mohsen yaghoubi

Lipid profile changes and increased vascular resistance are among the most important cardiovascular risk factors in old age. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on the lipid profile and plasma levels of endothelin 1 in elderly men with prehypertension.

34 elderly men with prehypertension were randomly divided into two equal groups of exercise in water and control (N=17). Before and after the intervention, blood sampling was done to measure lipid indices and plasma levels of endothelin 1. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, as well as the correlated t-test and the independent t-test respectively was used to check intragroup changes and intergroup differences at a significance level of less than 0.05.

In the training group, fat percentage (P=0.03), weight (P=0.01), body mass index (P=0.01), blood pressure (P=0.001), TG (P=0.00), cholesterol (01 (P=0.02), LDL (P=0.02) and plasma levels of endothelin 1 (P=0.002) had a significant decrease compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed in the HDL index of the two groups.

Water exercise, while improving lipid indices, led to a decrease in endothelin-1 levels. It seems that according to the physical conditions of the elderly, performing aerobic exercises in water as a substitute for exercises on land has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk indicators of the elderly with high blood pressure; Based on this, experts in the field of sports should pay special attention to this type of exercises in designing sports exercises for the elderly.

It seems that during resistance exercises, the release of some growth factors has different effects on the activation of satellite cells (SCs) and myogenic regulatory factors as well as the development of strength and muscle mass. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of FGF6 and MyoD and its relationship with muscle strength in middle-aged men and women. In this semi-experimental study, 40 randomly selected middle-aged men and women from Arak city (age: 38.27±6.03 years, weight: 77.12±11.28 kg, height: 174.05±7.24 cm) were chosen. They were placed in two experimental groups (n: 30) and control (n: 10). The training program included 12 weeks of resistance training in 3 sessions per week with an intensity of 65-80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Then, 48 hours before and after the intervention, the serum concentration of FGF-6 and MyoD was measured by the ELISA method, and after checking the normality of the data, t-test and independent t-test were used to check intra-group and inter-group changes, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationship between variables at a significance level of p<0.05. Resistance training increased mean maximal strength (P=0.008), serum FGF6 concentration (P=0.002), serum MyoD concentration (P=0.001) and also decreased fat percentage (P=0.021) of the subjects. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between the mean maximum strength (1RM) and the serum concentration of FGF6 (r=0.624 and P=0.001) and MYoD (r=0.434 and P=0.001) of the training group. Considering the importance of resistance training in the elderly and the relationship between the plasma levels of FGF6 and MYoD with strength development, it is suggested that sports experts pay special attention to the necessity of resistance training in the design of various sports exercises.

Nurses who are at the forefront of the health system and have one of the most challenging jobs, experience high levels of risk and emotional conflict due to the fact that they often face stressful situations, which more likely reduce their job satisfaction and organizational commitment that eventually leads to quit their jobs. The purpose of the current research was to provide a comprehensive and clear overview of psychological contract research and finally recommended research directions for future researchers to fill research gaps. Psychological contract is defined as the employees' beliefs and perceptions about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between them and the organization. Psychological contract is important in labor relations and is shaped based on the attitudes and behaviors of the various parties to the contract.

A systematic search was conducted in international and domestic databases in Azar 1400. Following the protocols of the proposed tools for systematic review and inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 22 articles were selected for analysis.

Total of 22 articles were identified from 1999 to 2021, of which 14 were conducted in the last seven years. The number of samples varied from 10 nurses for interviews to 1039 nurses through online questionnaires. All records were cross-sectional of which 16 were quantitative, 5 were qualitative and one used combined method. Nurses' psychological contracts were divided into three general themes. The first theme focused on the process of formation and development of psychological contract. The second theme focused on identifying the content and nature of these contracts. The third theme focused on the process of fulfilling and breach of the psychological contract. The results showed that despite the growing interest and effort of published research on nurses and psychological contracts, and despite recognizing that the concept of psychological contracts is a valuable theoretical framework to understand nurses' experiences and how to better manage hospitals, yet there is a lot of information about nurses' psychological contracts that future papers should study.

Moreover, as cross-sectional approach was the only used method so far, it is suggested to do longitudinal designs in future studies. In a cross-sectional study, it cannot be said with certainty that the effective factors unilaterally affect the fulfillment or breach and there is no inverse relationship. In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the process of formation, development, content, fulfillment and breach of nurses' psychological contracts can be noted in future studies.

