فهرست مطالب mostafa safaie reyneh

Urbanization, as a dynamic process of changing the relationship between man and the earth, is an important social and economic phenomenon around the world. Although urban expansion is largely due to economic and demographic reasons, it has socio-spatial and economic-political consequences and affects the natural and biological factors as well. Mazandaran Province has also been considered by immigrants and tourists due to its relative location and prevailing environmental conditions. Such advantages have intensified the population increase and the built space there. Accordingly, in this study, the trend of population growth and space built in urban and suburban environments (suburbs and villages) were measured from 1975 to 2020. In this analysis, population and housing general census data were obtained from Sentinel 1 and 2, and Landsat satellite images. The results show that, during the period under review, from 1975 to 2020, the area of the land built in the province has increased almost 3.5 times from 20 thousand hectares to 71 thousand hectares. The annual growth rate during this period is approximately 2%, which is 2.04% for the urban lands and 3.45% for the suburban lands. For the population, this ratio gets inverse, i.e., the annual growth is 2.85 for the urban population and 0.75 for the suburban population. The percentage of urban land changes was higher in Savadkuh with 44% and Behshahr with 39%, showing that the suburban lands had a significant growth in these counties.

Urban spaces, due to their physical structure and social function, are the most important means to strengthen civil society as an area of ​​participation of all groups, both men and women. The vitality of urban spaces is of great importance; because these spaces are a place for social relations and are an important part of the life experience of citizens. One of the factors that affect the vitality of future urban spaces is the presence of women in such spaces. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the vitality of future urban spaces for the presence of women in these spaces. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The data required for the research were collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes experts related to the field of urban vitality and urban spaces that 50 people have been selected as the research sample by purposive sampling method. SPLS software has been used for data analysis. The results show that safety and security, accessibility, diversity and attractiveness, social justice, space efficiency, environmental quality, comfort and convenience, social interaction and sense of place affect the vitality of future urban spaces for the active presence of women. Among the mentioned indicators, space efficiency, diversity and attractiveness and quality of the environment have the greatest impact on the presence of women in future urban spaces. The model presented in this study can be used as a model to measure the vitality of future urban spaces for the active presence of women in the cities of the country..

The social mankind requires political participation in order to have a legitimate government system and so he does not find his place without active presence in politics. The first and easiest form of citizen participation is participation in the election. Election is one of the main elements of democratic governments. In this regard, one of the important concepts to be considered is the geography of the election. The geography of the election is centered on the selection of delegates at the local, regional and national levels that focuses on the geographic aspects of elections, referenda, and organizing them and knows the cultural, social, economic and other conditions is effective in various local, regional and national levels. Correct analysis of election behaviors and patterns and as well as the success of individuals and political groups in the election depends on the recognition of political approaches and approaches to electoral processes and political participation. Therefore, the present study attempts to identify the effective factors of political participation of citizens in the Ghaemshahr Islamic Council elections during the fourth and fifth periods.

This research with the aim of practical and descriptive-analytical method aims to analyze the space pattern of the fourth and fifth of city council election in Ghaemshahr City. The needed information was collected by studying documents and referring to offices of city and statistics center. The statistical society of this research is the polling station of Islamic Council of Ghaemshahr. The design of data analyzing and interpreting is quantity- concerned and the spatial analyzing is conducted to examine the effective impact of citizens’ contribution in the election and also the significant factors of the previous election of the city council member of Ghaemshahr are tested.

Election in the council of Ghaemshahr city has experienced many ups and downs in a way that the rate of contribution with the downward trend 71% in 1998 reached to 53% in 2017. Selected individuals received a small percentage of the vote, with a maximum of about 19 percent. In the following round this rate was decreased displaying the phenomenon of “single vote” or voting based on individual recognition. The pattern of vote distribution is scattered. in the fifth period, in all neighborhoods of the city, except three neighborhoods, the number of votes has decreased compared to the fourth period. Concentration of votes in the fourth period in the northern and southern part of the city and in the fifth period, in addition to the north and south, it has been drawn to the east and southwest. Most of the participants are in the age group of 18 to 29 years old, which is a young age group and most of them live in new and newly developed areas of the city. The focus of literacy is overlapping with the literate population and there is a relationship between the level of literacy and the average of invalid votes and in neighborhoods that had a higher education level, the more invalid votes were in the box. There is no significant relationship between the distribution and the density of employment and unemployment with the level of citizen participation but there is a meaningful relationship between immigration and participation and the neighborhoods where more immigrants live, has a lower participation rate than other neighborhoods.

Election of the City Council is one of the most important and simplest forms of participation and acceptance of the role of citizenship that shows itself directly in urban management. From 1998 to 2017, five city council elections were held in Ghaemshahr City. The trend of citizens' participation has decreased 19% from the first round to the fifth round and decreased from 71% in the first period to 53% in the fifth period which shows that people have little satisfaction with the performance of the City Council during the past years. Separation of participants according to the age shows the focus of the participation groups in the election is related to the context of the city, neighborhood and the urban development process. The level of literacy has a direct and meaningful relationship with invalid votes. This tells the urban elites and people more aware of the situation and the community doesn’t satisfy with the performance of the council in the past period. Various factors in the analysis of citizen participation patterns clearly show measuring and evaluating a variable or factor can’t be a specific pattern of participation rate and the set of factors must be examined together. The tendency and motivation of political choices on the one hand also imply social needs and on the other hand, it emanates from the ambition and expectations of social values.