فهرست مطالب mosa amiri

To determine the prevalence of the uncorrected refractive errors in Bojnourd students In a cross-sectional study, the samples were selected proportionate to the population of the schools using stratified randomized cluster sampling. The target population was the primary and junior high school students of the city of Bojnourd. Visual acuity (VA) (Snellen chart) and cycloplegic, non-cycloplegic and subjective refraction were measured in all students. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was defined as improvement in corrected vision for at least 2 lines as compared to the presenting vision. Of 2,020 selected students, 1,551 were included in the study (response rate 76.7%). The prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors was 6.2% (95% CI: 5-7.4) in at least one eye and 2.8% of the students had uncorrected refractive errors in both eyes. The prevalence of the uncorrected refractive errors was marginally higher in girls (p=0.068). Age, education level of the father and employment of the mother did not correlate with uncorrected refractive error. Myopic individuals followed by astigmatic students had the highest uncorrected refractive error. The presenting vision did not differ with the corrected vision in 83.3% of the participants. In 2.5% and 0.8% of the study population, vision improved by at least 3 and 4 lines after correcting vision, respectively. In individuals with glasses, the vision improved by at least 2, 3 and 4 lines in 21.1%, 9.5% and 3.2% respectively as compared to their present glasses. The prevalence of the uncorrected refractive errors in students was not low in this study. Girls, myopes, and cases of astigmatism showed high rates of uncorrected refractive errors, and it is important that they receive attention. Correcting these errors can help prevent visual impairment at young ages. Identifying uncorrected refractive errors should be among priorities of the health system, specially for students.

Pedestrian are one of the vulnerable groups of Guilan accidents. This group comprise 30 percent of fatalities. Rural roads of Guilan have more pedestrian accidents among different provinces in Iran. In the first six month of 2012, these accidents have increased. The main aim of this study is vulnerability study of pedestrian in rural roads of Guilan and presenting strategies for improving traffic safety. In the present study, reaction method for analyzing safety situation is used and crisis points (police checkpoints, pedestrian accident time and road situation) have been identified and finally necessary strategies for studing accident severity is presented. Analyzing accident prone places showed that 25 percent of pedestrian accidents occurred in 10 points of all total roads. By studing these places and points can save 113 lives from death and disability.

Context and Whereas the people have various level of needs and each one of these levels require its particular reaction or style, its is necessary the management to identify before everything the employees’ needs and importance and priority of these needs as their viewpoint in order to be effective on their efficiency by timely meeting. The importance of this study is that university chancellors can utilize it in the managerial policies by identifying the level and priority of needs of academic board members of the IRI Police University for effectiveness of academic board members’ activity and role. The present study has been applied with the objective of specifying the level of IRI Police University’s academic board members needs based on the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.Procedure: This research type is applied and descriptive-correlative method has been applied. The data were compiled by 60-item questionnaire filled by 165 members of academic board. The data were analyzed in this study aiding SPSS software.Discussion and The obtained results indicate that the needs of IRI Police University’s academic board members has not adaption to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the members have declared their needs respectively as 1- self-actualization, 2- social, 3- respect, 4- physiology, and 5- security. A significant relationship exists between five needs of IRI Police University’s academic board members and their age and gender. As well as, a significant relationship exists between five needs of IRI Police University’s academic board members and their education, service years and membership type and the hypotheses were confirmed and a relationship exists between the initial and secondary needs of IRI Police University’s academic board members.