moslem khezeli

Semiotics is one of the methods of literary criticism which has a special place in modern literature. Charles Sanders Peirce, an American semiotician, made a frame for semiotic studies by rejecting the two-dimensional structure of the sign and presenting his three-dimensional model. Linguistic signs play an essential role in the production of new poetic texts, so Peirce's semiotics model is considered an accurate and appropriate method for analyzing modern poetry. Abdul Azim Fanjan, a modern Iraqi poet whose main poetic motives are love and romantic themes, has a particular style of expression by his new poetic language and artistic use of linguistic signs. The present study tries to investigate the formation of signs that make up the concept of love in Abdul Azim Fanjan poetry by descriptive-analytical methods based on Pierce's three-dimensional model. It also expresses the role of three components of signs, namely representation, subject and interpretation. From the results, it is inferred that the signs related to love are produced in the form of temporal, spatial, intertextual codes and based on succession and companionship. According to the category of priority, duality and tertiary, representation of each one depicts the qualitative state of the sign, subject shows the practical dimension of the poet's emotional experiences in the real world, and sign interpretation expresses a general concept that is woven in all the verses of the poem, respectively.

Semantic deviation is one of the artistic and literary tools and methods that, the poet creates innovation in his style of expression and poetic language.. Farzan Sejoudi is one of the famous researchers in the field of semantic norm avoidance, who by combining his views with the views of other theorists of norm avoidance, especially Leach, has given this literary technique a local form and identity, and has divided the types of semantic norm avoidance into two parts, visualization and abstraction, and a regular pattern provided to literature researchers to analyze poetic texts with it. Sanan Antoun, a famous Iraqi poet and writer, is one of the poets of modernism, who has used various semantic deviations to create his own poetic language. The present study tries to investigate the types of semantic deviance in the poems of Sinan Anton based on the theory of Farzan Sajjudi and explains the role of signs and the interaction between them in the formation of semantic deviance in the poems of this poet. Based on the findings of the research, Anton creates a set of signs in the text of his poem with the help of the artistic capacities of animalism, anthropomorphism, plantism, reification and kinetic, and with the help of the game of signs, he deviates from the rules of the standard language and creates a semantic deviation in his poems. The innovative aspects of his poetry strengthen the meaning and give abstract concepts such as war, death, enmity, life, love, peace and altruism a sensual and physical dimension.

Sigmund Freud provided the basis for analyzing literary works using psychoanalytic methods. The novel Honaa Al-warda, by the Jordanian writer Amjad Nasser, is one of the political novels in which the author paid special attention to psychological issues and the hidden struggle of the inner forces of the novel’s hero, Younis Al-Khattat, in dealing with its subject. Therefore, the current research attempts to study the internal conflict of Yunus Al-Khattat, the hero of this novel, based on Freud’s theory, and to analyze the outcome of the battle between the id, the ego, and the superego over his individual and social life. The results of the research indicate that heredity, family environment, relationships with peers, the tense political and social atmosphere, and the propaganda of intellectual and political organizations play a major role in shaping Yunus’s acute internal conflict. His comprehensive internal anxiety is caused by the establishment’s pressures on himself and his logical ability and its insistence on quickly meeting its irrational, material and emotional demands, as well as the destructive and false ideals of the superego that lead him to many adventures and ambitions, and work that leads to the assassination of the president and exposes his life, his fate, and the fate of his family to danger.

