mojtaba hemmati

Monitoring the transactions of municipalities is one of the key mechanisms of good urban governance, therefore, in countries that have a long history of "rule of law", there are usually legal and political mechanisms to monitor these institutions on their income, expenditure and transactions. Considering this issue, this article is looking for an answer to the question, what are the most important damages and loopholes in Tehran Municipality transactions? In this regard, we investigated this hypothesis by using a systemic model: lack of rule of law, corruption, lack of transparency in transactions, lack of responsibility and lack of accountability of city managers, lack of proper and continuous interaction of citizens and urban civil and union organizations with municipalities. and councils, lack of formal and informal monitoring of urban management, lack of supervision and control over financial income and expenditure and municipal transactions in the form of a legal and logical framework and the principles of the rule of law and its supervision among the most important damages and loopholes of transactions It is the municipality of Tehran. This article showed with a descriptive-analytical method that the system model, on the one hand, has a high strategic, practical and knowledge-based capacity to realize good governance in municipal affairs. In this regard, the use of systemic theory in this article is an innovative method in the analysis of legal transactions of Tehran municipality from the perspective of good governance.

One of the most significant issues in the terminology of democracy and democratic governments is legitimacy (better known as mashroo’iyyat in Islamic terminology). In a democratic system, first of all, one should answer these questions: where does the credibility of the government come from and what is the role and position of the people in the government? Hence, in explaining the nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s system, the issue of legitimacy  plays a vital role; yet, investigating and analyzing the theory on legitimacy of the Iranian ruling system is essential. The Islamic government, which is proven to have divine legitimacy and derives its legitimacy from the Sharia, needs social legitimacy as proof and in the realization stage, and its  manifestation lies in people's choice and public consent, and the legislator of constitution also accepts the two-element legitimacy and knows it as the real concept of the Islamic Republic and thus has extended it to all the institutions arising from the constitution. Furthermore, the structure of divine-popular legitimacy can make the limited-and-bound-by-the Sharia democracy theory understandable and defensibleOne of the most significant issues in the terminology of democracy and democratic governments is legitimacy (better known as mashroo’iyyat in Islamic terminology). In a democratic system, first of all, one should answer these questions: where does the credibility of the government come from and what is the role and position of the people in the government? Hence, in explaining the nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s system, the issue of legitimacy  plays a vital role; yet, investigating and analyzing the theory on legitimacy of the Iranian ruling system is essential. The Islamic government, which is proven to have divine legitimacy and derives its legitimacy from the Sharia, needs social legitimacy as proof and in the realization stage, and its  manifestation lies in people's choice and public consent, and the legislator of constitution also accepts the two-element legitimacy and knows it as the real concept of the Islamic Republic and thus has extended it to all the institutions arising from the constitution. Furthermore, the structure of divine-popular legitimacy can make the limited-and-bound-by-the Sharia democracy theory understandable and defensible.

Participatory democracy, which seeks to create continuous and daily participation of people in the administration of public affairs, is a transformative relationship between the administrators and the governed and the reason for the transformation of the special functions of governments. The implementation of participatory democracy in Iran's administrative system creates huge changes in the way local affairs are administered and public services are provided, public supervision, the right to be heard and the role and performance of councils. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical way and using library sources, the influence of this type of democracy in the evolution of administrative law in Iran and the role it can play in the expansion of democracy in Iranian society have been further explored and scrutinized. The results of the research show that although the administrative law system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has thought of measures for the role of the people in the administration of affairs, these cases do not ensure the continuous participation of the people in the administration of public and urban affairs and fundamental changes should be made in administrative law and the government's approach to the role It was citizens.

The transition from autocratic governments and the movement of societies towards accepting the role and will of the people in managing public affairs and ruling over their own destiny will lead to the emergence of the idea of democracy, and this paradigm has accepted many changes and developments in the long run of time to guarantee the participation of the people in the society. . One of the new types of democracy is participatory democracy, which relies on and emphasizes the continuous activism of citizens in the administration of public affairs and transforms them from merely electing public officials to participants in the administration of public affairs. In participatory democracy, people's participation goes beyond elections, and in the field of urban life and issues such as how to plan and prioritize public budgets, how to organize urban construction affairs, how and how to prepare and pass laws and regulations, public policies, direct intervention of citizens and They are continuous and monitor the performance of public officials. This type of democracy requires creating freedom in accessing administrative documents and information, surveying people and recognizing the right to participate in all public areas of society for them. In this article, in a descriptive and analytical way, using library sources, it has been used to draw the face and explain the principles and roots of participatory democracy

