mohsen sharifi

In recent years, much attention has been paid to medicinal plants. In addition the use of medicinal plants is increasing in modern medicine. Many active compounds found in medicinal plants are used as primary molecules to make drugs. Linum album is a medicinal plant of Linaceae family and one of endemic species in Iran, has podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and phenolic compounds. PTOX is a lignan compound which occurs in a few plant species and has pharmacological importance for its anticancer activities. Also, phenolic compounds and flavonoids are antioxidant agents.Manipulation of cell culture media by elicitors is one of the main strategies for inducing secondary metabolism and production of valuable metabolites. Preliminary experiments showed that the cell extract of fungal could increase lignans production. In this research, the filtered medium of Fusarium fungus (concentration of 1% by volume) was used as a stimulus in Linum album cell culture, then the amount of podophyllotoxin was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the amount of total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol were measured by spectrophotometer. The results showed that the amount of these compounds increased due to the use of stimulants. Over time, this stimulus induced the defense responses of cells and led to more production of total phenol, flavonol, flavonoids and podophyllotoxin.

Herbal medicines are the preferred anticancer agents due to their lower cytotoxic effects on healthy cells. Plant lignans play an important role in treating various diseases, especially cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of podophyllotoxin, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol on cellular toxicity and inducing apoptosis in fibroblasts, HEK-293, and SkBr3 cell lines. An in vitro study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 at the Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (Tehran, Iran). The cell lines were treated for 24 and 48 hours with different concentrations of lignans. Cell viability and apoptosis were examined using MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Expression levels of cell cycle and apoptosis regulator genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s HSD test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Podophyllotoxin significantly increased apoptosis in fibroblast cells compared to pinoresinol and lariciresinol (P<0.001). The percentage of cell viability of fibroblast cells treated for 48 hours with pinoresinol, lariciresinol, and podophyllotoxin was reduced by 49%, 47%, and 36%, respectively. Treatment with pinoresinol and lariciresinol significantly overexpressed pro-apoptotic genes and underexpressed anti-apoptotic genes in SkBr3 cells (P<0.001). SkBr3 cells treated with lariciresinol significantly reduced gene expression (P<0.001).  Pinoresinol and lariciresinol can potentially be used as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

In the importance of the environment, it is enough that Article 50 of the Constitution states that the growing life of today and tomorrow depends on its preservation. A strong form of support for this divine gift is the application of criminal measures against its destructive behaviors. The need has also been felt in international sources, including the Stockholm Declaration and the Strasbourg Convention. In this regard, the Iranian penal system has established significant regulations over time and each time in the dimension of "criminalization" and punishment. The intensity of this effort can be seen in the corruption of the filial pity of the widespread distribution of dangerous toxic and microbial substances by Article (286) of the Islamic Penal Code. The findings of this research, which is a descriptive-analytical method and a library data collection tool, show that there are also flaws in the current penal policy, the open face of which is The non-criminalization of some environmentally threatening behaviors, the limitation of the authority of non-governmental organizations to protect the environment, the lack of criminal responsibility of the government for violating this divine gift, and the lack of guarantee guarantee the execution of fines for most crimes in this realm.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of group education of academic vitality, positivism, and time perspective on academic engagement and academic vitality of ninth-grade male students in Isfahan. This study was a quasi-experimental research with a four-group three-stage design. The statistical population of the study included ninth-grade male students in the academic year of 2020-2021.  The sample size included 72 ninth- grade students who were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data measurement tools included Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Fredericks, Blumenfeld & Paris, 2004) and Academic Vitality Questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh & Huseinchari, 2013).  Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. These analyzes were performed using SPSS-22 software. The results revealed a significant difference among the groups in the scores of academic engagement and scores of academic vitality in the studied methods (P <0.05). School counselors and psychologists who want to improve students' academic engagement and vitality are recommended to use workshops on the effectiveness of educational vitality, positivism, and time perspective as much as possible.