Metafiction is a post-modern narrative method in which the author tries to show its fictionality and story-likeness in different ways and reduce his god-like authority in narrating the events of the story. In this narrative method, the author avoids the rules of traditional and classic narration and highlights the artificiality of the story with metafictional techniques. This method of narration was also noticed by the writers of Arabic literature and many writers created famous meta-stories with this method of narration. Amjad Nasser, a Jordanian writer, is also one of the authors who used the metafictional technique in the novel "Hona Al Warde". Therefore, the present research has analyzed the application of the metafiction narrative method in the mentioned novel with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and stated the author's goals of using this narrative method. Based on the findings of the research, with the help of metafictional techniques such as short connection, criticism of the story and reference to the way of writing the story, combining genres and styles and the uncertainty and multi-completion of the story, Nasser highlights the constructedness of his novel and with his interventions and metafictional comments, the imaginary world It connects the story and the world of reality and gives the reader an active role in the narrative process

Introduction and goal:

Chaos theory is one of the new scientific theories born of the developments of the modern era, which examines complex systems and has a direct relationship with mathematical studies and believes in the existence of order in chaos. After the development of studies on the theory of chaos, the field of application of this theory expanded and entered the human sciences as well. Literature was one of the fields that was influenced by this theory, and literary and critical studies influenced by this theory came to the conclusion that literary works are not free of chaos and disorder. Novel is one of the literary genres that is the best example for the application of chaos theory due to its dynamic and unstable system. Due to their different, innovative and complex narrative structure compared to classic and modern novels, postmodern novels are considered the most obvious literary texts that reflect a kind of order in chaos in their inner world. Some features of postmodern novels such as "accident, chaos, uncertainty, stereotyping, ambiguity and complexity" (Hasan, 2018: 106; Nowzari, 2011: 110) distinguish them from other novels. In these novels, the method of narration is non-linear and probability prevails over certainty.Arab storytellers also turned to the postmodern narrative style and wrote countless works according to postmodern principles. Ibrahim Nasrallah is one of the most prominent postmodern story writers of Arabic literature who has used the postmodern narrative style in many of his works, and his novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” also has the most important postmodern components. With the non-linear narration of the events of this story and the multiple use of time failures, Nasrallah transforms the world inside his story into a world of a thousand of pieces, which, despite being multiplicity, chaos and disorder, has a certain order and coherence. The characters of this story are different parts of a whole unit whose actions affect each other's lifestyle and destiny. With the help of a special narrative method, Nasrallah wants to create a post-modern atmosphere in his story, to depict the wide-ranging developments of the new age in a metaphorical form and with the language of a novel, and to express the impact of human actions on the environment and the environment on humans, and also the perspective of the modern world. Based on the theory of chaos and its four characteristics, this article tries to analyze the formation of the world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and its relationship with the external and real world and the political, social, economic, cultural and environmental transformations in the new and ultra-developed world, and also the goals of the author to analyze the creation of such a postmodern story. This research tries to provide proper answers to these questions:1- How does the application of chaos theory in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” highlight the postmodern components of this novel?
2- How does Nasrallah explain the rule of order in disorder in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya”?

The present study tries to analyze the narrative style of the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on the foundations of the scientific theory of chaos. It analyzes the reflection of the four characteristics of the chaos theory, i.e. the butterfly wing effect, strange attractions, self-immortal and dynamic adaptation in this novel and expresses their role in strengthening post-modern dimension.

Nasrallah creates a fragmented and postmodern world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and metaphorically refers to the extensive changes in the real world of the new age. The events of this chaotic world move in different and multidirectional channels, and countless and uncertain environmental, human and non-human causes, political issues and long-term social and economic plans of countries are repeated in a coherent framework and in the form of strange attractions in different forms and in time and space. They take on the effect of butterfly wing under the influence of sensitivity to their initial conditions, and lead to a big event called the second dog war.

With the help of various time jumps, Nasrallah causes the death of time in the structure of this novel, and the characters and events of this novel show irregular and unexpected behaviors in a non-linear and unpredictable manner, for which no causal relationship and no outcome can be imagined, and this leads to the ambiguity and complexity of the novel and causes the audience to construct the world of this story and consider it as a symbol of the outside world and its characters and events as a creation of the author's mind and find it full of possibilities and without any certainty. By arranging disparate elements side by side extensively, Nasrallah draws a chaotic world whose actors and characters, despite their different nature and independent identity, have a desire to converge and identify with the whole and move in the direction of its goals. This convergence makes the components of this system adapt themselves to any climatic, social and political changes and the laws issued by the Castle System and achieve dynamic and recurring adaptation. From these irregularities, an ultimate and hidden order will emerge and the chaotic world of the story will continue to exist.

