فهرست مطالب mohsen rashidi

The current changes in the fields of technology and issues formed at the level of society and companies have increased the importance of paying attention to the aspect of innovation in organizations. In this regard, the competitive situation of the market and the financial resources saved in the company can increase the conditions for improving the performance related to innovation. In other words, innovation is a primary factor in the organization's performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of competition intensity and organizational reserve on the relationship between innovation and company performance.

The data required for this research was collected and analyzed using a questionnaire completed by 159 employees and company managers.

The research results show a significant relationship between the intensity of competition and innovation. Also, the results indicate that organizational stock significantly affects innovation. Finally, the results of the third hypothesis of the research show that the intensity of competition and organizational reserve strengthen the relationship between innovation and performance.

Originality/Value: 

Organizational reserve and intensity of competition are essential and influential factors in innovation, which improve the performance of the organization and its progress. Finally, increased innovation will help gain more profit and market share. Therefore, according to the research gap in the previous studies, the current research has investigated the effect of competition intensity and organizational reserve on the relationship between innovation and company performance.

Peptides obtained from protein hydrolysis have many bioactive properties and have strong antioxidant activity against free radicals and prevent oxidation processes that cause damage to biological macromolecules and degradation and loss of food quality. Due to the large amount of rice production in the world, a large amount of rice bran is produced and available. As a suitable and cheap protein source, rice bran can be used for the production of plant-derived peptides. Optimizing conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran protein by alcalase enzyme was done with the aim of achieving maximum antioxidant properties. In order to check the antioxidant activity of the obtained peptides, iron 3 reduction power tests and DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and total antioxidant activity were used. In order to optimize the process, Design Expert software and response surface method were used with three independent variables: enzyme concentration to substrate 1-3%, temperature 40-55 degrees Celsius and hydrolysis time 30-210 minutes. The optimal treatment was obtained under the determined conditions including temperature of 51.5 degrees Celsius, time of 131.5 minutes and concentration of enzyme to substrate of 3%, which has maximum DPPH free radical inhibition of 37.172%, total antioxidant activity of 1.109% and reductiveness of 2.084%. The obtained results showed that the hydrolysis process of rice bran protein by alkalase enzyme has led to the production of peptides with high and significant antioxidant properties that can be used in the production of useful foods and pharmaceutical industries and can also replace synthetic antioxidants.

The role of accounting estimations in the quality of financial data has become challenging nowadays and has made it difficult for managers to make reliable forecasts. The continuous use of estimates has damaged the quality of financial information. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of auditor expertise in accounting estimates on the accounting estimates intensity and management deviations.

The subject of the study is based on the regression model of combined and logit data and in the period of 2014 to 2021, the data of 960 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and used to test the research hypotheses.

The results of the first hypothesis test of the research that the intensity of accounting estimation has a positive relationship with the desire of the owner's management to reach the target profit have not been rejected. The second hypothesis of the research showed that the intensity of the accounting estimate has a positive and significant relationship with the audit fee. The third hypothesis of the research is that the audit expertise has a significant effect on the relationship between the accounting estimate intensity and the willingness of the owner's management to achieve the target profit. Finally, the significant impact of the auditor's expertise on accounting estimates on the relationship between the accounting estimates intensity and audit fees has been confirmed.

Based on the research result, it can be stated that the intensity of accruals leads to a change in the management approach in achieving the target profit. Therefore, the auditor's expertise in relation to accounting estimates can indicate the ability of auditors to evaluate the assumptions of the company's management, which can affect the quality of the presented report.

Contribution: 

In this research, by presenting a new approach to measuring the auditor's expertise, the achievement of the target profit has been described. On the other hand, the findings of this research have been potentially taken into consideration by the legislators and investors in suggesting that the auditor's expertise in accounting estimates can be effective in preventing earning management.