Criteria for multiple offenses as one of the causes of individualization of punishment, From the beginning of the Iranian legislative movement until today, it has undergone several changes in the scope of cases and the manner of determining and enforcing punishment. The latest change in this area, it refers to the law on reducing the punishment of taimprison which has tried in the light of some innovations and return to some of the criteria contained in previous regulations, including the General Penal Code adopted in 1352, eliminate the shortcomings associated with ta'zir crimes. According to the research findings, the method of which is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool is library, approach adopted, from such dimensions as abandoning the strict policy of aggregation of punishments for seventh and eighth degree crimes Considered the most severe punishment stated in the lawsuit if suspended, parole and pardon, it is justified. And from other dimensions, such as not copying specific legal cases who, without any special wisdom, have chosen a method other than the general rules for determining the punishment of various crimes, and silence on how to determine punishment when both the crime and the recurrence of the crime occur is unjustified.

In case of negligence of the medical staff leading to the death of the patient, the offender may be sentenced to imprisonment in addition to paying wergild to the parents of the deceased. However, for the medical staff, being sentenced to imprisonment due to their high social status in the country, in addition to entering and damaging the community's therapeutic community, may have many negative consequences for a person that in the future career They have a great impact. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to alternative punishments in the field.

The present article examines the possibility of an alternative to imprisonment with a case study of a specific case in which the patient dies due to the negligence of the medical staff, and generally evaluates the view of the Iranian legislature regarding alternative punishments to imprisonment in connection with medical malpractice.

Providing a definition of alternatives to imprisonment and their examples, and matching nursing or medical malpractice with one of alternatives to imprisonment, requires a legal process that is within the jurisdiction of the judicial authority. In this way, the judge uses this mechanism according to the amount of injuries and the percentage of faults and some of the characteristics of the accused.

Examination of existing laws and regulations indicates that the issuance of an alternative punishment to imprisonment is within the authority of the judicial authority and is in no way a privilege for the medical staff.

Sexual function is a part of human life and behavior and is a multidimensional phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors. Estradiol is the hormone which is directly related to the level of sexual function. Prevalence of Covid 19 virus causes severe mental and physical stress which may result in reduced sexual function. This study was performed aimed to determine the association between serum estradiol levels and stress score with sexual function in women referred to Shohadaye Yaftabad Hospital (simultaneously with the outbreak of coronavirus).

This correlational study was performed in 2021 on 223 pregnant women aged 18-35 years referred to the gynecology clinic of Shohadaye Yaftabad Hospital (simultaneously with the outbreak of coronavirus). The women underwent venous blood sampling in the follicular phase and then completed the demographic characteristics (including personal information), the Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the DOS Stress Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

According to the Pearson correlation test, the mean of the total score of sexual function had a significant inverse correlation with stress (p <0.001, r =0.983). In other words, the more stress reduced the score of sexual function. Also, based on this test, estradiol levels have a positive correlation with sexual function (p =0.001, r = -0.223).

According to this research, the stressful conditions including the coronavirus pandemic resulted in reduction of sexual function and estradiol levels.

Plant cells metabolism is known to undergo considerable reprogramming in response to static magnetic field (SMF). In the present research changes of metabolism induced by SMF and underlying mechanism(s) was investigated in suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Barley 21) cells. Sugars and amino acids were monitored by HPLC, components of redox system were measured by spectrophotometer and expression of genes was evaluated by RT-PCR. Exposure to SMF decreased the adenosine triphosphate, glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents but increased hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, proline, and reduced glutathione (GSH). Treatment with SMF also increased the gene expression and activity of catalase, compared to the control group. Exposure to SMF also increased the contents of phenylalanine and tyrosine, elevated the gene expression and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and subsequently increased soluble phenolic compounds. Pretreatment of the cells with 40 µM sodium ascorbate reduced all above mentioned parameters except for nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical contents. The rate of membrane lipid peroxidation was also increased in ascorbate-pretreated cells. The results suggest a crucial role for H2O2 in triggering changes in primary and secondary metabolic pathways which result in alleviation of stress of SMF in tobacco cells.