The cases of Revocation of the contract in the labor law are not clearly specified. The labor code, in support of the worker, has accepted the expulsion implicitly, without specifying the types and reasons and in the notes of Article 7, it has shaken indefinite contracts. In spite of amending Article 10 and Article 21 in 1394, there are still some ambiguity: What are the cases of Revocation of a contract in accordance with the clause (g) Article 10 and the clauses (g) and (H) of article 21of labor code? What authority should determine the cases of Revocation in the labor code? Research method is descriptive-analytical way. despite paragraph (g) of Article 21, paragraph (h) of Article 10 is redundant and paragraph (g) of Article 21 is not one of the ways to terminate the contract along with other cases of termination of the contract, but the legislator should Organize " revocation within labor law" in two cases: revocation at the will of the employer and revocation at the will of the worker with specific types and conditions of each. This requires amendments to the labor law to provide contractual balance in labor relations.

A model of a two-level single-producer multi-buyer supply chain (TSPMBSC) is focused on in this article with a single product made by the producer (or vendor) given to the buyers. The operational form of vendor managed inventory (VMI) is utilized by vendors and buyers. We assume the economic production quantity (EPQ) model used by the producer for inventory control with a limited production rate. Sales quantity and sales price are the parameters of each buyer as well as a certain production rate. Two objectives are considered for the model; the first objective is the maximization of channel profit while the second objective is the maximization of the production periods variances whereby the required storage space is minimized. Because of NP-hardness, the weighted sum multi-objective genetic algorithm (WSMOGA), the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) and the Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) are the three distinct heuristics embedded for tackling the problem. The instances of the considered problems with small, medium and large sizes are used to compare these heuristics. Considering the metrics of comparison, The MOPSO-based heuristic outperformed the other heuristics

Labor relationships have been intertwined with the painful history of human beings: slavery, exploitation, bad working conditions, sickness, occupational accidents and deaths caused by them. The labor contract as a source of this work relationship has historically changed from private contracts to contracts of a private-public nature and the cause of this change has been the workers' revolutions and government interference through enacting of imperative protective rules in the direction of ensuring human dignity and balancing labor relations. This article tries to explain the definition and characteristics, differentiation and different types of employment contracts in the Iranian labor law system with a descriptive-analytical method and to address the shortcomings of employment contracts in the field of legislation and judicial procedure. The Labor Law approved by the Majma- e- Tashkhis pays attention to the requirement of human dignity in the employment contract, which is the guarantee of minimum protections; however,  the way in which article 7 of the Labor Code and its notes have been approved has weakened job security in permanent work, which is reflected in the performance of employers, the Ministry of Labor and the Administrative Justice Court. The solution to the problem is to modify Article 141(clause B), Article 7, and its two notes.

Web application firewalls (WAFs) are used for protecting web applications from attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site request forgery, and cross-site scripting. As a result of the growing complexity of web attacks, WAFs need to be tested and updated on a regular basis. There are various tools and techniques to verify the correct performance of WAFs but most of them are manual or use brute-force attacks, so suffer from poor efficacy. In this work, we propose a solution based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) to discover malicious payloads, which can bypass WAFs. We provide an RL framework with an environment compatible with OpenAI gym toolset standards. This environment is employed for training agents to implement WAF circumvention tasks. The agent mutates a malicious payload syntax using a set of modification operators as actions, without changes to its semantic. Then, upon WAF's reaction to the payload, the environment ascertains a reward for the agent. Eventually, based on the rewards, the agent learns a suitable sequence of mutations for any malicious payload. The payloads, which bypass the WAF can determine rules defects, which can be further used in rule tuning for rule-based WAFs. Also, it can enrich the machine learning-based datasets for retraining. We use Q-learning, advantage actor-critic (A2C), and proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithms with the deep neural network. Our solution is successful in evading signature-based and machine learning-based WAFs. While we focus on SQL injection in this work, the method can be simply extended to use for any string-based injection attacks.

In Islamic law, in cases of doubt in the presence of the duty and failure to provide evidence of the conduct of the duty, the principle should be based on the absence of the duty and thus not imposing a responsibility on individuals. In the legal term, this principle is based on the requirements of judicial justice and supports the freedom and dignity of individuals. The extent of the principle of innocence is very wide and inclusive than Islamic law but the commonality of this principle in both areas is alesalat ol adam. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, seeks to answer this question: What is place and guarantees of the principle of innocence in Islamic and public law and in the judgments of Administrative Justice Court? Conclusion of this article is that the principle of innocence and its guarantees, as referred to in criminal law, in the field of public law has not been cited by the administrative proceedings authorities and a number of branches of the Administrative Justice Court, in judicial controlling of quasi-criminal administrative bodies, have referred to the guarantees of the principle of innocence and have considered them as one of the principles of fair administrative hearing. According to this principle, one cannot be held accountable or be restricted his freedom without giving any reason; An approach that if pursued extensively and severely by all branches of the administrative Justice Court can improve the performance of administrative authorities and quasi-criminal administrative bodies.