Enhancing the quality and reliability of accounting information augments the potential for sound decision-making and risk evaluation by external stakeholders, ultimately contributing to the rectification of shortcomings in debt contracts. The amount of borrowing from multiple sources varies greatly among companies. Large companies with high credit ratings tend to diversify into different types of debt, while small companies with low credit ratings tend to have fewer types of debt. To rationalize the constrained utilization of specific loan types, proponents highlight potential economic advantages, such as decreased bankruptcy costs, reduced expenses for information gathering, and incentives for creditors to minimize monitoring. In this article, the aim is to investigate debt concentration based on the informational dimension of accounting quality. The current research adopts a quantitative approach within the realm of positivist inquiry. This classification stems from the fact that the concepts under investigation objectively exist in the external world, and there is complete independence between the researcher and the subject matter. Given that this research methodology revolves around delineating actual relationships within existing data, and presenting them in the form of a model, the study is categorized within the domain of descriptive research. For this purpose, data related to 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2020 were extracted, and the combined data regression model. The Tobit model was used to test research hypotheses. To calculate the information dimension of accounting quality, Lee et al.'s (2021) model was used, and the normalized Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used to calculate debt concentration. The research results indicated that the information dimension of accounting quality leads to a change in debt concentration. Also, the results of the third and fourth hypotheses indicated the effect of financial constraint on the dispersion of financing. Finally, the fifth and sixth hypotheses showed the effectiveness of managers' risk-taking on the concentration and number of debts. The environment in which managers operate is constantly changing as a result of fluctuations in the interests of individuals. This change in interests leads to a re-evaluation of risk by managers. Violation of contractual obligations by companies leads to the reflection of bad news in prices. In essence, to regulate and safeguard prices and mitigate the risk of information asymmetry for creditors, company managers curtail their risk-taking. Simultaneously, to secure their job positions, they adopt approaches that consider the interests of creditors. In companies with high accounting information quality, there is a greater tendency to reduce dispersion and diversity in the debt structure. This approach of centralization is a function of the company's financial situation and managers' risk-taking. Financial constraints lead to a change in the behavior of creditors towards the company and reduce their willingness to provide credit.

The value relevance of financial statements is of great significance to investors and standard setters. Comparability of accounting is one of the increasing features in the financial reporting system. It generally means that two reporting entities that face the same economic events use the same accounting methods to record underlying transactions. The present research examines whether the accounting comparability among industry peers enhances the value relevance of earnings and book value. This is an important question because both the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Securities Exchange Commission seek greater comparability in financial reporting.Research

In order to study the subject based on the panel regression model, in the period 2010 to 2020, data of 111 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and used to test research hypotheses.

The results show that accounting comparability increases the value relevance of earnings, but not book value. Financial statements that are more comparable do better in gaining the trust of users, which increases the value relevance of earnings per share. This means that when companies demonstrate the ability to compare more information than their industry counterparts, investors place a higher value on reported profits. However, the incremental benefits of accounting comparability are attenuated when financial reporting opacity is high or when there exists an internal control material weakness over financial reporting. In contrast, comparability benefits are enhanced when an industry specialist auditor is employed.

Main resources of acrylamide include tobacco smoking and fried foods with high temperatures as well as laboratory and occupational exposures. Acrylamide can cause carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Wheat sprout is an accessible herbal plant and contains a notable level of strong antioxidants and a high absorption rate. Therefore, the aim of the present study included investigating the protective effects of hydro alcoholic extract of wheat sprout against acrylamide toxicity in the hippocampal structure and spatial memory and learning of rats.

16 healthy adult rats were divided equally into 4 groups: control group (1 ml of distilled water), acrylamide group (50 mg/kg), wheat sprout group (200 mg/kg), and the treatment group receiving wheat sprout (200 mg/kg), and acrylamide (50 mg/kg). After 21 days, the Morris water maze test was done to study learning and spatial memory, and then blood and brain tissue samples were collected for serum biochemical and histological assessments, respectively.

After the second day, along with the training and learning process, the groups receiving acrylamide spent a longer duration finding the Morris platform compared to the control and wheat sprout groups. The histological structure showed a remarkable improvement in groups receiving wheat sprouts compared to the acrylamide group.

The results of the present study show that wheat sprouts can play a protective role against the negative effects of acrylamide in the histological structure as well as spatial memory and learning of the rats.

