mojtaba mirzaie

In today's societies, the continuation of the development and advancement of societies depends on the capacities of entrepreneurship in the human resources of each country. Therefore, paying attention to effective and influential factors on the expansion and strengthening of the entrepreneurial process is very important.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cultural capital in developing entrepreneurial capacities.

The present study was conducted using a questionnaire with a sample size of 405 students among Tabriz University students at all levels in the academic year of 1994-94. A random stratified sampling method was used for analyzing the data SPSS software is also used.

The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between cultural capital and entrepreneurship capacity development. That is, by increasing each of the variables of cultural capital, it is possible to increase the level of students' entrepreneurship. Also, the results indicate a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of cultural capital and the dimensions of entrepreneurship. The average score of the students' score for the entrepreneurial potential, average to high, and for the average cultural capital variables. The pragmatism has the highest average for the potential of entrepreneurship and the cultural and social tendencies of the most average among the dimensions of cultural capital. Also, the results of multivariate regression showed that the level of entrepreneurship most affected by the variable of cultural and social interactions.

In times of economic crisis and corona, households need strategies to adapt themselves to and overcome this situation. This study tried to examine these strategies. It was conducted within the framework of an interpretive and constructivist paradigm with a qualitative approach, content analysis technique, and semi-structured questionnaire tool. The research sample consisted of people over 18 who were selected using purposive sampling. The results showed that citizens' exposure strategies fall into three categories. Some actions are resistant and only seek to reduce the effects of crises on the household economy and try to survive. Some actions were also restorative. In this way, households sought to maintain their well-being before crises. Some other actions were also included in the creative strategy area. In this strategy, people used economic chaos to produce unproductive actions to increase their share of the economy. In this strategy, the public interest is ignored and only personal interest is considered. But, some productive creative actions have been introduced as potential creative ones, which have faced many obstacles to their implementation. Moreover, the results of the study also showed the belief of citizens in the impact of the environment and the context of society on the way of economic strategies of the people. Thus, the lack of political maturity is the cause of such consequences as a fragile economy, a low-income society, and an anti-rational culture; Conditions that affect the type of economic strategies and actions of the household.

After the 2008 crisis, the concept of resilience was introduced as one of the most important key factors in reducing vulnerability to crises. After this period, studies were more intensively done around this concept, to which special attention was paid in social sciences and sociology. Yet, studying the concept of resilience and paying attention to it in different dimensions is more important to countries with a high risk. One of the most risky countries with both natural and unnatural causes is Iran, a country that frequently faces various economic shocks and crises in terms of both its geographical location and type of connection to the outside world. Each type of crisis can threaten livelihoods of families and reduce welfare in the society. Lack of attention to the concept of resilience has caused the Iranian society to undergo a crisis period in recent years. It no longer has its normal function. In such an event, people's participations in the overcoming process of crisis have decreased and the negative effects of risks have increased. Due to the high impact of resilience on enhancing social resistance and the declining trend of social harms, as well as the need for the further study of the Iranian society in this area, the present research focused on the concept of resilience despite providing its accurate description. Also, it tried to identify the extent of its impact on the economic actions of households in adverse economic conditions with regard to its current situation in various dimensions.  

The current investigation was of a survey type, besides being of an applied type due to the possibility of using its results by the authorities. The statistical population of this study included all the household heads in Mashhad City in 2022. According to the statistical yearbook of 2016, this city had a population of 3001184 people and consisted of 817250 families. It should be noted that the sample individuals had the necessary dispersion to obtain valid and generalizable information and data. In other words, different social classes were sufficiently present in the sample. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to include 399 people, which increased to 450 people so as to better allocate the sample to the subgroups of the statistical population and prevent error reduction. Finally, by removing the unusable items, the sample size was determined to consist of 427 people. Also, a proportionally allocated stratified sampling method was applied. In this way, an attempt was made to equally examine the different social classes of the households. 