Different sport exercises may have different effects on the control and treatment of diabetes. The aim of this review was to analyze the recent studies related to the effect of different sports activities on the indicators related to type 2 diabetes.

Persian and Latin databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Magiran and SID were searched using the keywords, including exercise training, resistance training, high-intensity interval training, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, HbA1c, aerobic training and combined training to retrieve published papers during 2010-2022.

In total, out of 140 papers in the initial screening, 35 papers were finally reviewed. Aerobic exercises and especially high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have faster effects in the process of controlling and reducing blood sugar in patients, however, the positive effects of resistance exercises remain for a longer period.

The beneficial effects of various types of sport exercises in controlling the glycemic indices of patients with type 2 diabetes have been proven. However, the present study showed that the beneficial effects of resistance exercises compared to endurance exercises can last for a longer period. Thus, it is suggested that sport medicine experts should pay attention to the importance of the type and form of sport exercises when presenting exercise programs to patients.

In order to face external pressures and sanctions, resistance economy was introduced as an effective strategy by the leader of the revolution as an approach that can guarantee the consistency and strength of the internal structure of the country. In the current research, in the framework of the principles and foundations of resistance economy, it was tried to extract and explain the components of resistant people based on the leader`s sayings. With regard to the goal, the research method is qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The results show that, based on the statements of the leadership, for stability and resistance for establishing the principles of resistance economy, the model of a resistant man consists of four main categories and eight sub-categories, including belief (piety and trust), cognitive (insight and independent identity), psychological (self-confidence and hope for the future) and behavioral (avoidance of extravagance, persistence). Strengthening these categories in the individual layers of society can help to institutionalize the components of resistance economy.

Psychological contracts are defined as employees' beliefs and perceptions of implicit and explicit obligations in working relationships with the organization. The aim of this study was to discover the content of psychological contracts of public hospital nurses.

A qualitative study is needed to properly understand the content of nurses' psychological contracts. The required data were collected from semi-structured interviews and with emphasis on the lived experience of nurses in public hospitals. In this regard, participants were selected using purposive sampling method and snowball technique and 19 interviews were conducted to ensure theoretical saturation.

Findings showed that psychological contracts in nurses included 3 main themes (transaction-based, relation-based and value-based) and 14 sub-themes. Transaction-based contracts included five sub-themes: good work climate, fair payment, non-work problems, workplace safety, and a peaceful environment. Relation-based contracts included five sub-themes: decision-making permission, superior support, job challenge, promotion opportunity, and job security. Value-based contracts included four sub-themes: fulfillment of individual values, fulfillment of collective values, fulfillment of educational values and fulfillment of moral values.

Conclusion:

 Findings showed that psychological contract of nurses with two themes (transactional and relational) is not comprehensive and nurses had very important values ​​beyond personal and organization interests, which were related to the nature of the nursing profession, and these values are reflected in the value-based psychological contract. As a result, in order to increase organizational commitment and job satisfaction and reduce nurses' turnover, it is necessary to pay attention to the content of all three types of psychological contract.

Psychological contract plays a pivotal role in defining employee-organization relationships. Given the complex concept of psychological contracts, and the existence of scattered and diverse information on how to form and develop, and identify the contents of nurses 'psychological contracts in previous research, in this study, the concept of nurses' psychological contract is systematically reviewed and research gaps are identified. To further clarify the concept of psychological contracts research recommendations will be presented to future researchers.

This systematic review conducted from January 6th to January 22, 2022, by searching the keywords separately in the abstract, keywords and titles of the articles in the valid domestic and international databases. Using the proposed case protocols for systematic and meta-analytic review studies, 3124 studies were initially reviewed, which at the end, according to the entry and exit criteria of cross-sectional evaluation tool, 9 papers were entered into the qualitative analysis process.

Various factors such as mutual obligations of employer and nurses, providing support and supportive obligations of employer, type of corporate social responsibility, perceived organizational support, job demands and job resources, methods of attracting nurses (permanent vs temporary contract) and nurses 'expectations play a role in the formation and development of nurses' psychological contracts. Nurses create psychological contracts with their organization through transactional, relational, and ideological types. Various forces, including patients, managers, peers, and colleagues, are involved in creating and shaping psychological contract contents.