War toxin, mustard gas, alkylating agent results in male infertility via inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA mutagenesis. SIRT1 and SIRT3 are multifunctional enzymes that involve in the DNA repair, oxidative stress responses. This study aim is to assess the correlation between serum levels of SIRT1, SIRT3 and both rs3758391T>C and rs185277566C>G gene polymorphisms with infertility in the war zones of Kermanshah province, Iran. In this case-control study based on the semen analysis, samples were divided into two groups infertile (n=100) and fertile (n=100). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to determine the malondialdehyde level, and also a sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was used to evaluate the DNA fragmentation rate. Using the colorimetric assays, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured. SIRT1 and SIRT3 protein levels were determined by using ELISA. The genetic variants of SIRT1 rs3758391T>C, and SIRT3 rs185277566C>G, were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length (PCR-RFLP) technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the percentage of DNA fragmentation were higher in infertile samples, but serum levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3, and SOD activity was lower in infertile compared to fertile samples (P<0.001). The TC+CC genotypes and the C allele from SIRT1 rs3758391T>C polymorphism, and CG+GG genotypes and the G allele from SIRT3 rs185277566C>G polymorphism could increase risk of infertility (P<0.05). The results of this study suggest that war toxins through the impact on genotypes, decreasing levels of SIRT1 and SIRT3 and increasing levels of oxidative stress, lead to defects in the concentration, motility and morphology of sperms and thus, infertility in men.

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) promote tissue homeostasis, contribute to the immune defense mechanisms, and play important roles in the initiation of immune responses and chronic inflammation. To understand the roles of innate lymphoid cells in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the mouse model. CRC was induced using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in Balb/c mice (the chemically induced group=18 mice), or orthotopic injection of CT-26 cell line into the colon of another set of Balb/c mice (the orthotopic group=14mice). Normal saline was injected into 18 mice, as the sham group. After 80 days, the chemically induced group was divided into two subgroups, dysplasia (8 mice) and reparative change (10 mice), based on pathological examinations. The frequencies of ILC1, 2, and 3 were then measured in colon tissues using flow cytometry by four markers including an anti-mouse lineage cocktail (FITC anti-mCD3/FITC anti-mGr-1/FITC anti-mCD11b/ FITC anti-mCD45R (B220)/FITC anti-mTer-119), PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CD45, PE anti-mouse CD117 (c-kit), and APC anti-mouse IL-33 Rα (ST2). The total ILC population was significantly higher in the chemically induced reparative change compared with the sham group. ILC1 percentage in the chemically induced reparative change was significantly higher compared to those in the other three groups (Sham, chemically induced dysplasia and orthotopic dysplasia). The orthotopic dysplasia group showed more ILC3 percentage than the other groups. ILC1 and ILC3 subgroups increased significantly in reparative and dysplastic experimental CRC respectively. Thus ILC1 may have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth whereas ILC3 promotes tumor progression.

In this study, the aim is to investigate the effect of investors' Sentiments on the social responsibility performance of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Therefore, it tries to examine and evaluate how companies react to these Sentiment s and decide on the level of social responsibility resulting from companies' private information.

For this purpose, data related to 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2009 to 2020 were extracted and the combined data regression model was used to test the research hypotheses.

The first hypothesis shows that investors' Sentiments have a significant effect on corporate social responsibility activities. According to the research results, it can be stated that the second hypothesis of the research has been confirmed. Also, the results show that firm valuation constraints do not have a significant effect on the relationship between investor sentiment and corporate social responsibility activities. According to the fourth hypothesis, the effect of investors' Sentiments on the social performance of the company is confirmed in terms of stock turnover, but this hypothesis is rejected in terms of stock premium.

The results of this study indicate that social responsibility activities lead to an impact on stock markets. In other words, after high emotional periods, socially responsible companies get lower returns. Therefore, as an important corporate strategy, disclosure of social responsibility is influenced by the sentiments of the investor.

Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Patients with LC are usually diagnosed at advanced phases. Five-year survival rate in LC patients is approximately 16%. Despite decades of research on LC treatments, clinical outcomes are still very poor, necessitating to develop novel technologies to manage the disease. Considering the role of genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cancer progression, gene therapy provides a hot spot in cancer treatment research. Gene therapy offers less side effects compared to conventional methods such as chemotherapy. Unlike the traditional approaches of gene therapy that have temporary effects, using genetic modification tools can offer persistent cure. Over the past a few years, many studies have effectively used the CRISPR–Cas9 approach to modify gene expression in cells. This system is applied to induce site-specific mutagenesis and epigenetic modifications and regulate gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent applications of the CRISPR–Cas9 technology in treating LC.

