mojtaba babaei

Identification and detection of unexploded ordnance is of particular importance due to life and environmental problems, and due to the presence of many fragments left from the explosion of ordnance, their separation is very important. In this article, in order to separate the unexploded ordnance, spherical geometrical parameters are obtained in two conductive and non-conductive states by using electromagnetic induction data. Electromagnetic responses in the frequency domain and in the induction range, in two modes: the eddy current response caused by the stimulation of the conductive body by the magnetic field and the channel current response due to the disturbance created in the radiating electric field in terms of the sphere response, considering a quantity called the coefficient Polarization is considered and the objective function is determined with the obtained equations. To generate the data, the rotation of the coaxial transmitter and receiver coils, as well as the frequency change of the radiation fields, were used simultaneously to obtain the buried anomaly parameters. In this research, genetic algorithm method with Roulette cycle was used to estimate the parameters. In the genetic algorithm, each randomly generated response is called a chromosome, and a set of chromosomes is called a population. Chromosomes are composed of genes and their values are binary numbers. The value of each chromosome is measured by a function called fit, which measures the usefulness and appropriateness of the solution for the given problem. In this work, the induced voltage was obtained by simultaneously sweeping the frequency (between 18 and 20 kHz with 21 samples) and the angle of the turns with the horizon (between 0 and π in 61 samples) and a real response of 1281 points. In the genetic algorithm, the voltages induced in each response (chromosome) are compared with the voltages obtained in the actual response and the fitting function is defined by calculating the inverse of the mean square error. Chromosome has a better response that has a smaller mean squared error (the inverse of a larger mean squared error). With this process, half of the chromosomes are selected and used in the next generation. In the next generation, the selected chromosomes are combined with each other and produce new chromosomes called children. In one generation, a number of chromosomes undergo mutations in their genes, in which each chromosome has up to 3 It will have random mutations in its genes. The chromosome that is maintained in the population for the next generation is selected by Darwin's law of evolution. A chromosome with a higher fitness value has a higher probability of being selected again in the next generation. After several generations, the chromosome value converges to a specific value that is the best solution for the problem. To validate the method, electromagnetic induction data with 5% noise was used. The obtained results show that the used method has an acceptable ability to estimate the parameters.

Identifying, detecting, classifying and separating unexploded ordnance (UXO) is one of the essential needs of countries and societies that have been involved in war. Marine mines submerged in seawater or buried in land are a common danger in many areas of the world. The majority of mines are composed of metal and explosive materials. There are many non-destructive schemes for detecting the location, orientation and depth of a metallic mine (modeled as a perfectly conducting sphere and spheroid). These methods of exploration of such materials, which are mainly based on geophysical methods, have a special importance and capability in terms of economy and safety. A major challenge of detecting a metallic object is to discriminate the object, such as an unexploded ordnance, from the noisy environment. It takes time and resources to identify the object, especially due to false signals from other metal objects and cultural features such as metal buildings, pipelines, and oil well casings. By measuring the secondary response of an electrically conductive object placed in a low frequency primary magnetic field, distinct spectral characteristics such as electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, object geometry, and size can be obtained. Being one of the frequency domain methods, the Electromagnetic Induction method (EMI) is an efficient geophysical method that is used to identify land mines and sea mines. This technique takes into account Eddy-Current Response (ECR) induced on the conducting marine mines as well as Current-Channeling Response (CCR) associated with the perturbation of currents induced in the conductive marine environment. In the processing of the data obtained from geophysical surveys, especially in the EMI, such anomalies are modeled with simple geometric objects such as spheres or spheroids. In the first step of data interpretation and to determine the dimensions of the model that indicates the type of mine or bomb and also to determine its location, it is necessary for the interpreter to have a clear view of how the electromagnetic induction response depends on the geometrical and physical parameters of such materials. For this purpose, in this article, the changes and behavior of the received electromagnetic induction response in the receiver coil are investigated according to the depth, dimension and orientation of the abnormality. The graphs obtained are examined and analyzed using the mentioned variables. While qualitatively determining the state of abnormality to a large extent, the obtained results can be useful in numerical methods of calculation of geometrical and physical quantities of anomalies.