Most of the information so far is about the process of formation and development, and the content of transactional and relational psychological contract. Information about the ideological contracts of nurses is very limited and the role of various factors in the process of formation and development of these contracts is unclear. It is also recommended future studies consider the role of time concerning the form and development of various psychological contract contents.

Old age is always associated with inactivity, obesity and many physical, mental and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water on body composition and quality of life of overweight elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 34 elderly (mean age: 66±4 years old) and overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2) men were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups of water training (n=17) and control (n=17).  The exercise program included aerobic exercise in water with an intensity of 45 to 65% of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. At the beginning and end of the training period, body composition indicators, as well as the quality of life of the elderly, were evaluated according to the questionnaire of The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)

Exercise in water significantly reduced fat percentage (P£0.03), weight (P£0.01), body mass index (P£0.01) and waist to hip ratio (P£0.001) in overweight elderly men. These exercises also significantly increased the quality of life (P£0.01). In addition to the overall quality of life score, its sub-components including physical health (P£0.05), mental health (P£0.03), social relations (P£0.00) and environmental health (P£0.01) were also improved.

8 weeks of aerobic exercise in water can improve anthropometric parameters, increase quality of life and physical health in overweight elderly men. Therefore, these exercises can be recommended by sports and health experts to these people.

The COVID-19 outbreak and stay-at-home orders can cause many physical and psychological problems in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise at home on various aspects of quality of life, blood pressure and abdominal obesity indicators in older men during the COVID-19 quarantine.

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 men (65.20±5.35 years) were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental (n= 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The experimental group performed resistance training for 8 weeks (two sessions per week). At the beginning and end of the training period, abdominal obesity, blood pressure and quality of life of the elderly were assessed and measured according to a questionnaire of the World Health Organization. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, as well as independent t-test and paired t-test were applied to analyze the data between groups and within groups at a significance level of P<0.05.

Eight-week resistance training at home significantly increased the quality of life, and its components including physical health, mental health, social relationships and environmental health (P≤0.05). Abdominal obesity indices such as waist circumference, waist to height ratio and fat percentage also decreased significantly (P≤0.05).

According to the results of the present study, this type of exercise can be suggested to sports specialists and trainers as a suitable training method for the health of the elderly during quarantine.

Fall of Sasanian Empire, in addition to political results, had also extensive social, economic and cultural results that influenced Zoroastrian society in the first Islamic centuries. Many reflections of these changes would be studied in post-Sasanian texts which instruct different teachings in order to maintain solidarity and inner unity from pathological viewpoint. Many of teachings were influenced by apocalyptic texts that were the focus of attention. Assuming that apocalyptic Zoroastrian contents, had different teachings in religious, political, social, cultural and economic fields in the first Islamic centuries, this paper aims to study the contents in post-Sasanian texts and apocalyptic attitudes of Zoroastrian religion in different fields with descriptive-analytical method.

The purpose of this research is to provide a basic model for a Talent Management System (TMS). In the present study, by conducting a systematic review and critisizing talent management models, it is tried to provide a fundamental theoretical model that be suitable for all organizations with any structure. The findings of the research showed that TMS should include at least three key items of attraction & selection, training & development and retaining.

Talented employees are key sources of success and the power of competitive advantage in any organization. Therefore, many organizations are focused on hiring, developing and retaining them. Retention and managing the talents help companies succeed and play a key role in retaining market leadership and development. In recent years, various models of talent management have been presented, most of which, show merely an ideal talent management condition regardless of the actual circumstances of the organization. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop a comprehensive conceptual model and do an overview of existing talent management research.  Therefore, a comprehensive and extensive literature review of talent management is developed.  Moreover, there is no consensus among academics on definition of talent and talent management. According to the literature review, we define talent as follows: “A person with specific abilities (knowledge, skills, experience) who is committed to his or her job and helps the organization achieve its goals.” Talent management is “identifying key posts and analyzing the talent gap to meet the shortage of labor market demand and then the process of recruiting and selecting, training and developing, and retaining current and future employees”.

In this research, a systematic review is done and models of talent management are studied and a fundamental theoretical pattern for organizations with any type of structure is presented. For this purpose, to identify and extract papers, systematic review was limited to two databases, including Scopus and The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Both databases have reliable sources and are used in a large number of studies. Then, through a systematic review, studies that focused on the design of a talent management model (2006–2018) and had a non-empirical or semi-empirical nature were extracted and reviewed. Therefore, theses, editor's notes, book chapters and books were not included in this review. Due to a common process, conference papers were also ignored. In this research, the term "talent management" was used for systematic review. In total, the articles related to the study of talent management design consisted of 37 articles, 31 of which were removed due to overlap (similar items), finally the talent management model based on 6 articles, all of which were published in the most prestigious international journals, were selected.