Enzymes are one of the main biocatalysts with various applications in the food industry. Stabilization of enzymes on insoluble carriers is important due to the low reuse, low operational stability, and high cost in applications. The immobility and the type of carrier affect the activity of the immobile enzyme. Hydrogels are three-dimensionally cross-linked macromolecular network structures designed from various polymers. Hydrogels can provide a matrix for an immobile enzyme due to their extraordinary properties such as high water absorbing capacity, carrier of bioactive substances and enzymes, biocompatibility, safety, and biodegradability. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on some enzymes (Lactase, Lipases, Amylases, Pectinase, Protease, Glucose oxidase) that are of special importance in the food industry. These enzymes could be immobilized in the hydrogels constructed of macromolecules such as kappa-carrageenan, chitosan, arabic gum, pectin, alginate, and cellulose. At last, in the preparation of these hydrogels, different enzyme immobilization methods in macromolecular hydrogels, and effect of hydrogels on enzyme activity were discussed.

Violation of contractual conditions leads to the transmission of bad news due to poor performance and the expertise of auditors and regulatory mechanisms can be a factor in adjusting it. In this article, the purpose is to examine the role of strictness in the debt contract and the auditor's expertise.

In order to study the subject based on the logistic regression model, in the period 2012 to 2019, data of 113 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and used to test research hypotheses.

The results of the first hypothesis of the research on the significant effect of auditing expertise in the industry on strictness in debt contracts have been confirmed. The second hypothesis of the research indicates that corporate governance mechanisms have a significant effect on the relationship between auditor expertise in the industry and strictness in debt contracts. Violation of the terms and obligations of debt contracts leads to the reflection of negative news in prices. In other words, corporate governance mechanisms in order to control and protect prices and also reduce the risk of information asymmetry for creditors, reduce the risk of managers and implement regulatory approaches to maintain the quality of financial statements that benefit Include creditors.

The ambiguity in the readability of financial statements has led to a reduction in the ability of investors to analyze and understand financial information and can be a factor in modifying the agency cost. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of audit quality and the quality of internal controls in adjusting the relationship between the readability of financial statements and agency costs. In order to study the subject, the combined data regression model was used during the period of 2009 to 2018 and the data of 120 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the first hypothesis of the research based on the significant effect of financial statements readability on the company's agency costs have been confirmed. The second hypothesis of the research suggests that audit quality has a significant effect on the joint interaction of the readability of financial statements and agency costs. Finally, the results indicate that the quality of internal controls does not have a significant effect on the joint interaction of financial statements and company agency costs. The results of the research indicate that increased in readability of financial statements leads to an increase in the quality of information provided to minoring shareholders and analysts, and information asymmetry is reduced through more transparency between managers and stakeholders. . In other words, increasing the readability of financial statements by controlling managers' opportunistic behaviors leads to lower agency costs and the quality of audit due to improved disclosure quality, leads to a reduction in ambiguity in information and agency costs.

Inappropriate response of executives to investor sentiment can lead to litigation and misallocation of funds, for this reason, companies set up conservative accounting in response to investor sentiment. This paper investigates the association between investor sentiment and accounting conservatism. For this purpose, the data of 119 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2008 to 2017 were extracted and combined data regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. The results show that managers identify economic losses in a timely manner during periods with high investor sentiment. In addition, the relationship between sentiment and conservatism is stronger for companies whose values tend to be high. We also find that the relationship between sentiment and conservatism is higher for companies with higher litigation risk. Overall, our results suggest that companies report earnings more conservatively in response to higher investor sentiment in order to mitigate potential litigation costs. These findings have implications for regulators and standard setters who have deemphasized accounting conservatism in recent years.

Agency problems arise as a result of conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. Auditing is seen as an effective way to limit the authority of managers in contractual relationships. The purpose of this paper is to examine the market competition, audit fee stickiness, and audit quality.

The subject of the study was based on the regression model of the combined data. During the period of 2008 to 2018, the data of the 72 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected and used to test the research hypotheses.

The results show that the competitiveness of the audit services market has a negative and significant relationship with the upward stickiness. The results show that the insignificant relationship between the competition of the audit services market and the downward stickiness. Also, the relationship between upward audit fees stickiness and audit quality is significant. Finally, the results show the insignificant relationship between the downward audit fees stickiness and audit quality.

Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that higher competition leads to a change in the stickiness and thus, the downward price correction rate may reflect the limited bargaining power of the auditors over the clients that leads to a change in audit quality.
Contribution: Clients can bargain with the audit fee, anticipating a downward trend in audit fees. Also, auditors should be aware of the risks and opportunities associated with changes in audit fee factors, as there may be opportunities to increase the fee, reduce the audit work, or delay the fee reduction.