In summary, it should be noted that the subjects’ economic actions were analyzed in the 3 areas of resistance, recovery, and creative economic actions, the application of each of which was affected by different variables. The important point to be mentioned in this section was the household heads’ tendencies to use resistance and then recovery actions. In other words, in the current situation, the heads of the households first tried to use resistance economic actions to earn a living and lead their daily lives. The majority of people sought to provide subsistence for themselves and their families on a daily basis and was less inclined to take long-term economic actions. This was understandable in our society, where most people had an income of less than 5 million tomans. By increasing the cost of living in the society, only the extended use of resistance actions could sustain household economy. The results also showed that the households tended to use economic recovery actions. This tendency, however, was more prevalent in the middle-class households. In other words, the households that were relatively better off financially tried to return to their pre-crisis conditions (recent economic turmoil and Corona epidemic) by using actions based on ​recovery strategies. Regarding creative actions, the results revealed that the use of these actions was increasing with the increase of the households’ social class.Creative economic activities had the highest average level in the upper classes and the lowest average level in the lower classes. This result is in line with those obtained by Royla et al. (2017). The researchers also found that by changing the social classes of the households and individuals, their types of action and economic action strategies altered. Finally, according to the results of the present study, it should be noted that paying attention to the concept of resilience can be very effective in overcoming the difficult and critical situations in societies. In addition to reducing the destructive effects of various economic shocks, resilience of any societies and their individuals provides the conditions for their growth and progress.

Facing crises in recent centuries has been inevitable for all countries. And in this regard, various actions and strategies can be seen at different levels by different actors. Examining these types of actions and strategies will clearly be effective in managing and planning to deal with crises. The present study also aims to summarize the strategies adopted in the face of crisis. For this study, meta-analysis or analysis method was used. In this study, all articles that were published before 1399 or 2020 were collected from reputable Persian and English language databases. Finally, from the large number of reviewed articles, 3 Persian articles and 18 English language articles were selected and collected for final analysis. Finally, the results of the study showed that the greatest impact of crises is in the economic field. In other words, the first blow of crises affects the economic aspect of people's lives, and from this area, it affects other aspects of social life. The results showed that to get out of the crisis, the most common in government strategies are job creation, cash subsidies and livelihood support, and social, educational and health support. And in the area of ​​household strategies, the most common of these are reducing household consumption costs, diversifying livelihoods or changing jobs, seeking help from the social and civic network, and finally migrating and becoming more employed.

Curriculum plays an effective and determining role in realizing higher education goals and missions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, special attention paid to this area can be recognized as one of the factors effective in the improvement of efficiency and education system. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between curriculum elements and disposition toward critical thinking (CT).

This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 270 BSc students at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017. The subjects were selected by random stratified sampling, and two questionnaires, namely Tatar Curriculum Elements Questionnaire (2017) and Ricketts' CT Disposition Questionnaire (2003). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and analysis of regression.

In this study, there was a significant, direct correlation between curriculum elements and disposition toward CT, and strengthening each of the curriculum elements of content (0.231), goal (0.148), method (0.307), and assessment (0.203) would be associated with the higher disposition of students toward CT. According to t-test results, no significant difference was observed between the mean score of male and female students in terms of disposition to CT (sig=0.880; t=0.151) and curriculum elements (sig=0.921, t=0.099). In addition, analysis of the regression results revealed that the sub-components of goal, content, and assessment were not significant predictors and only the variable of the method (β=0.225) made a significant prediction. 

According to the results of the study, the curriculum elements played an essential role in strengthening students’ disposition toward CT. Therefore, it is recommended that the curriculum and its components be revised in the field of the teaching method.