According to the research findings, each of the talent management models had a number of shortcomings, including not mentioning some dimensions and components of talent management (i.e. recruitment and selection, training and development, maintenance, evaluation, gap analysis and where do the organizations select the talents they needed) in some of the models. Moreover, in some papers, they focused on talented people and ignored other employees. Based on the research findings, the organization's sensitive positions must firstly be identified and qualifications be matched to these positions. Then, it is suggested to evaluate the talents inside the organization and outside the organization and provide a pool of the talents needed by organization. After the talent pool is formed, the organization will provide the right people with the key posts from the talent pool. Likewise, in designing a talent management systems’ map for the organization, all three key components of talent management model (i.e. recruitment and selection, training and development, and retention) should be considered and emphasized in HR planning. Finally, it is suggested to organizations in different industries to focus their attention on providing the conditions and improving these components.

The purpose of the present study was to design a talent management system model in Gas Company of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was selected as the research method. The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of managers and supervisors and the research data was gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 individuals. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory method and 185 primitive codes, 53 concepts and 18 categories were extracted. The statistical population in the quantitative section consisted of all employees and sampling method was stratification. According to the variance as the dispersion criterion, the sample size estimated 209. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by partial least squares method. The results showed that the final template has the necessary validity. This template provides an appropriate framework for moving to the ideal state of talent management.

 
Talent management can be described as the process through which organizations anticipate their talents needs and is the critical factor in the success of organizations, as well as one of the most important and challenging challenges of human capital in the 21st century which has a growing trend. Despite many studies of talent management in recent years, existing knowledge about this concept is limited in countries with developing economies. On the other hand, most articles in this field are conceptual and few empirical studies have been done. As a result, investigating talent management using an empirical approach, in a private context (Khash Cement Company), is important that the present study addresses.
One of the ways organizations use to maintain talents is the creation of cohesion and communication between the workforce in the organization, which in the field of management and social science is called social capital. In the absence of social capital, other assets of the organization, including human capital, loses its effectiveness and rushes through the paths of cultural and economic development, ruggedness and difficulty.
In this research, the role of social capital in improving talent management is experimentally investigated.
Theoretical framework
Social capital values people's relationships and often this logical relationship is lost in HR management. It is expected that social relationships will enhance identity and cognition, and network structures will facilitate the talent management process in the organization. Considering the existing models related to talent management, in this research, the following dimensions are considered as components of talent management (Ahmadi et al., 2012): Recruitment, The system of evaluation and discovery of talents, Development and improvement, Retention. Moreover, social capital consisted three dimensions named: relational, cognitive, and structural (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998) The research method is applied and the technique of data analysis is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Khash Cement Factory, which was 274 people. According to Morgan table, 160 people were selected by simple random sampling.
Data Analysis and In this research, the second-generation method of structural equation modeling (e.g. partial least squares method (PLS)) is used.
Fittness of measurement model
Fit the model is examining the difference between the proposed model and the actual model. In order to measure the fittness of the model, factor loadings of the measurement model were first calculated and all were more than 0.5 that are suitable.
1) Cronbach's alpha and Combined Reliability
The PLS method uses a more modern benchmark than alpha, known as Combined Reliability (CR). The values for both criteria in this study was higher than 0.7, which indicates that the model is reliable.
2) Convergent Validity
The second criterion is fitness of measurement model. This criterion (AVE) represents the average of the variance shared between each structure with its own indices, and the greater the correlation, the greater is the fitness. The mean value of the extracted variance (AVE) is always greater than 0.5 and the combined value of the combined reliability (CR) is greater than AVE, so convergent validity is also confirmed.
3) Divergent Validity
The third measurement criterion of fitting of the measurement model is discriminant validity. It uses correlation matrix (Fornell-Larcker). This matrix is the ratio of a structure to its indexes in comparison of its structure with other structures. This matrix has acceptable divergent validity if the numbers in the original diameter are greater than the values below its original diameter. The results of this matrix confirmed the suitable divergent validity.
Fittness of the structural model
1)Z significant coefficients (t-values)
The first criterion for measuring the relationship between structures is in the significant t-values. Significant coefficients indicate whether the research hypotheses are meaningful or not? Path coefficients of the variables are outside the absolute magnitude range of 1.96, so at the level of 95% confidence, the relationships between the variables is significant and research hypotheses are confirmed.
2)R2 criterion
A measure used to connect the measurement part and the structural part of the structural equation modeling and indicates the effect that an exogenous variable has on an intrinsic variable. Except two dimensions (evaluation and absorption), R2 values were above 0.67 that are considered strong.
3)Q2 criterion
This criterion, determines the predictive power of the model in the model's intrinsic structures. The values of this criterion for most variables are higher than 0.35 and represent the strong predictive power of the model.
Overall Model fit (The goodness of Fit (GOF))
In Partial Least Squares, this criterion is the most important index of model fit, and by this criterion, the fit of the general model of structural equations is controlled.
The results show that the value of this criterion is higher than 0.36 which indicates the overall and robust fit of the model (the success of the model tested in the prediction of latent variables).
Testing research hypotheses
After reviewing the fitting of the structural and overall measurement model, the researcher is allowed to test the hypotheses and report the research findings.
Discussion and The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social capital in talent management systems in Khash Cement Company. The role of social capital as a influential factor for describing the relative success of the companies is confirmed by a large number of scientists. The results of this research also show that the improvement of social capital in the organization influences the development of talent management process. The existence of social capital in an organization and the effective interaction among individuals will improve talent management (attraction, assessment and discovery of talent, development, training, and retention).
However, to generalize the results of talent management studies from one country or context to another, it is necessary to pay attention to conditions such as economical and social circumstances