Agency problems result from the conflict of interests existing among managers and shareholders. Auditing is considered as an effective way to limit the power of managers in contractual relations.  This paper is aimed to investigate the market response to the quality of audit partners work. To test the hypothesis, data from firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period from 2009 to 2017 are collected and the regression model of cross-sectional data and panel data is used. The results of the first hypothesis of the research confirm that in firms with high quality work of audit partners, revenue has a higher reflection in stock prices. The high quality of the audit partner's work manages and controls information asymmetry and, therefore, the agency's problems related to the firm's management decisions. The second hypothesis that is changing the auditor and selecting a higher quality auditor leads to a positive market reaction, is also confirmed. If the market believes that using higher quality auditors increases the information content of profits and decreases abnormal returns, the audit market response when changing auditors and selecting a higher quality auditing partner is closer to reality (predicted levels). Also, the results confirms the third hypothesis that is auditing by high quality auditing partners has a significant impact on the amount of facilities received. Because the quality of the audit partners’ work has a significant impact on the creditors' view of the risk and timing of the repayment of receivables, therefore the amount of facilities granted increases. On the other hand, the stock price in these firms is a reflection of the real income of them. ‌

Epigenetic mechanisms are the most important factors contributing to both the development and metastasis of cancer cells. We aimed to scrutinize the role of epigenetic alternations of genes involved in cancer metastasis, including CD44v6 (metastasis indicator) and Nm23-H1 (a novel tumor suppressor), in the A549 lung cancer cell line. The A549 cells were cultured in the DMEM medium. Valproic acid (VPA) was used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Caspase-3 activity was assessed by adding DEVD-pNA substrate to the cell lysate. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. Finally, protein expression was assessed by western blot. The results showed that VA significantly decreased the expression of the CD44v6 gene and its protein level. This was further accompanied by lower expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes. On the other hand, the expression of Nm23-H1 and its protein were significantly increased in the cells accompanied by higher activity of caspase-3 (P ˂ 0.05). Our results showed that epigenetic regulation of CD44v6, Nm23-H1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 might be involved in the pathogenesis and metastasis of lung cancer. Therefore, the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors can be effective in the suppression of metastases and the treatment of these tumors.

The desire to change the dividend payment method can indicate the ability of managers to control fluctuations in the capital market, so that managers limit changes in dividends to cover the risk of these fluctuations. In this research, the aim is to investigate the role of managers' ability and dividends smoothing in changing the information content of current earnings.

For this purpose, data related to 120 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2008 to 2019 has been extracted and the combined data regression model has been used to test research hypotheses.

The results indicate the confirmation of the first and second hypotheses of the research. In other words, the research results indicate that the ability of managers leads to increased dividends smoothing. In addition, the results of the second hypothesis of the research indicate a significant relationship between the managers’ ability and the information content of dividends smoothing.

Managers with high ability are more inclined n deliberately smooth dividends, and this smoothness relates to the company's future profitability. Managers with high ability provide information about the future earnings in the form of smoothing current dividends, given their skills in forecasting and estimating future performance.

The tendency to change the way investment is due to the lack of transparency in the financial situation and the unfavorable business strategy is created so that managers change business strategies in order to cover the risk arising from non-receipt of compensation. In this paper, the goal is to examine the role of managerial compensation in changing the relationship between business strategies and over (under) investment. For this purpose, data on 120 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1385 to 1396 were extracted and a hybrid data regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. The research results indicate that prospector strategy leads to over-investment. Also, the results of the second hypothesis of the research show that managers' compensation is significantly affected by the relationship between prospector strategy and over investment. The third hypothesis of the research indicates that a conservative strategy leads to under investment. Finally, managerial compensation has no meaningful effect on the coherent interaction of conservative strategy and under investment.

It is expected that more accounting conservation (environmental uncertainty) reduces manager optimism. Prior research, however, has struggled to establish this relation empirically. Moreover, some evidence points to the possibility that the manager optimism is lower for firms with more accounting conservation. In this paper, the author examine the link between accounting conservation, environmental uncertainty, and manager optimism, as well as the link between accounting conservation, manager optimism, and the cost of capital. First, it is established that more accounting conservation could lead to a decrease in manager optimism. Second, I tried to show that manager optimism changes the cost of capital in the accounting conservation quintile. Consistent with a negative relationship between accounting conservation and manager optimism, and with the dominating effect of managers' optimism , the article documented a positive association between managers' optimism and the cost of capital for firms whose shares trade in low accounting conservation.