The world within the text is full of unknowns that are represented and revealed by the discovery of linguistic signs. Literary semiotics extracts its secondary messages and expresses the main concept and purpose of the poem by analyzing the actions within the text, and the audience reaches a deep understanding of the meaning of the poem. Pierce's theory of semiotics is one of the appropriate models for the critique of literary works in which the formation of three components of signs, namely representation, subject and interpretation and the relationship between them is investigated. Adel Adham, a contemporary Iraqi poet, is one of the poets of modernity with poems in which concepts such as war, terror, extremism, peace, empathy and unity are widely reflected, and one of his great ideals is a world free of war and full of reconciliation. The present study tries to analyze the process of formation of linguistic signs related to the concept of peace in Adham Adel's poems using a descriptive-analytical method and based on Pierce's three-dimensional semiotic model, and to critisize the relationship between these three components and their role in producing signs. The results of the research indicate that the linguistic signs in Adham Adel's poetry are a single and coherent structure, which are formed from the semantic connection between the example, subject and interpretation, and are based on a qualitative sign and the expression of some visible events and drawing the appearance of things, and with a sign The detail and expression of the bitter and unfortunate events of the inflamed and war-torn Iraq and the practical experiences of Iraqis regarding terror, suicide operations, fear and insecurity are expanded and end with a general sign and the poet's attitude towards the category of war and peace.

Myths as historical memory of human beings, embedded lots of cultural, social and ideological components of different nations. Since myths have an unbreakable bond with literature, they are suitable tools for poets to grant their poems a symbolic color and transfer their themes to the audience with secret and literary language. Fawziyya Abu Khalid is one of the innovative poets of Arabic literature who has much information about the history and mythological culture of other nations. She uses skillfully and various kinds of myths in her poems to create different and new literary style.  This article tries to investigate the methods calling the myths based on an analytical-descriptive method in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's poem and show the amount of employing myths in her poem through statistical data. Based on the research findings, Abu Khalid uses three ways of repeating the narrative, changing the narrative, and recreating the myth for myth-making in her poem. She has taken a long step towards modernization and creation of her distinctive and specific poetic language by combining tradition and modernity to express her knowledge of Arab world issues, women's conditions, and concepts such as love, patriotism, and freedom with such a style.

Abol Ala Maari and Naser khosro consider from prominent characters of Islamic culture in the scope of ration and rationalism, so far as their rationally odes have more fame and frequency from others. This study claims that poetic experiences, acquaintance with thought of Islamic and Iranian rationalists and scientists and Greek philosophers, using from religious teachings and culture specially Ismaeeli and fatemi is from rationalism sources of these tow. Naserk hosro as a cultivated poet, has had acquaintance with Arabic literature. Thus, in writing some of his rationally subjects he has followed maari's step. Also in this study, it is beliveved that although in some cases there is similarity between Abol Ala and Naser khosro poem. But these similarities are just a simultaneous random and there is the source of some of these rationalism subjects in Islamic and Persian culture Too. This study accoding to adjusting similar aspects and some times Naser khosro effectiveness from Abol Ala. Two main subjects of this study are:A: A prelude about rationalisms process in Arabic and Persian literature and study's generalities.B: The adjusting rationalism subjects in the poem of these two poets.

