, and a kind of ambiguity must be taken into account; therefore, in principle, one should not understand the meaning of beginning from "an" and the use of "Men" instead of "An" is not correct. What sometimes makes "An" resemble "Men" is the meaning of mediation, which is the result of the dimension and ambiguity used by "mojawazah". Also, none of the expressive meanings of syntacticians and commentators were used to use "an" instead of other letters, and the analysis of "an" in all these examples with a synonymous meaning was easier and more accurate.

Cognitive semantics is one of the new patterns in the study of language that examines the relationship between the mind, human sensory perceptions, and linguistic elements. This model analyzes the way information is conceptualized in the mind. Image schema is one of the most fundamental approaches of cognitive semantics, which is formed as abstract concepts in the minds as a result of human interaction with the surrounding world and based on biological experiences. The clear and meaningful structure of schema can be a basis for forming metaphorical maps and understanding complex intellectual domains; Therefore, the purpose of the current research is that, based on the cognitive approach and relying on Johnson’s theory, while examining the three schematic containment, path, and force systems, how to represent life experiences in the poet’s mind, the connection of his worldview with the three schemas, as well as the ability of these systems to objectify abstract matters should be analyzed. The finding of the research show that Samih al-Qassim used has tangibly expressed his desired revolutionary themes by using perceptual elements and physical experiences in order to arouse the spirit of struggle in the audience. He has used a containment schema to visualize the concept of identity, a path schema to objectify the theme of achieving social goals and ideals, and a force schema as a tool to show the stability of the Palestinian nation. Based on the results of the research, the mentioned schemas show a detailed understanding of the mentalities and personality dimensions of Samih al-Qassim, these systems show the singer as committed to the community, as well as a person with high self-esteem and epic emotions.

Social confrontation is a part of social reality and many actions in society are formed based on it. Louis Coser is one of the thinkers who investigated confrontation and its function in the context of society and unlike other social thinkers, he considers the concept of confrontation to have two positive and negative functions. According to him, the concept of power and the clash of different ideologies in a confrontational situation is an issue that can be the cause of confrontation, and the set of common goals can be a factor in connecting people and groups. Based on the theory of Cozer's contrast, the present descriptive-analytical research examines the ode "Khafqa Al-Zari" by Ghazi Zeiba, a contemporary Jordanian poet. The purpose of this article is to investigate the representation of confrontation and its role in the formation of social relations and ideology and the dominant discourse in the poet's poems. The results obtained from the present research show that the poet has drawn various social confrontations in his poetry: the confrontation between intellectuals and other groups of people and politicians, or the confrontation between the group and the Arab self with the foreign other. Calling for participation and incompatibility and struggle and emphasis on cultural ideas and common values is the poet's solution for the integration and realization of intra-group or national solidarity against the alien other. By drawing a confrontational situation between himself and the occupying other, the poet considers it important to have a dominant discourse that can be a sign of confrontation and believes that this discourse leads to the ability and production of power in confronting Israel.

Criticism of literary works and their relationship with the social environment and poet's spirit, under the titles of "social criticism" and "psychological criticism", is considered a new debate in contemporary literary criticism. Although the foundations and criteria of these critical methods have been organized coherently in recent centuries, the search in the old Arabic literary criticism clearly shows that these topics, from the very distant past, without mentioning the modern terms, It has been constantly discussed among literary scholars. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, has reread and analyzed the views of some prominent critics of the Abbasid era (Ibn Salam, Jahiz, Ibn Qutaybah, Ibn Tabataba, Al-Amadi, and Qazi Al-Jarjani) in this field. Also, this research has tried to answer the question that to what extent did the critics of the Abbasid era pay attention to the effect of the geographical and social environment and the mental states of the poet in composing poetry? The results obtained from this research show that these critics, despite the many differences of opinion they have always had on some critical issues, but all of them have considered poetry as a linguistic phenomenon and strongly influenced by meta-linguistic elements. And all of them have spoken in detail about the profound effects of the geographical and social environment and the mental states of the poet as influential elements in the composition of poetry