In this article, a comprehensive two-stage framework for conducting competitive energy and ancillary services markets in transmission and distribution networks is presented. In the first and second stages of the proposed framework, energy and ancillary services markets are held, respectively. In the proposed framework, the suppliers of spinning reserve market capacities are conventional thermal units, while the suppliers of regulation market capacities are fast response generators, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and demand response aggregators. A linear AC power flow program is included in the proposed framework to verify the applicability of the simulation results in real operating conditions. The introduced framework is modeled as a linear optimization problem in which the objective function of each stage is solved separately. This framework is implemented on a test system that includes a 30-bus transmission network connected to four 8-bus distribution networks, and the CPLEX solver in GAMS software is used to simulate it. The simulation outputs clearly confirm that the participation of resources within the distribution networks in providing spinning reserve capacities significantly reduces the share of expensive thermal units in the market and thereby lowers the daily costs of the system. Moreover, the simulation outputs indicate that the participation of demand response aggregators, energy storage systems and electric vehicles in providing regulation market capacities, not only lowers the costs of this market but also significantly improves technical indicators such as voltage characteristics.

The impact of strategy and strategic considerations on the war, whether in decision to implement or not implement the war or how it is implemented, is undeniable. But the answer to the question of which aspects of law of war that is affected by these considerations and what is the effect on each of them. requires careful analysis of both fields of study. Therefore, all categories related to war, especially law of war, have been affected by strategic considerations. The law of war on its totality is shaped by considering these considerations as a principle - based law, trying to balance between the principle of military necessity and the principle of humanity that is why its rules are common and general. Such characteristics, affect the interpretation and implementation of law of war, especially its fundamental principles, more prone to the effect of such considerations. This article aims to identify these influences and reveal the ways and means of these influences on the mentioned principle. The findings of this research showed that although strategic considerations have had a significant impact on the basic principles and rules governing the laws of war; But in explaining the issues related to the law of war, it has been neglected and this issue has led to incorrect conclusions and interpretations of this set of laws.

Landmines buried in the sea or land threaten a large number of people around the world, and many people die as a result of these unexploded ordnance. Such ammunition needs to be identified by non-destructive methods. Numerous methods have been used to identify, discriminate and detect them. One of these methods in geophysics is electromagnetism in the time and also frequency domain, by which such anomalies are detected and their physical and geometric parameters are estimated. The electromagnetic induction method (EMI) is one of the frequency domain methods used for this purpose. This technique takes into account Eddy-Current Response (ECR) induced on the conducting marine mines as well as Current-Channeling Response (CCR) associated with the perturbation of currents induced in the conductive marine environment. Sea water is a good conducting medium in low-frequency range. Thus, displacement current can be neglected. The effect of noise due to the background medium can also be neglected. The sphere has often been used as a tractable model of a conducting anomaly in studying the response of electromagnetic induction (EMI) system. A large amount of unexploded ordnance is simulated in the simplest form with a sphere and a spheroid (for more accurate approximation).In this study, using the electromagnetic induction responses which are caused by eddy currents generated on the surface of the object and also the channel current in the host environment, the depth and radius of the buried object are obtained for four different modes of receiver and transmitter coil orientation. The transmitting and receiving coils can be approximated as magnetic dipoles. The incident fields emanating from the transmitting coil are uniform over the extent of the object. The object is considered as a perfect conductor compared to the host environment. To determine the depth and radius, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed. This technique is a global optimization method that can be used to solve problems whose answer is a point or surface in a multidimensional space. PSO is adjusted with random particles (models) and searches for targets by updating generations. The algorithm is implemented on the noise-free and noisy data respectively to evaluate the algorithm performance. The simulation results indicate that this method can be an effective way to estimate the depth and radius of the sphere. For noise-free data, the error is almost zero, and when noise is added to detect them, the depth of the anomaly and the radius are calculated with a perfectly acceptable error.

The impact of strategy and strategic considerations on the phenomenon of war, whether in deciding whether or not to wage war or how it is waged, is undeniable. But the answer to the question of which aspects of war law have been affected by these considerations, and what has been the impact on each of these aspects? The law of war as a whole is formed by considering these considerations as a set of principled rights, by trying to strike a balance between the principle of military necessity and the principle of humanity, and for this reason its rules are general and applicable. Such features make the interpretation and application of the law of war, especially its fundamental principles, more susceptible to the influence of such considerations. This article seeks to identify these effects, especially on the principle of military necessity, and to reveal the aspects and manner of these effects on the principle. The findings of this study showed that although strategic considerations have had a significant impact on the basic principles and rules governing the law of war, they have often been ignored by jurists and international judicial authorities in this field.