The recent explosion of data of all kinds (persistent and short-lived) have imposed processing speed constraints on big data processing systems (BDPSs). One such constraint on running these systems in Cloud computing environments is to utilize as many parallel processors as required to process data fast. Consequently, the nodes in a Cloud environment encounter highly crowded clusters of computational units. To properly cater for high degree of parallelism to process data fast, efficient task and resource allocation schemes are required. These schemes must distribute tasks on the nodes in a way to yield highest resource utilization as possible. Such scheduling has proved even more complex in the case of processing of short-lived data. Task scheduling is vital not only to handle big data but also to provide fast processing of data to satisfy modern time data processing constraints. To this end, this paper reviews the most recently published (2020-2021) task scheduling schemes and their deployed algorithms from the fast data processing perspective.

Attaching importance to incomplete crimes, the first step was criminalizing the beginning of the crime in absolute, and beginning the misdemeanors if specified, by the General Penal Code (1925). Then, the Criminal Amendment Act of 1973 was developed, through criminalizing the impossible material offence. The result of the continued silence in face of unproductive offences was that some people denied it with citing the principle of its legality and some others proved it, due to the conditions of the crime formation, including existence of criminal intent, criminal enforcement operations, and lack of result achievement through intervention of external factors. The law about the Islamic Penal System (1982) and then, the Islamic Penal Code (1992) decriminalized the act of crime beginning and ignored the subjective impossible crime, instead of completing the process; therefore, it began a retrogression movement. The Islamic Penal Code (2013) once again considered beginning of the offence as crime, and referred to the necessity of involvement of an outside factor will, in the offence commitment, in order to suspend offender's intention. In this way, the Code returned to the subject of the Criminal Amendment Act 1973, through giving a criminal description for the subjective impossible crime. However, the adopted approach has defects in some respects. First, inclusion of article 22 does not express clearly the unproductive offenses. Second, due to the nature and type of punishment anticipated in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this article, prosecution of the legal persons in relation to beginning the crime does not seem possible. Third, decriminalization of beginning offences such as forging a doctor's certificate -article 538, and beginning to bribery of judges, auditors and experts -article 588 would result in undermining of the social defense against those crimes. Fourth, despite of the importance of the issue, it has been refrained from criminalization of the crimes less than murder. Fifth, although imposition of Article 22 and considering one verdict for all cases of beginning the crime lead to expectation that the previous special regulations to be abrogated, except the regulations of the Expediency Council, the law-marker's expression in paragraphs (a) of that Article is such a way that it prevents experts consensus, concerning the decline of Article 613. This paper aims at explaining the defects and providing some suggestions to overcome shortcomings.

he reason for recording the same poem or poems in the divan of two poets is usually either the mistake of the scribes or the transcription of one poet from the other. There are examples of these two in the court of Khatun.There are 21 quatrains shared with Saadi in the World Court that have nothing to do with the issue of consequences or theft, and the intervention of the owner of the manuscript of his 763 Paris and the negligence of the editors of the World Print Court have been the cause of this confusion.On the other hand, Jahanmalek Khatoon is an imitating poet, and just as Anwari, Saadi, Khajoo, Salman Savoji, Hafez, Jalal Azd, and others used verses and verses in their poetry - they generally mentioned his name, which is the main condition of guarantee. - He mentioned that he was also very interested in Khosrow Dehlavi's poems. As can be seen from his followings of Khosrow, imitation of this poet is evident in the poems of the world. But in addition to following, imitating and accepting Khosrow's poetry, which can be seen in many of the world's poems, 15 lyric poems by Khosrow can also be seen in the collection of Jahan-ol-Molk poems, which are suspected of plagiarism and transcription of these poems.

he emergence and formation of significant waves of Covid-19 disease and the increase in the number of patients (infected people) and human casualties caused by it, has put a complicated situation facing the Iranian society as in many countries involved in this phenomenon. Despite the efforts of virologists and health professionals in developing and communicating (notifying) health protocols as well as public education for the management of this biological crisis, many individuals, regardless of the rules and limitations, in different forms transmit or spread the virus to specific or unspecified individuals, and expose their physical integrity. In this case, investigating the consequences of the case and identifying their criminal responsibility becomes relevant. This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach to explain this issue and its criminal dimensions. The result of the work shows that at any moment, it is possible to attribute the types of intentional, quasi-intentional crimes and unintentional (accidental) crime to the transmitting human agent according to his mental position and the quality of his behavior, and he is responsible for the consequences. This does not mean, of course, that the intervention of legal institutions cannot end to criminal events. On the contrary, if there is a causal relationship between the behavior of these people and the mentioned results, as well as proving the element of guilt, the way is clear for imposing diya (blood money, financial compensation) and discretion punishment (ta'zir) on them.