IntroductionEntrepreneurship as one of the most influential circles in development is a method for solving the problem of unemployment in many societies. Entrepreneurs provides opportunities through the proper recognition of these opportunities and using static capital. Through organizing and managing resources, they can operate their ideas and thus help to market activeness. In Iran, in the last century, efforts have been made to develop economic and industrial development, but success has not been so impressive. In the context of the economic growth of society and the issue of unemployment, the unemployment of college graduates is a fundamental issue in our society, and thus conducting relevant research and identifying this critical issue is crucial. One of the most important hypotheses about university graduate's unemployment is the weakness of the entrepreneurial mood and the lack of academic applied training in this context. Accordingly, in this research, we will try to, first, assess the entrepreneurial potential among university students, secondly, identify some factors related to the entrepreneurial potential of the sample, and finally provide the necessary strategies to increase the entrepreneurial potential of the studied society according to empirical results.
Theoretical FrameworkThe term entrepreneurship comes from the French word entreprendre and means commitment. In the Webster University Dictionary, an entrepreneur is someone who organizes, manages, and accepts the dangers of an economic activity. Entrepreneurship has been considered for its importance by various disciplines, as the idea of entrepreneurship was first introduced in economic schools, then, in psychology and sociology schools. Today, the term entrepreneur is presented for various activities and in different perspectives. But theoretical and experimental development of this concept is due to the efforts of thinkers such as Schumpeter (1943), McClelland (1963), and Drucker (1986). In this research, various factors have been used to explain sociological factors influencing entrepreneurship. This research has four hypotheses: 1.There is a meaningful relationship between parents’ parenting and entrepreneurial potential. 2. There is a direct relationship between positive attitude towards self-employment and entrepreneurship potential. 3. Positive assessment of social mobility increases entrepreneurial potential of people 4. Positive attitude toward work and business improves entrepreneurship potential.
MethodologyThis study is a survey study in terms of content and control conditions. It is cross sectional in terms of time, and applied in terms of goal and is micro in terms of range, mainly because its units are students. Statistical population consists of undergraduate and postgraduate students of Tabriz University in 2013. Total number of undergraduate and graduate students at Tabriz University in 2013 was 15,720. To estimate the sample size, Cochran formula was used, which was estimated to be 321. A random stratified sampling method was used to select the samples. In this study, to determine the measuring tool, formal validity was applied. After initial test and modification, the questionnaire was distributed among management and social science researchers and scholars to standardize questions in order to reach face validity of questionnaire. Alpha Cronbach method was used to assess the reliability of the data collection tool.
ResultsBased on the average results, the student's entrepreneurial potential score (70.28) was moderate and among the dimensions of the entrepreneurship potential variable, success request (77.30) had the highest score. Also, Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant and direct correlation between entrepreneurial potential and independent variables of research, namely parenting education methods, attitude towards self-employment, assessment of social mobility and attitude to work. In other words, it became clear that with a more positive evaluation of student's attitudes towards self-employment, work and social mobility, their entrepreneurial potential score have been improved. On the other hand, democratic education has strengthened student's entrepreneurship. In regression analysis, it was found that the potential of entrepreneurial sample was more influenced by the attitude toward self-employment (0.34), and that, parent's educational method (0.26), evaluation of social mobility (0.20) and attitude toward work (0.13) have the most significant role in explaining variation of the dependent variable.
ConclusionIn this research, the theoretical framework of the research was set by referring to most theoretical perspectives and empirical sources and by using the results obtained from their review. To analyze the social factors affecting entrepreneurial potential, hypothesis research was presented and tested. The results of the research hypothesis showed that the investigated social factors were effective in enhancing the entrepreneurial potential of the students and increasing it. In this regard, we can consider positive changes for the potential of entrepreneurship among students through reinforcing each investigated variable, too. These results confirmed the views of McClelland (1963), Parsons (1998), Joseph McGuire (1962) and other scholars of the field, who emphasized on the effect of these factors on people's entrepreneurship. In terms of empirical research, the results of the present study are consistent with the results of Alborzie (2011) and Zahiri (2006).

Religiosity has put its impact on societie's development from early times and holds a significant place in people's lives. Today, this phenomenon is still showing its effective role in various aspects of our living, and this article intends to explore its degree by relying on the role of social and psychological causes, keeping in mind the socialization process. The research statistical population is the total number of Tabriz University students in 92-93 academic year, from which 402 people were selected through random stratified sampling. Data analysis was done based on Pierson correlation coefficient, variance analysis test and T test and path analysis. The results show a positive and meaningful relation between social and psychological capitals and socialization on the one hand, and religiosity on the other. In other words, with an increase in any one of those factors, we can heighten religiosity among students. Besides, there is a meaningful and positive relation between religiosity dimensions (experience, ritual and consequential) and social and psychological variable aspects. It is also shown that student's degree of religiosity is medium and above. The experience dimension holds the highest mean among religiosity dimensions. Also, according to the research results, religiosity is mostly affected by social capital variable. Next come socialization and psychological capitals in order of importance that have the most important role in explaining the dependent variable. The conclusion is that socialization's direct effect on dependent variable is 18%, but through social and psychological capitals its effect is 14%, and in total it is about 32% upon the degree of religiosity. The evidence also shows the 40% direct effect of social capital variable, and 0/09% effect of psychological capital on religiosity.