Due to the increase in the rate of addiction among women; and the importance of the role of parenting and managing for women at home, the importance of health is felt in this stratum by the community and one of the most affecting factors on health is regular exercise. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the 8-weeks combined exercise with methadone on liver enzymes (including: ALT, AST, ALP) in withdrawal addiction females. This semi-experimental study was done at Zahedan addiction Camp on 43 available addicted women divided two groups of methadone (N: 20) and methadone with exercise (N: 23), randomly by the same variables such as age, type and duration of drug withdrawal and body mass index. Levels of liver enzymes were assessed by blood sampling before and after 8-weeks. To compares the means between two groups on the same continuous, independent t-test and to compare two means were from same group (pre test vs. post test) paired t-test via SPSS software version 24 were used. Statistical significant level P was taken to be less than 0.05 (P<0.05). Results showed that the levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) in both groups decreased; which one except ALP in methadone with combined exercise group (T=-1.701, P=0.117) all of them were significant (P<0.05). Also, independent t-test showed no significant difference between post-test’s levels of AST, ALT, ALP enzymes between methods (P>0.05). This was a good pilot study upon which it might want to use a more robust study by the bigger sample size to detect more and various findings and from the new technological aspects it suggests that combination exercise (aerobic + strength training) could be a new useful way to use with consuming methadone at withdrawal addiction females probably, too.

The most important issue that occurs after a state change is through a process of disorderly progress towards stability and comprehensive development. Some lawyers in the field of international law have long believed that this is due to the implementation of mechanisms that are based on human dignity And ethics, and they call it the process of transitional justice. This process is a prerequisite for achieving lasting peace, providing justice and human dignity in countries that have witnessed massive crimes against humanity. But in terms of the concept of transitional justice and its implementation methods, due to the newness of this concept and the variety and sometimes the mechanism of conflict, there is no consensus among the experts in this field. The difference in view in many cases has led to a different implementation of the transitional justice process. In this article, various views of this area and its effects on the implementation of transitional justice are discussed.

A constrained nonlinear optimization method based on nonlinear programming techniques has been applied to map geometry of bedrock of sedimentary basins by inversion of gravity anomaly data. In the inversion, the applying model is a 2-D model that is composed of a set of juxtaposed prisms whose lower depths have been considered as unknown model parameters. The applied inversion method is a nonlinear one, which minimizes the objective functions by definition of different objective functions and an initial simple model to improve the initial model parameters. In this study, for different cases, sufficient objective functions are defined based on the condition which is encountered in the inverse problem. To control the under- determinacy part of the inverse problem and to prevent unreasonable instability in the resultant model, damping terms are added to the objective function. The act of synthetic inversion for different cases of parameterization has been examined and the results are analyzed. The results have almost depicted the recovery of the model and also fitting of the original and model response data. In addition, the method has been used to invert real gravity data in Aman Abad area. From the inversion results, depths of the basin, features like fractures and uplift in bedrock, along specific profiles have been determined. Thicker parts of sediments in the basin along the profiles have also been recognized, which have the potential for exploring drinking water in this area.

Enhancement on the edges of the causative source is a tool in the interpretation of potential field data. There are many methods for recognizing the edges, most of which involve high pass filters based on derivatives of potential field data. In this paper, a new edge detection method is introduce, called the enhanced mathematical morphology (EMM) filter for interpretation of field data. The EMM filter uses the ratio of the erosion of the total horizontal derivative to the dilation of the total horizontal derivative to recognize the edges of the sources, and can display the edges of the bodies simultaneously. Edge detection of the potential field data has been widely used as a significant tool for geophysical exploration technologies, which can delineate the horizontal locations of causative sources. Normally, various high-pass filters are used to recognize the edges of the potential field data (Evjen 1936; Fedi and Florio 2001; Verduzco et al. 2004; Cooper and Cowan 2006; Cooper and Cowan 2011; Ma and Li 2012; Ma 2013).
The EMM filter uses the ratio of the erosion of THD to the dilation of THD to recognize the edges of the source. Mathematical morphology was developed by Matheron and Serra in 1964 (SERRA, 1983); which is an image analysis and recognition tool. The structuring element (SE) is a basic operator in mathematical morphology, used to interact with an image and to draw conclusions about how a shape fits or misses the shapes in the image. SE consists of a matrix of 0s and 1s that can have any arbitrary shape and size. The basic operations of mathematical morphology are dilation and erosion. Dilation is defined as the maximum value in the window ascertained by the SE. Erosion is defined as the minimum value in the window ascertained by the SE. The EMM filter is expressed as (Lili et al., 2013):
where imerode (F,SE) and imdilate (F,SE) represent the erosion and dilation of the THD, respectively.
In this paper, a new relationship is presented for EMM filter that is tested on synthetic data with and without noise as well as the real potential field data in Qom salt dome. The EMM method successfully delineates the edges of the causative sources, which gives better resolution of the deeper source than other filters, and can display the edges of the bodies in a more centralized way. In this article, a new relationship is defined for the EMM filter as:
The EMM filter was used to recognize the edges of the sources. It can display the edges of the shallow and deep bodies simultaneously. The EMM filter does not require the computation of vertical derivatives, which makes this method computationally stable. The EMM filter is tested on synthetic, and real potential field data in Qom salt dome and the edge detection was done with reasonable results.