The opportunistic approach of managers leads to decisions on personal interests and the imposition of costs on the part of shareholders through increased agency costs. This paper, aims to examine the interaction between cost of capital and manager change based on operational diversification and investment opportunities.

To empirically examine this effect, data on companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2009 to 2018 were collected and a hybrid data regression model was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results of the research show that cost of capital (expected returns) and investment opportunities have a significant effect on management turnover. On the other hand, we do not find evidence on the impact of under-investment and operational diversification on the possibility of CEO change. Furthermore, the interactive effect of investment opportunities and cost of capital on management turnover is also confirmed. Finally, our results Indicate that the change of CEO is a function of the interactive effect of operational diversification and cost of capital.

Managerial opportunism and inefficiency of investment increase the cost of corporate capital because the manager's inappropriate decision leads to an increase in the risk of wrong choices for investors. Changing the managerial decision approach leads to the transmission of information to shareholders in order to maintain or change management.

Managers' ability can be considered as an influential factor that can balance the information content of debt agreements between companies and creditors.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of managers' ability to moderate credit conditions and reduce the spread of bond yields. For this purpose, the data of 120 companies, listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2018, was extracted and a combined data regression model was used to test the research hypotheses.
The results of this study confirm the research hypotheses. In other words, the results of this research indicate that the impact of managers' ability on the use of performance-based terms in credit agreements is significant. Additionally, the second research hypothesis confirms the impact of the managers' ability on corporate debt maturity. Finally, the third hypothesis of the study reveals that financial crisis risk does not have a significant impact on the relationship between managers' ability and return spread.

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a plant species of high medical value. Somatic embryogenesis is considered to be the most efficient micropropagation technique. Considering the importance of this plant, the current study has been performed with the aim of optimizing somatic embryogenic of that. Embryogenic callus induction and embryogenesis were investigated using different concentrations of plant growth regulations including Benzyl adenine (BA) in three levels (3, 4 and 5 mg/l), Naphtalene Acetic Acid (NAA) at three levels (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l) with or without 1 g/l active charchoal, 50 ml/l coconut milkand 50 mg/l casein hydrolysate in leaf explants in MS culture medium in a completely randomized design with three replications. Induction of embryogenesis occurred indirectly with callus formation. Embryogenic calli were dark green, coherent with faster growth. The highest percentage of embryogenic callus (100 %) and also regeneration of callus (plantlents) were obtained in combination of BA and NAA with active charcoal, coconut milk and casein hydrolysate treatmens. Whereas the combination treatments of plant growth regulators without coconut milk and casein hydrolysate failed to produce somatic embryos. The maximum number of shoots (43.3 shoots) was observed in 3 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l NAA + 1 mg/l activate charcoal + 50 ml/l coconut milk + 50 mg/l casein hydrolysate treatment.

This paper aims to examine dividend smoothing based on financial flexibility and capital structure adjustment.

In this study, the data of 120 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2009 to 2016 were collected, and the pooled regression model was used to test the research hypotheses.

Findings verified the first and second hypotheses of the research. In other words, the results of the first hypothesis indicated that financial flexibility leads to dividends smoothing. The results of the second hypothesis showed significant relationship between capital structure adjustment and dividend smoothing. Finally, the results of the third hypothesis indicated that capital structure adjustment does not have significant effect on the interaction between financial flexibility and dividend smoothing.

According to the research findings, there is a tendency to change the method of dividend payments as a result of lack of transparency in the financial status and unfavorable capital structure, so that managers limit changes in dividends to limit the risk of non-transparency.

The desire to change the dividend payment method is due to the lack of transparency in the financial situation and the undesirable structure of financial reporting so that managers try to limit the changes in dividends to cover the risks of lack of transparency. In this paper, the goal is to examine the dividend smoothing based on the quality of disclosure and the quality of the information environment. For this purpose, the data of the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1388 to 1395 have been extracted and the combined data regression model has been used to test the hypotheses of the research. The results of the research indicate the confirmation of research hypotheses. In other words, the results of the research indicate that dividends smoothing is a function of disclosure quality criteria. Also, the quality of information environment has a significant effect on the dividends smoothing. But when the level of disclosure quality changes, the quality of information also changes and it affects the dividend smoothing so that, by changing the level of interactive effect of disclosure quality and information environment, dividends smoothing also fluctuates and changes.