Literary semiotics is one of the new methods of literary criticism that analyzes the actions of the world within the text by exploring the secondary layers of the text and explores the role of linguistic signs in the formation of the semantic structure of poetry. Pierce's semiotic model is one of the most appropriate and accurate tools for criticizing literary works, with which the semantic system of poetry is analyzed and the role of linguistic signs in the creation of the poem is expressed. Badi 'al-Qasha'a is a Palestinian poet of resistance who composes and deals with the themes of resistance in his poems with his own poetic language and expresses his worldview in a virtual and implicit language. This article tries to analyze the formation of signs related to the concept of resistance in the form of the axis of accompaniment and substitution of words in Badi al-Qasha'ala poems with a descriptive-analytical approach and emphasizing Pierce's semiotic model, and the effect of the relationship between representation, subject and interpretation in creating this Criticize the signs. Findings of the research indicate that the signs of the concept of resistance in Al-Qasha'ala's poems in the axis of accompaniment appear from the combination and accompaniment of words together in the context of the text. They become linguistic signs that end in meaning. These signs are the result of the connection between the semantic triangle of representation, subject, and interpretation.

Fiction literature is constantly changing, and various schools have emerged in this field. The novel is the most prominent type of fiction and the product of a new era that has been accompanied by a wide range of progress and innovation in social, cultural and economic fields. Fiction literature evolved under the influence of this multidirectional growth. According to the requirements of each period, various literary schools emerged in the field of fiction. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, due to certain social and cultural conditions, realistic novels gained more attention. They focused on people and issues such as poverty, misery, jealousy and suffering and considered the reality of the matter and observation of accurate details regardless of innovation and imagination. With economic progress, cultural growth, and the emergence of modernism at the beginning of the twentieth century, however, novelists shifted from socialism and simple expression to individualism, attention to man himself and his mind, and complex and difficult language. Therefore, the writers of modern novels abandoned the common traditional language because they saw pleasure in unconventional expressions. After the world wars and the growth of population as well as the complexity of man’s life, modernist ideas became monotonous. So, with the advent of postmodernism and the requirements of the new age, a revision of modernist thoughts and lifestyles became necessary, and postmodern writers creativel started writing new works with different plots, narrative styles and writing techniques against normative rules. Meta-fiction is a type of postmodern story that is very different from pre-modern novels. Its most important feature is a conscious acknowledgment of the fabrication of the story. The postmodern current gradually entered the Arabic language and literature, and many Arab novelists such as Najib Mahfouz, Zakaria Tamer, Amjad Nasser and Majid Tobia turned to this new style of storytelling and wrote original postmodern works. Ibrahim Nasrallah, a well-known Jordanian writer with a Palestinian origin, is one of the authors whose postmodern background is evident in some of his works, such as "Barari al-Hammi", "The Child of Al-Muhamah" and the novel Harb al-Kalb al-Thani. This novel won the Arab Booker Prize in 2018 as a work that has fantasy and imaginative themes and narrates a full-fledged world war known as the Second Dog War. This article seeks to examine the storytelling technique of Ibrahim Nasrallah in this novel, to criticize its meta-fiction features, and to explore the purpose of using this storytelling technique.

This study is done in a descriptive and analytical manner based on library references. First, by enumerating the features of meta-fictions and explaining the structure of such novels, some meta-fictional features in the novel Harb al-Kalb al-Thani are examined. As a definition for meta-fiction novels, meta-fictions, unlike pre-modern novels that tried to depict the external and real world, do not reflect the real world. In fact, they consciously draw the reader's attention to their artificiality. Exposing industry and mocking precautions of fiction are the most important features of meta-fictions, which raises ontological questions about the relationship between the world of the text and the world outside the text (i.e., the worlds of the writer and the reader) (Waugh, 1996: 4).