Escherichia coli is the main cause of urinary tract infection regardless of age. If it harbors shiga toxin, hemolytic uremic syndrome may occur. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and prevalence of Shiga Toxin producing E. coli (STEC), as a cause of urinary tract infection in Iran.
Major medical search engines, Iranian scientific search engines, and Iranian databases for thesis were searched for relevant English or Persian keywords for urinary tract infection, shiga-toxin Escherichia coli, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Iran, which were published between 1985 and 2017. The study was followed by the PRISMA statement. Point prevalence and proportion were calculated by random effect and I2 for heterogeneity and expressed as 95% confidence intervals. MedCalc version 15 and SPSS IBM were used for statistical analysis.
A total of six articles with 1,111 positive E. coli urine cultures met all the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the final analysis. All studies had a cross-sectional design. The qualities of two studies were poor with low to moderate risk of bias. Considering 32 samples reported as positive for STEC, the pooled prevalence for E. coli associated UTI was 3.46% (95% CI, 0.89 to 7.65, I2 = 86%). The study was heterogeneous for publication bias.
This review indicated that STEC constituted some percentage of uropathogenic E. coli that required to be considered during culture processing and longer clinical follow up of the patients for the occurrence of STEC-related morbidity.

Varicella zoster virus is the etiologic agent of primary varicella (chickenpox) during childhood, and varicella vaccination has not been introduced in Iran. The aim of this study is to estimate cost‑effectiveness of one‑ and two‑dose Varicella Vaccination Program in Iran.
A decision‑tree model was conducted to evaluate the cost‑effectiveness of the Varicella Vaccination Program in a cohort of 12 months children in Iran. Epidemiologic parameters of varicella were extracted from local and international sources, and cost of disease was estimated based on societal prospective in 2015 US$. Incremental cost per disability‑adjusted life years (DALY) averted calculated as fnal outcome. Sensitivity analysis was also performed for lower and upper estimate of incidence, DALY, and vaccine effcacy.
Considering the vaccine effcacy of 95%, for the two‑dose and 85% for the one‑dose vaccination, incremental cost‑effectiveness ratio (ICER) per DALYs averted were US$41,531 and US$17,280, respectively. ICER has changed between (US$ 6,177–US$167,047) in lower and upper base estimate of epidemiological burden parameters in sensitivity analysis.
Varicella vaccination is not cost‑effective in Iran in one‑dose and two‑dose scenario under the assumptions of this study in base case scenario according to the threshold of incremental cost per DALY averted less than three time of GDP per capita in Iran = US$ 14,292. One‑dose vaccination program might be cost‑effective in upper scenario of epidemiological burden of varicella in sensitivity analysis.