Suspension causes paralysis of a contract, but it does not stop and do not cause death. In other words, the suspension is the temporary suspension of the implementation of the obligations of one or both sides of the work relationship, which may be forcible or optional. Maintenance of the work relationship and retaining work records prior to the suspension are two absolute and irrevocable effects of the suspension. The two other effects of suspensions are the following: including of a suspension period as part of the work record and the non-payment of the wage during the period of suspension. Here, the different types of suspension, with respect to these two effects of the suspension, have different characteristics and legal effects. On the one hand, including of  periods of suspension as periods of employment or as retirement records, On the other hand, cases of suspension of a work contract without payment of salary and benefits of suspended periods, cases of suspension of employment contract with payment of salary and benefits of suspension by employer, Finally, the cases of suspension of employment contract with compensation or unemployment benefit by the social security organization are discussed in this article by descriptive-analytical method.

Decisions and actions of public authorities and officials can have a profound effect on the lives of people, both morally and spiritually. A matter that requires fair administrative proceedings to challenge them.If the proceedings follow a series of standards, that procedure will be fair. These standards are either general or inclusive or specific standards of procedure. The aims of this article are review and analysis of the Law of Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court in the context of the universal standards of fair hearing that are most important and fundamental and apply to all stages of administrative litigation. So, the questions of this research are: What are the general principles for fair trial? How far are these standards and regulations in the Law of Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court guaranteed? This article tries to investigate mentioned questions in descriptive- analytical method. Fair hearing, Court / tribunal independence, public hearing and effective redress are universal standards that their realization in Iran's administrative justice system requires revision of Articles 2, 10 and 12 of Law of Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court.

By the end of the twentieth century, the fact is obvious to everyone that the centralized state model is in crisis. While decentralization was formerly associated with the administrative styles, today it has tied with good governance, efficiency and democracy and has been changed from the methods of governance to a way of life. Japan is among the successful countries in this field. Questions regarding local government in Japan include: What is the status of local government in this country? What is the basis of its legitimacy? What is its public authority in the exercise of power? And How is the relationship between central and local government and How is monitoring over local institutions? This article tries to answer to these questions through collecting data from various legal sources and descriptiveanalytical method. The Japanese government delegated wide authority to local governments on the path of national development and through strict control mechanism, it has been effective and effective so the national government was made responsible for: (1) Affairs relating to Japan as a nation in the international community; (2) Affairs relating to various activities of the people that should be handled in a uniform, nation-wide manner; (3) Executing policies and projects that must be performed from a nationwide viewpoint or on a nationwide scale mechanism that can be very useful and effective For local management in Political-legal system of our country local management.

Good local government is the real and obvious case of good governance that in which both participation and supervising is real and objective. It also facilitates democracy and good governance in national level. More importantly, with the crisis of central national governments, local governments play a prominent role in the balanced development. In this essay, the local/urban government in Iran and Japan and its components’ was studied. Questions proposed in this essay include: What is the status of local government in these countries? What is the basis of its legitimacy? What is its public authority in the exercise of power? And How is the relationship between central and local government and How is monitoring over local institutions? This article tries to answer to these questions through collecting data from various legal sources and descriptive-analytical method.
This study concluded that at first, the components’ of the urban government must be strengthened. in order to realization of balanced development, The efficiency and effectiveness of these legal methods depend on that national politics in relation to local, regional and territorial planning (justice) must be changed seriously.

In this paper, a hub covering location problem is considered. Hubs, which are the most congested part of a network, are modeled as M/M/C queuing system and located in placeswhere the entrance flows are more than a predetermined value.A fuzzy constraint is considered in order to limit the transportation time between all origin-destination pairs in the network.On modeling, a nonlinear mathematical program is presented.Then, the nonlinear constraints are convertedto linear ones.Due to the computational complexity of the problem,genetic algorithm (GA),particle swarm optimization (PSO)based heuristics, and improved hybrid PSO are developedto solve the problem. Since the performance of the given heuristics is affected by the corresponding parameters of each, Taguchi method is appliedin order to tune the parameters. Finally,the efficiency ofthe proposed heuristicsis studied while designing a number of test problems with different sizes.The computational results indicated the greater efficiency of the heuristic GA compared to the other methods for solving the problem.