Being dealt with now, the need for the presence of a leader and a jurisprudent who is wise and righteous is being felt a lot, and this question has been asked and some scho-lars have examined the cause of the need for the jurisprudent and the velayat-e faqih. Regarding this, Imam Khomeini's thoughts as the first person who presented the abso-lute velayat-e faqih has a special place and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli as one of Imam Khomeini's students who continued the views of Imam Khomeini on velayat-e faqih. This research has been conducted in the form of documentary and library reviews and has examined the views and thoughts of these two great Islamic scholars in the field of velayat-e faqih and the need for the presence of the province in society.

Fatty liver disease is a common hepatic disorder that remains undiagnosed due to the high number of asymptomatic patients and lack of a proper noninvasive diagnostic tool. Liver biopsy, the gold standard of liver steatosis diagnosis, is an invasive method that can be replaced by fibroscan. Fibroscan can detect liver steatosis with high sensitivity and specificity, but it is not accessible around the world. In this study, we compared ultrasonography (US) as a cheap and accessible device with fibroscan method in detecting patients with liver steatosis.

We enrolled 77 patients in this study. US and fibroscan were done in each patient at a single day. Liver steatosis stages were recorded using US and fibroscan. The diagnostic performance of US was calculated, using fibroscan as the reference method.

The sensitivity and specificity of US in detecting fatty liver disease using fibroscan as a standard method were 73% and 69%, respectively.

Based on sensitivity and specificity achieved from US, this study suggests that ultrasound is a suitable method for detecting patients with liver steatosis obviating liver biopsy and fibroscan.

Unfortunately the Jury’s role has been appeared insignificant in the Iranian legal system yet despite that it has a long and more than one hundred years of experience in this system. Also, the Jury’s competence is too limited to deal with political and press crimes as well as it is uncertain whether the Jury can exercise jurisdiction over making decision on negative political offences- the government’s crimes or its officials against the citizens’ fundamental rights– under the late-stalled Act on political crimes (2016). Furthermore, members of the Jury is chosen by the government rather than the people (the public will) as well as judicial procedures for the Jury’s advisory or mandatory opinions have been changeable or chaotic in different eras. Although the Jury’s Act on how to choose members and composition of the Jury enacted in 2003 could be taken the progressive step to remove some pitfalls of the previous regulations (on how to choose the number and composition of the jury), but it was abolished under the Act on the Jury’s assignment of the press which was ratified in 2008. This paper criticizes some Jury’s approvals as well as reveals that the consequences of such aimless criminal policy are taken into account as an institution that its judicial deficiencies must be considerably identified. Finally, the article proposes appropriate solutions in a bid to overcome (such problems) or mitigate unneglectable barriers.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between personality type of independent auditors and audit report delay. Descriptive - A survey was conducted. The independent variable in this study is the personality type of the independent auditors, which includes five items Neuroticism, extraversion, flexibility, agreeableness and conscientiousness were measured by NEO personality questionnaire. Reliability is measured at 08%. A total of 830 questionnaires were collected from the members of the statistical population who are independent auditors in Tehran province. Information related to the research dependent variable that is delayed in the audit report from the Kodal and Tehran Stock Exchange System. Compiled. The results of the data analysis indicate that there is a significant difference between the personality dimensions of the independent auditors and the delay in There is a significant relationship between the independent auditor's report and the neurotic dimension

The criminal liability of legal persons is the consequence of a legal personality and the result of insufficiency of the legal and disciplinary sanctions in controlling dangerous behavior and reforming their criminal policy. In addition to the importance of understanding such responsibility, it is also important to solve the structural problems that arise in this area. For instance, by what mechanism, can they attribute criminal responsibility to those persons who are devoid of human attributes, such as mind and soul?  Is such an attribution possible, through the behavior of their human representatives, (indirectly) or through organizational culture and systemic defect (direct), or both, who are the wise and the guiding minds of the legal persons? Are they delegates or are they beyond them? What are the conditions for the criminal responsibility of these people? Are the crimes attributable to them intentional or unintentional, or both? What are the restrictions of financial and non-financial sanctions impo sable to them? Are their rebates and exacerbations under the influence of some respects and the qualities? In this paper, it has been attempted to evaluate the criminal systems of Iran and Germany in the context of the discussion and to answer the above questions, using a combination approach.