Supply of manpower is one of the main tasks of human resource management in each organization and other management tasks will be done correctly when the competent manpower exist. Due to the importance of manpower in organizations, the main purpose of this study is to identify the bases for attraction of manpower in the Medical Science University of Birjand city.
Introduction Universities, as the main centers of knowledge production, research and science, are important in every community and play a significant role in the development of each region. Accordingly, they require planning for the recruitment of specialized workforce. Therefore, identifying the factors that encourage knowledge workers to join the organizations is crucial. There is only a handful of studies that focused to this issue specially in Iran and this study is first to investigate it on a university context.
Case study The population of this study is employees of Medical Science University of Birjand City
Materials and Methods Using judgmental sampling, 143 of employees of Medical Science University of Birjand City were selected as sample of study. The is an applied study that used descriptive - survey method. In order to evaluate the variables on the attraction system of manpower one-sample t-test was used.
Discussion and Results The results show, organizational climate, job characteristics, work conditions and environment, have the most favorable status than other variables, and salary and benefits, social responsibility have the least favorable status. The results of this study is in consistent with the findings of other studies (e.g. Uggerslev, et al., 2012; Chapman, & Mayers, 2015; Collins, & Stevens, 2001).
Conclusion According to the results of study, it is recommended to senior managers to consider salary and benefits, social responsibility in decision making and determination of manpower recruitment strategies in Birjand University of Medical Sciences more than other variables. Moreover, to generalize the finding of this paper, future studies can use other population such as unemployed people or senior students that plan to join to labor market soon.

Innovation plays an important role in the economic development of individuals, organizations and societies and those who do not keep pace with the rapid changes would probably fail to prosper (Liao, Fei & Liu, 2008: 185). Knowledge sharing is one of the most important factors that leads to innovation. When employees share their knowledge with coworkers, learning opportunities’ possibility increases (Zhou & Li, 2012: 1904). Organizational learning capability is recognized as another important influential factor in organizational innovation (Sheng & Chien, 2016: 2302) and have a significant part in improving organizational performance (Chung, Yang & Huang, 2015, 1217). This study investigates the mediating role of organizational learning capability between knowledge sharing and organizational innovation capability.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury in infants and children. The majority of HUS in children is secondary to Shiga toxin induced Escherichia Coli (STEC). Many countries have a strategy to identify the source of infection and annually estimate the rate of this infection but there is no prevention strategy to identify this infection in Iran.
The aim of this study is to find the percentage of STEC identified in various samples, in addition to find the outcome of STEC infected patients in Iran.
We will search PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Google, OVID, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences, IranMedex, MagIran, and SID, dociran, PDFiran, ganj.irandoc, and all online university database for thesis, and abstract books of regional or international congresses between January 1985 and January 2016.
One author will do the search screen for potentially eligible studies and two authors independently assess whether the studies meet the inclusion criteria. Discrepancies between the two authors will be resolved through discussion and arbitration by a third author. Data from the selected studies shall be extracted using a data collection form. The methodological quality of studies will be assessed using the STORBE checklist and risk of bias assessment tool developed by Hoy et al for assessing risk of bias for epidemiological studies. We will use random effects models to assess inter-study heterogeneity. Dichotomous data will be analyzed using relative risk and continuous will be assessed with data mean differences, both with 95% CIs.

Recent studies indicate an increased incidence of pertussis disease in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the acellular vaccine for children (as a replacement of current whole cell vaccine in the Expanded Program on Immunization) and for high-risk adults in Iran through updating current best available evidence.
We performed a systematic literature review in relevant databases we focused on previously published systematic reviews to select those that address our questions. The AMSTAR (assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews) tool was used for screening available reviews. Then search in databases was done until Feb 2014 to update the evidence. We pooled results using meta-analysis methods by Stata statistical package.
Eleven systematic review articles were included in the initial evaluation. In the end, two systematic reviews on acellular vaccine booster doses and the acellular vaccine in children were selected as the baseline evidence. In the update phase, new clinical trials were screened, and the results were updated. Overall pooled estimate of relative efficacy of acellular to whole cell was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.55–0.81) for children immunization Pooled estimates for the efficacy of acellular versus placebo were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.60–0.80). Overall pooled estimate of efficacy of booster dose of acellular was 0.87(95% CI, 0.85–0.88) compared to placebo. In addition pooled estimate of acellular vaccine efficacy based on response to antigen was 0.78(95% CI, 0.64–0.93) in high-risk group.
The results show higher performance and safety of the acellular vaccine in the prevention of pertussis in children versus the whole cell vaccine. Moreover, the efficacy of the acellular vaccine in high-risk adult groups is acceptable. This study provides evidence in favor of the introduction of an acellular vaccine to the national program of immunization. Studies on cost effectiveness and aspects of policy analysis are recommended.