The results of the novel analysis are as follows: - The novel Harb al-Kalb al-Thani is a genuine meta-story that has the main components of a meta-fiction. - The author has used meta-fiction techniques of short connection, multiple ending and printed and written playfulness to connect the text and the reality. He has also created a short connection in this novel by entering the text, assigning a role to the audience, using literary criticism terms and referring to the method of storytelling. - The author of the novel shows the reader that the novel has been made using meta-fictional techniques and reminds him/her that he/she is studying a pure story. The events of the story and the characters are imaginary and do not exist in the real world. - By entering himself and the reader to the story, the author denies the god-like authority of himself. Also, by creating a free ending, he has culminated the uncertainty that is visible in the whole structure of the novel, giving the reader the ability to make many different interpretations and to contribute to the creation of the story. The author emphasizes the novel's visual and physical dimension and the storytelling in general through printed and written playfulness in the text. He shows that the novel is a collection of printed words; the words and characters that flow from his mind. With this narrative style, he puts his audience between imagination and reality, hegemony and extravagance. He depicts the destructive competitive sense of humanity in the 21st century. By avoiding mere realism, he conveys his messages in the text of the novel in such a way as to challenge the reader's mind.

Kurdish and Arabic proverbs as one of the prose literary techniques is an unique reflection of Arabic and Iranian culture that the social, cultural works and historical events of people have transformed these two cultures to the next generations and have played an unique role in preservation of ancestors and predecessors thoughts and etiquettes. Work, struggle and redouble effort is one of important subjects that has been reflected in these proverbs and has a valuable status. This study aims to compare Kurdish and Arabic proverbs about work, struggle and effort with a historical approach and a cross sectional withed and it shows the homology's between of them. According to the study's findings work, struggle and effort in Iranian – Islamic culture has a special status and always has been introduced as a mobility factor of society. With accuracy in these proverbs we can find the trace of wise men and grandees thoughts and statements. These proverbs as a communication bridge between past and new generations transform historical, social and cultural compilations or works to the new generations and encourage to work culture.

Southern Kurdish dialects or (kermanshahi-Ilami) dialects are one of the four main Kurdish dialects (Kermanji, Soranji, Orami-Ghoran, and Southern Kurdish dialect) divided to too many sub-dialects. In this study, we have analyzed the features of grammatical points and etymological reference of grammar of these dialects with the emphasis on differences. Thus, firstly, we have identified Kurdish language and its dialects, then, we have described etymological grammar of these dialects.
This study has been conducted by library study method and descriptive-analytical approach. According to the findings, these three dialects have very close associations with each other and in some grammatical points they meet the similarities. But among them, there are some differences mostly appeared in verb etymology, usage of pronouns, adverbs usage, prepositions, and prefixes. These differences often occurred in changes of some letters. These differences caused these dialects varieties and also the independency and appearance of particular grammatical system of them.

Khezeli dialect is one of southern Kurdish whose span contains regions of Ilam, Kermanshah and Hamadn. Obviously that different geography, cultural and social conditions with which khezel speakers are concerned, makes different accents appear in this dialect and this also makes distinctive linguistics structure, structure analysis and inflection system in this dialect seems valuable and necessary in better understanding of the dialect. In this paper where necessary, the authors refer to differences and similarities of the present Khezeli dialect structure with Kalhori dialect. The present study approach is descriptive –analytic and library sources have been used for information collection. According to the study findings, verbal system of Khezeli has common features as well as differences with Kalhori dialect. These differences that stand for independence of Khezeli dialect from other Kurdish dialects can be seen in verb ending position, conjugation of transitive, intransitive, and passive verbs and so on. In some cases verbs wise of number and person is alike. For example in second and third person plural voices in imperative and negative imperative are the same. This study also indicates that passive verb construction in third person case is regular and in second person or addressee case is irregular.

As a bridge between the two Iranian and Islamic cultures, Kurdish proverbs play a valuable role in the survival of cultural values. Throughout history and especially after the arrival of Islam to Iran, this language has been associated with the Arabic language, and has exchanged many cultural elements with Arabic culture and language. Given the unique role of women in Iranian and Arabic culture, this study attempts to comparatively investigate the image of women in Kurdish and Arabic proverbs with a historical approach, through a descriptive-analytical method, and based on library resources. It also expresses their common views on women and explores the roots and causes of such views. Based on the findings, the issue of women in Kurdish and Arabic proverbs has both positive and negative dimensions, and, good or bad characteristics are attributed to her each influenced by the type of government, political, social, economic, and cultural conditions, or religious beliefs. Depending on the conditions, there has been a sort of extremism in both Arabic and Kurdish cultures and languages. However, in all circumstances, the constructive role of women in the society has been reflected.