Legal systems to overcome the problem of attributing criminal responsibility to persons have already tested various solutions for including criminal responsibility of superiors and employers, criminal responsibility based on the theory Thoughtful Brain, criminal responsibility based on the idea of ​​collective blame, criminal responsibility arising from the theory of power and acceptance. These models, have a common position on the transfer of fault from a person or special persons to a legal person. The criminal liability of an organization is based on the fault of legal person’s structure, in other words, the entity’s policy of crime production, and not a certain Individual. The Iranian penal system Under Article 143 of the Islamic Penal Code has shown a tendency to derivative responsibility based on the legal representation theory. With this in mind, the fundamental question is: how this model of responsibility can be adjusted to the realities of corporate crimes on the ground. This research seeks to examine the flaws and limitations of the criminal model used in the Iranian Penal Code and to propose a solution for strengthening the present model.

Many process-aware organizations need to monitor the execution of their Business Processes (BP). Changes in BP execution can be reported as events while real-time detection of event patterns from such events can help the monitoring of model-execution conformance or business activities. Complex Event Processing (CEP) techniques can detect event patterns that are specified as CEP rules. Given the high rate of events and numerous number of complex rules, existing CEP-based solutions are not scalable. We present a novel scalable Event Driven Process Monitoring Mechanism (EDBPM) using distributed CEP. Events are partitioned by process instance identifier and the events of each partition is dispatched to a compute node. As such, the processing load of BP monitoring is distributed adaptively to compute nodes in a load balanced manner. Using a prototyped implementation of EDBPM we show that EDBPM scales well horizontally, i.e. increases in throughput are nearly linear when the number of compute nodes increases. Compared to CPU and memory balancing in a general purpose distributed CEP-based solution, EDBPM keeps the CPU load doubly balanced and does balance the memory too, which is lacking in similar solutions.

Crown gall is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of plants. Nowadays, special attention has been focused on the biological control of plant diseases as an alternative to chemical control. This study was conducted to better understanding the molecular mechanism of Surfactin on Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a prerequisite for the use of Bacillus as a biocontrol agent of this pathogen. In this study, Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum), IBRC-M10701 strains of A. tumefaciens, and pure commercial Surfactin (25 µm) were used. miRNAs and lox genes have an important effect in the auxin signalling pathway. Using Real-time PCR, the expression level of miR167 and lox gene measured 1, 3, and 6 days after inoculations in the interaction of A. tumifaciens IBRC-M10701 and Surfactin. The expression level of lox gene in Agrobacterium treatment showed 0.47, 22.9, and 61.8 increased. In Surfactin treatment it was 4.6, 3.6 and, 11.6 fold and in Surfactin-Agrobacterium treatment this amount was 4.2, 38.8, and 20.3 fold. In addition, the expression level of nta-miRNA167 in Agrobacterium treatment indicated an increase of 3.4 and 214.4 fold (in the first and third day after inoculation), then decreased to 2.5 fold (in the sixth day), in treatment with Surfactin the amount of expression level was detected as 3.2, 13.2 and 4.5 fold and in Surfactin-Agrobacterium treatment this amount was 1.6, 2.2 and 9.6 fold compared with the control. All of the results indicated the positive effect of Surfactin in suppression the strain IBRC-M10701 of Agrobacterium. The results indicated the key role of Surfactin in biocontrol which reflected the possible use of Bacillus strains producing Surfactin in biological control.

Some issues are of great importance and noticeable in the realm of criminal liability of the legal entities. First, based on which method or methods the responsibility can be attributed to one who lacks the body and spirit? Second, which range of crimes can they commit? For example, are they eligible for crimes such as murder? Third, due to the specific nature of the legal entities and with respect to the objectives of the criminal law, especially consequentialism, what kind of sanctions can be applied to enforce them in a timely manner? Fourth, will the defense of due diligence by the legal entities in the prevention of the crime taken by the members suffice them to avoid from criminal responsibility? This article would compare criminal justice system in Scotland as a pioneer in the adoption of the criminal liability of the legal persons, under the influence of the criminal justice system of England, and the Iranian criminal justice system as a system, which adopted this liability later; and would answer to this kind of questions. Finally, after revealing the Iranian criminal justice system's shortcomings in this regard, solutions would be suggested to resolve them.