The burden of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases is increasing in Iran, and prevention and treatment strategies are needed to address this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome, cost, safety and cost-consequence of non-invasive weight loss interventions in Iran.
We performed a systematic review to compare non-invasive interventions (cryolipolysis and radiofrequency/ ultrasonic cavitation) with semi-invasive (lipolysis) and invasive (liposuction). A sensitive electronic searching was done to find available interventional studies. Reduction of abdomen circumference (cm), reduction in fat layer thickness (%) and weight reduction (kg) were outcomes of efficacy. Meta-analysis with random models was used for pooling efficacy estimates among studies with the same follow-up duration. Average cost per intervention was estimated based on the capital, maintenance, staff, consumable and purchase costs.
Of 3,111 studies identified in our reviews, 13 studies assessed lipolysis, 10 cryolipolysis and 8 considered radiofrequency. Nine studies with the same follow-up duration in three different outcome group were included in meta-analysis. Radiofrequency showed an overall pooled estimate of 2.7 cm (95% CI; 2.3-3.1) of mean reduction in circumference of abdomen after intervention. Pooled estimate of reduction in fat layer thickness was 78% (95% CI; 73%-83%) after Lipolysis and a pooled estimate of weight loss was 3.01 kg (95% CI; 2.3-3.6) after lipousuction. The cost analysis revealed no significant differences between the costs of these interventions.
The present study showed that non-invasive interventions appear to have better clinical efficacy, specifically in the body shape measurement, and less cost compared to invasive intervention (liposuction).

The present study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Dynamic Interspinous Spacer (Coflex®) and Static Spacer (X-STOP ®) compared to Laminectomy (LAMI) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.
A decision-analysis model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness. The effectiveness parameters were obtained from a systematic literature review in relevant databases including PUBMED and EMBASE. A meta-analysis was performed using the STATA statistical package and a random model was used to collect measures of mean difference of visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score before and after intervention in X-stop, Coflex and LAMI (95% confidence intervals). Cost data were obtained from provider and associated literature based on health care provider prospective. We assumed that the probability of the success rate of surgery in each intervention from associated literature and calculated Incremental cost effectiveness ratio. A one-way sensitivity analysis was also carried out.
Twenty-four out of 294 studies are included in the Meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate of the mean difference of VAS pain score were 3.49 (95% CI 3.7-4.2) and 4.14 (95% CI 3.09-5.19) for X-stop and Coflex, respectively. In addition, we assumed the overall pooled estimate of 5.3 (95% CI 2.15-7.4) on the basis of literature for LAMI. The average cost per LAMI surgery, X-stop and Coflex was US$ 3019, US$ 2022 and US$ 2566, respectively. Incremental cost effectiveness ratio of X-stop and Coflex versus LAMI was US$ 665.9 and US$ 780.7, respectively.
Static Interspinous Spacer (X-stop) appears to be the most cost-effective treatment strategy in base case scenario with success rate of LAMI (range between (55%-70%). A sensitivity analysis shows that the increase probability of success rate of LAMI was more than 70 % and less than 55% which lead to the cost effectiveness of the Coflex intervention.

The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of confocal scan laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II) and compare it with scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) for diagnosing glaucoma. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed at two eye hospitals in Iran. The outcome was measured as the proportion of correctly diagnosed patients based on systematic review and Meta analysis. Costs were estimated at two hospitals that used the HRT II (Noor Hospital) and current diagnostic testing technology GDx (Farabi Hospital) from the perspective of the healthcare provider. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated on the base scenario. Annual average costs were estimated as 12.70 USD and 13.59 USD per HRT II and GDx test in 2012, respectively. It was assumed that 80% of the maximum feasible annual tests in a work shift would be performed using HRT II and GDx and that the glaucoma-positive (Gl+) proportion would be 56% in the referred eyes; the estimated diagnostic accuracies were 0.753 and 0.737 for GDx and HRT II, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated at USD44.18 per additional test accuracy. In a base sensitivity sampling analysis, we considered different proportions of Gl+ patients (30%–85%), one or two work shifts, and efficiency rate (60%–100%), and found that the ICER ranged from USD29.45to USD480.26, the lower and upper values in all scenarios. Based on ICER, HRT II as newer diagnostic technology is cost-effective according to the World Health Organization threshold of <1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Iran in 2012 (USD7228). Although GDx is more accurate and costly, the average cost-effectiveness ratio shows that HRT II provided diagnostic accuracy at a lower cost than GDx.