The gravity method is one of the geophysical tools used for geological, engineering and environmental investigations where the detection of geological boundaries, cavities, subsurface karstic features, subsoil irregularities, or landfills are essential. In higher accuracy measurements, the microgravity method has been widely and successfully used for locating and monitoring subsurface materials.
Since microgravity methods measure gravity variations at the surface, they are directly influenced by the density distribution in the subsurface and particularly by the presence of formation material, which may create a mass deficit relative to the density of the surrounding terrain. In many cases, deep or small-scale heterogeneities generating low-amplitude anomalies can be detected and the reliability of further interpretation requires highly accurate measurements which are carefully corrected for any quantifiable disturbing effects. The main purpose of the research, that was conducted in small part of a dam site, is to determine the quality and type of subsurface structures in location of tunnel construction. Study area for collecting microgravity data was located at a small part, considered for construction of Siah Bisheh dam, road Tehran to Chalous. Position of microgravity stations were over a tunnel path which in some parts encountered with collapsing structures. The study area was part of Alborz Mountains. Geology formation(Shemshak formation), consisting of lime beds together with igneous rocks which are severely affected by fractures. Data were collected along 13 profiles with separating distance of 15 m. The stations distance and number of data were 15 m and 148 respectively. Bouguer gravity anomaly was calculated after making corrections such as earth tide, free air, Bouguer, topography and terrain effects. The regional effect obtained using a program that is written in FORTRAN to fit orthogonal and orthonormal polynomials on the observed data and then residuals were estimated. Three negative anomalies were distinguishable in residual gravity map. Data of these anomalies are modeled with a 3-D inversion approach using GROWTH 2.0 software. The GROWTH 2.0 is an inversion tool which enables the user to obtain, in a nearly automatic and non-subjective mode, a 3D model of the subsurface density anomalies based on the observed gravity anomaly data. The current version of the tool has been developed from an earlier code (Camacho et al., 2002). In a nearly automatic approach, the software provides a 3-D model informing on the location and shape of the main structural building blocks of the subsurface structures. Then densities contrast of these anomalies was estimated. Result of the inversion was a 3-D distribution of densities contrast. To show this distribution of the densities contrast, the horizontal and vertical sections at different depth and different horizontal positions were selected and interpreted. From these sections it is indicated that the effective depth of the data, for identifying martial of subsurface structures from the inversion, is about 50 m. In the sections, areas with low densitig contrasts are related to the fractured limestone and those with high contrast ones are related to the compact limestone or igneous rocks. Existence of igneous and lime rocks that have more density and compactness, increase the quality of the structures in the path of the tunnel construction. Areas including fractured limestone, with lower density, decrease the quality of the structure and increase the risk of water permeability and collapsing in the path of the tunnel construction. Thus by interpreting of the results of the microgravity data inversion, areas with high and low compactness and good and bad quality rocks for tunnel construction are recognized, those are related to the fractured or karstic limestone and limestone and igneous rocks. Also boundaries of these formations where densitig contrasts vary suddenly, are related to the existence of faults.

Balancing the rights of the accused and Intermediary on the International Criminal Court is one of the serious challenges of Thomas lubanga Dyilo. The primitive branch prefers the accused's rights on Intermediary's right and even pays its heavy price by staying procedure until the Prosecutor also prefer the accused's right over other their tasks. But Prosecutor feel this precedent for Intermediary's security and the possibility of future collaboration stopping in risky International Criminal Court cases and to observe the requirements of a fair trial about accused without the impact. The Appeals Branch is also without evaluating the accused's or Intermediary right's priority over another, only criticize hardliner of primitive branch in staying proceedings and disobedience of prosecutor from the Court's orders and ruled to continue the procedure. Hence the Appeals Branch with his silence, does not offer any vision in giving priority to the rights of the accused on the Intermediary or balancing in other trials in the International Criminal Court.

The increasing tendency to peaceful uses of atomic energy alongside the fear of proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear war led the international community to conclude the 1968 treaty on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT). The non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, the right to use peaceful nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament are three main pillars of the treaty. However, the concepts, contents and limits of rights and obligations of state parties to the treaty on the pillars, constantly have been the subject of disagreement among different groups of states, notably among Non-nuclear states and nuclear states. The recent challenge on Iranians nuclear activities including the Iran’s right to enrich uranium is a clear instance of these disagreements. This article described the legal nature, its contents and limits of right to use peaceful nuclear energy as one of the main pillars of NPT and then, analyzed the Iranians right to enrich uranium. The use of nuclear energy is a general and inherent right of all states under general international law. However, this right is limited to the non-proliferation and manufacturing nuclear weapon by NPT.