The term "citizenship" refers to an identity between a person and a city, state or nation. When combined with the term "global", it typically defines a person who places their identity with a "global community" above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". The message of Global citizenship is that the core social, political, economic and environmental realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels - by individuals, civil society organizations, communities and nation states - through a global lens. The lack of a global democratic government that is accountable and responsible against citizens in the face of global challenges, demonstrate the ineffectiveness and lack of effectiveness of the world existing structures. Therefore, to supplement the existing structures, global citizenship is performative and citizen-oriented. Citizens through information and communication networks participate in solving global issues, including environmental problems, human rights, peace and global poverty. This type of citizenship is promoted thorough information technology, environmental, multicultural and human rights education.

Undeniable and unrestrainable is the absolute right to access to Judiciary guaranteed with the Article 34 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Beside this, Articles 170 and 173 of the Constitution are the institutional guarantees of the right to petition by means of the Administrative Justice Court. Following issues would be raised in this regard: would the Law on the Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court provide the absolute right to access to justice or the current mechanism needs essential amendments? Would the Comments of the Guardian Council regarding the legislative process in the area of Articles 170 and 173 of the Constitution strengthen the right to access to justice or undermine it? This research through collecting data from various legal sources and with a descriptive-analytic method seeks to answer these questions. It seems that the Law on the Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court can’t fully provide the right to access to court and administrative justice. Therefore, the structure and jurisdiction of the administrative justice system necessarily should be amended toward a result-oriented approach by means of changing the attitude and by cooperation of the related entities; the Judiciary while preparing the judicial bills set forth in Article 158, the Islamic Consultative Assembly and if necessary, the State Expediency Council while enacting bills and the Guardian Council while reviewing the Constitutionality of the enacted bills. It seems the ideal status of the administrative justice system requires the Articles 170 and 173 of the Constitution to be amended.

This paper formulates a two-echelon single-producer multi-buyer supply chain model, while a single product is produced and transported to the buyers by the producer. The producer and the buyers apply vendor-managed inventory mode of operation. It is assumed that the producer applies economic production quantity policy, which implies a constant production rate at the producer. The operational parameters of each buyer are sales quantity, sales price and production rate. Channel profit of the supply chain and contract price between the producer and each buyer is determined based on the values of the operational parameters. Since the model belongs to nonlinear integer programs, we use a discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm (DPSO) to solve the addressed problem; however, the performance of the DPSO is compared utilizing two well-known heuristics, namely genetic algorithm and simulated annealing. A number of examples are provided to verify the model and assess the performance of the proposed heuristics. Experimental results indicate that DPSO outperforms the rival heuristics, with respect to some comparison metrics.

Lawmaking is the main duty of the parliaments of the world. One of the main questions that arises here is, whether the lawmaker’s jurisdiction in lawmaking from the thematic point of view is absolute or limited. Can a lawmaker tackle any thematic scope and making a law about every issue? Can he restrict or extend the scope of right and freedoms the way he likes? An inquiry into the different legal systems shows that even in the constitutional law in which the generality of lawmaker’s jurisdiction is made explicit, there are limitations in this field; limitations which are sometimes based on red ideological lines of constitutional law, sometimes on the right, freedoms allowed for citizens and human rights obligation, and sometimes on the commitment to some local covenants and specific organizations such as European Union and acceptance of the superiority of their legal systems over the domestic law.

Geographical position of firm could have a significant effect on the export success of the firm، because of the economies of agglomeration. This study provides a model for export decision of Iranian industrial firms with emphasis on geographical position of firms. In this model، export decision of a firm is affected not only by firm characteristics but also by the geographical position of firm. To that end، using the firm level data of Iranian industrial firms at 2007، first the geographic-industrial concentration is calculated as an indicator of geographical position، and then the export decision of these firms is regressed on geographic-industrial concentration besides firm characteristic variables like labor productivity، firm size and human capital intensity. Empirical results show that export decision of the firm is not only affected by the firm characteristic variables، but also the location of firm (i. e. geographical position of firm) has also a significant effect on firm''s export decision. That is، that exporting firms in a region that are involved in the same industry، reduce costs for other firms to enter foreign markets.

The common and normative logic among scholars of constitutional law is that the constitution should not recognize or be interpreted as recognizing the so-called the second generation of welfare rights such as right to have a shelter or to have minimum earnings. Their main argument is that rights based on the constitution should be justiciable. This article analyzes the concept of welfare rights. Then, it is argued that the main issue is related to the methods of judicial control. Each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages. Although, the weak form of judicial control seems more interesting, Tushnet believes that it may lead to instability and ensues inverse outcomes.