Rotavirus diarrhea is one of the most important causes of death among under-five children. Anti-rotavirus vaccination of these children may have a reducing effect on the disease. this study is intended to contribute to health policy-makers of the country about the optimal decision and policy development in this area, by performing cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis on anti-rotavirus vaccination for under-5 children. Patients and A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a decision tree model to analyze rotavirus vaccination, which was compared with no vaccination with Iran’s ministry of health perspective in a 5-year time horizon. Epidemiological data were collected from published and unpublished sources. Four different assumptions were considered to the extent of the disease episode. To analyze costs, the costs of implementing the vaccination program were calculated with 98% coverage and the cost of USD 7 per dose. Medical and social costs of the disease were evaluated by sampling patients with rotavirus diarrhea, and sensitivity analysis was also performed for different episode rates and vaccine price per dose. For the most optimistic assumption for the episode of illness (10.2 per year), the cost per DALY averted is 12,760 and 7,404 for RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccines, respectively, while assuming the episode of illness is 300%, they will be equal to 2,395 and 354, respectively, which will be highly cost-effective. Number of life-years gained is equal to 3,533 years. Assuming that the illness episodes are 100% and 300% for Rotarix and 300% for Rota Teq, the ratio of cost per DALY averted is highly cost-effective, based on the threshold of the world health organization (< 1 GDP per capita = 4526 USD). The implementation of a national rotavirus vaccination program is suggested.

This study used proficiency as an effective personal resource on work engagement according to the job demand-resource model of Bakker and Demerouti (2008). This was a descriptive and cross-sectional survey. The sample includes 395 employees from four public organizations selected randomly. Descriptive statistic was used to examine the demographic variables and Inferential statistical such as independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and standard regression was used for hypothesis testing and answering to the research question. The result of Pearson correlation showed a significant association between work engagement and proficiency. Following, to determine how much of the variance of work engagement score could be predicted by proficiency dimensions, standard regression was performed. The results showed that 49.4% of the variance of work engagement was predicted independently by organization member proficiency while team member proficiency and individual task proficiency could not predict work engagement.

Formoterol and salmeterol are two long-acting? 2-agonists given by inhalation, with bronchodilating eff ects lasting for at least 12 h after a single administration. Formoterol has a faster onset of action compared with salmeterol. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the data published from previous review in order to calculate pooled estimates of eff ectiveness and safety assessment of formoterol and salmeterol in treatment of patients with asthma. In this study, we conducted an electronic search for medical citation databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus,PsycInfo, and IranMedex. Besides manual search of the databases that record randomized clinical trials, conference proceedings,and journals related to asthma were included. Studies were evaluated by two independent people based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the common outcomes of studies were entered into the RevMan 5.0.1 software, after evaluation of studies and extraction of data from them; and in cases where there were homogeneous studies, meta-analysis was performed, and for heterogeneous studies,the results were reported qualitatively. Of the 1539 studies initially found, 13 were included in the study. According to the meta-analysis conducted, no signifi cant diff erence was found between the inhalation of formoterol 12? g and salmeterol 50? g in the two outcomes of mean forced expiratory volume 1 s (FEV1), 12 h after inhalation of medication and Borg score (A frequently used scale for quantifying breathlessness) after inhalation of medication. In addition, salmeterol was more eff ective than formoterol in the two outcomes of percent decrease in FEV1 after inhalation of methacholine and the number of days without an attack. Since the two outcomes of FEV1 30-60 min after inhalation of medication and morning peak expiratory flow after inhalation of medication were heterogeneous, they had no meta-analysis capabilities, and its results were reported qualitatively. The data from included studies shows that, more effi cacy has been achieved with Salmeterol, especially in some outcomes such as the percent decrease in FEV1 after inhalation of Methacholine, and the number of days without an attack; and therefore, the administration of Salmeterol seems to be benefi cial for patients, compared with Formoterol.