An in depth review of US policies on Iran reveals that Congress, the Israeli lobbies, the White House, think tanks and the media are the key players in the country''s foreign policy and a kind of intellectual alignment - there are procedural and interaction. So that the concept of think tanks and processing scenarios justify public functions and role of architects’ sanctions are responsible for the implementation and operation of the sanctions and give them feedback or expert advice about draft bills. In this article we''re going to role of think tanks in America to impose nuclear sanctions against Iran.

The catalytic dehydrogenation of propane as an initial material in propylene production is very important. The application of Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 as a industrial catalyst in dehydrogenation process of propane has shown to be very active and selective. Using membrane reactors is the suitable method for solving the thermodynamic limitation of this process. In this study, the dehydrogenation of propane has been investigated by using a membrane reactor. This study is based on two parts; first the manufacturing of membrane and its structure are investigated and, in the other section, the application of membrane to dehydrogenation is studied. The investigation of membrane surface morphology and XRD show the existence of a Pd-Ag homogeneous phase. The effects of different parameters such as temperature, He/propane ratio, and propane flow on conversion and propene selectivity have been investigated. This reaction has been performed with and without a membrane. The results show that the application of membrane increases the conversion from a range of 19.78-43.24 to 21-47.13 and raises the selectivity from 41.36-79.86 to 50.71-89.44.

Human rights as one of the main features of civilization and development of human community enjoy special significance in international relations. However، ambiguity in its definition and the instrumental use of this concept are considered as major challenges for the promotion of the current status of human rights in the World. Under such conditions، the West particularly the US، intervening in the internal affairs of other countries on the pretext of defending democracy and human rights، has launched propaganda against many countries through its public and media diplomacy. From 1993 to 1996، the US imposed over 61 unilateral sanctions on 35 countries which covered 42% of the world’s population. The extraterritorial nature of the unilateral sanctions by the US has caused a controversy. Many states believe that such sanctions violate their sovereignty rights as independent nations. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution، the US has always considered ''sanctions'' as one of the tools to change Iran’s approach. Washington has highlighted human rights sanctions as ''smart sanctions''، imposed under human rights claims to pressure Iran to give concessions and adopt an inactive diplomacy in political fields particularly in nuclear issue. This paper seeks to study the role of human rights sanctions in the US strategy against Iran and find proper and practical approaches to manage the challenges and opportunities facing Iran in this regard.

Complaints with low back pain are one of the most common work-related injuries. Despite of using in-person therapies، no other methods based on the new technologies have been yet introduced. Therefore، the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two therapeutic exercise methods and ergonomic based on virtual space in computer users with Low back pain. In this semi-experimental study one hundred and fifty subjects with low back pain were participated. They were randomly divided into two control (the ergonomic) and experimental groups (combination of exercise and ergonomic therapy). Both groups received their treatment via a virtual space. The control group carried out ergonomic therapy and experimental group in addition to ergonomic intervention performed exercise therapy. The pain and disability levels were assessed using Nordick questionnaire before and after 3 months intervention. Chi-Square (χ2) was used to analyze the data. The level of pain in the experimental group was reduced significantly than in control group in twelve month and 7 day evaluation (P < 0. 05). It can be concluded that the combination of ergonomic and exercise therapies may reduce low back pain in computer users، so this training program could be recommended for these people to increase their abilities to seat for a long time behind the computer.

The record of Iran’s relations with the United Nations after the victory of the 1979 Islamic Revolution shows that Iran is currently not playing an active and effective role which it deserves in the UN. This is to a certain degree the result of the policies of Iranian politicians toward the UN as well as efforts by world powers to prevent Iran from having an effective role at the international level. Nevertheless, the lack of a long-term, integrated strategy with carefully-designed targets to promote Iran’s position in the UN as well as the failure of Iranian politicians to use the country’s capabilities in lobbying over key issues in international institutions have also contributed significantly to a decreased role in the UN.
The present article tries to study the current status of Iran in the UN and review the challenges and barriers that are blocking Iran from having an effective role in international institutions. It will also to look into the solutions to promote Iran’s positions in the UN. This is particularly significant from the viewpoint of Iran’s policy “to have a targeted and effective role in regional and international organizations and change the current norms in global relations based on Islamic values”.