Pand-e piran is of the mystical texts from fifth century of Hegira whose author is unknown. This work contains a set of parables with various subjects. One of the most prominent subjects in this work is Sufism and mysticism. The source of this work’s parables which is on famous sophists of third century and their life styles is unknown. So, in this study we aim to find the origins of these parables with an analysis of Arabic and Persian sources. According to the findings of the study, the parables of this work in Arabic sources and some ancient Iranian sources which have been previous or contemporary to it, are quoted. This suggests that Pand-e piran's author has not composed all of the parables with his own talent but with use of previous sources. Also these parables in sources after Pand-e piran are quoted with some detailed changes which indicate that this is a common process which has been existed in the very past literature and doesn’t belong to a special period. Also, we can find the traces of the parables of Pand-e piran as one of the old texts in the later Iranian sources.

Jamil Sedghi Zahawi, is an Iraqi Kurd poet who isconsidered as one of the prominent figures in the contemporary Arab literary movement. He is known foremost with his philosophical ideas and views. The present research aims to investigate Zahawi's works in order to explore the roots ofexistentialism in his poems, examine his alignment with European existentialist philosophers, and depict those aspects of his works which have been influenced by their existential views. The study begins with a brief introduction to existentialism and its historical background, and then continues with an exploration in Zahawi's works. Working within a descriptive analytical framework, and basing the study on library references, the present research attempts to analyze his poems in order to highlight his influence from existentialist philosophers. The results of the study indicate that Zahawi has been strongly affected by the western existentialism principles. This influence is rooted in the ideas of both atheist and theist groups of existentialist philosophers. His influence from the atheist group, including Sartre, can be observed in his ideas about pre-existence, existence and non-existence, transformation and instability of human existence, death, and literature and commitment. His influence from the theist and faithful group, on the other hand, can be observed in his ideas about fall and excellence of human being, the existence of God, and fate and destiny. It was also found that he follows existentialist principles in his beliefs about the equality of woman to man. Moreover, Zahawi was also found to be interested in Mulla Sadra's existentialist philosophy and his discussions on tashkik al-wujud (uncertainty or hesitation about existence) issue.

Psychological Criticism is Considered as a New Field in Literary Criticism، That Critic، Review and Analyzes the Literary Work Therein Based on Principles of Psychology. The Present Study، Address to the Personality Psychology Criticism of Mutanabbi Poetry as Battle، Conflict، and Tension Within Three Levels of Personality: Id، Ego and Superego. The Objectives of this Paper Include: 1-Avoid From Both Writing Tough and Interference Personal Taste in Subject Review and Try to Citing Topics to Psychology Science، 2- Express the Conflict and Tension Between Three Levels of Personality، 3- Explanation The Important Role of Ego in Mutanabbi Personality Structure As a Regulatory Factor in Personality، and 4- Expression of Defense-Mental Mechanisms Used by Mutanabbi. This Study was Written by Content Analysis Method and Based on Freud’s Personality Theory (Regardless of Sex Subjects) and Was Performed by Library Method. One of the Results of This Study is Essence of Conflict and Tension in Three Levels of Mutanabbi Personality. This Conflict is Evident in a Battle of Superego With Id as Well as Superego With Ego. Also the Ego Plays an Important Role in Personality Structure of Mutanabbi; On the One Hand، to Meet the Demands of the Id and From Other hand Coordinate Itself with Idealistic Goals of Superego، and Helps to these Two Aspects of Personality to Achieve Goals. One of the Other Results in this Study is Determine Multiple Defense-Mental Mechanisms that Mutanabbi Applied them to Stress Relief.