Increasing electric vehicles usage, as a promising solution for environmental issues, might have unexpected implications, since it entails some changes in different sectors and scales in energy system. In this respect, this research aims at investigating the long-term impacts of electric vehicles deployment on Iran's energy system. Accordingly, Iran's energy system was analyzed by LEAP model in demand, supply, and transmission sides for all fuels and two different scenarios. Existing policies with limited optimistic assumptions was investigated as "reference" scenario. Alternatively, the other scenario, "electric cars" scenario, is gradually for substitution of electric vehicles for 15% gasoline cars until 2030 and renewable energy sources have more contribution in electricity production. Finally, carbon dioxide emission was predicted and compared in both scenarios for 25 years later. Results indicate that with "electric cars" scenario at 2030, Iran would have by 9.2 % and 1.9% less Carbon Dioxide emissions in comparison to the "reference" scenario in the transportation sector and total system, respectively.

Marine organisms produce a variety of compounds with pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. This study attempt to find cytotoxicity of hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), and butanol (BUTOH) partitions of Sargassum angustifolium.

S. angustifolium was collected from Bushehr, a Southwest coastline of Persian Gulf. The plant was extracted by maceration with methanol‑ethyl acetate. The extract was evaporated under vacuum and partitioned by Kupchan method to yield HEX, DCM, and BUTOH partitions. The cytotoxic activity of the extract (150, 450, and 900 μg/ml) was investigated against MCF‑7 (breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cell lines by mitochondrial tetrazolium test assay after 72 h.

The cell survivals of HeLa and MCF‑7 cell were decreased by increasing the concentration of extracts from 150 μg/ml to 900 μg/ml. The median growth inhibitory concentration value of HEX partition was 71 and 77 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF‑7, dichloromethane partition was 36 and 88 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF‑7, respectively. BUTOH partition was 25 μg/ml against MCF‑7.

This study reveals that different partitions of S. angustifolium have cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.

Lignans are a large group of important phenolic compounds and synthesized by many plants such as Linaceae family. In this research, the effects of different concentrations of mycelium extract and culture medium of Piriformospora indica on the levels of phenolic compounds in L. album hairy roots were investigated. The amount of lariciresinol, pinoresinol, podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin were also analyzed by HPLC. To study the fungal elicitors’ mechanism of action, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity was investigated. Results showed that maximum amounts of podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin were at 1 % (v/v) of fungal medium, 248.9 µg/g and 59.59 mg/g DW, respectively and the highest amounts of lariciresinol and pinoresinol respectively were seen at 1 and 0.5 % (v/v) of mycelium extract, 144.68 and 72.68 µg/g DW. Maximum amounts of total phenol, flavonoid and lignin were analyzed at 5 % (v/v) and flavonol at 1 % (v/v) fungal culture treatments which were 3.3, 4.6, 1.6 and 2.1 -fold greater than those of control. The activity of PAL enzyme was induced by mycelium extract and fungal medium, reaching a peak at 1 % and 5 % (v/v), respectively. Consider to these results, fungal culture medium was more effective than mycelium extract for stimulation of phenolic compound production.

In recent years, microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide. Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. Sea cucumbers are one of the major echinoderms from the class Holothuroidea that ingest plasticizers in their mouth and filter the water. Regarding the recent interests on probable pollution of medicinal plants and other natural medicines, like marine organisms to phthalates, in this study a phthalate ester was isolated from Holothuria atra of Persian coasts for the first time. The structure of the compound was elucidated using spectroscopic data (IR, NMR and MS) and the compound was used as a standard for quantification of microplastic in H. atra, a marker of pollutant in the Persian Gulf. Quantification was done by high performance thin layer chromatography and the amount of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) was 0.15 ± 0.08 mg/g.