naser barakpur

Over the past three decades, local governments have played an important role in climate change policies. During this period, many cities around the world have developed their own climate plans and measures within the multilevel governance framework. On the other hand, land use planning is one of the most effective tools to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to evaluate land use plans in line with climate change adaptation policies in Qazvin urban region.

In this study, the documentary research method and the technique of systematic review of documents and plans prepared for urban and peri-urban development in Qazvin urban complex at different levels during the last two decades has been used. In addition, in order to adapt the climate adaptation policies and the formulated policies in these documents, the comparative-analytical method has been used. The measurement scale in the method was the Likert scale. The validity of the answers has been obtained based on the audit method and the use of expert opinions.

The assessments showe a relatively high level of conformity between climate change adaptation policies and developed policies and programs. This indicates the relative success of existing plans and policies at the national and regional levels in the face of climate change, but the lack of coordination, causes implementation problems and in some ways leads to increased climate change and its effects and consequences in the region. The policies of Qazvin province spatial planning document have the most compliance. Among the climate adaptation policies in the field of land use, the policy of "determining the activity of polluting uses and their appropriate location according to environmental assessments" has the most compliance and the policy of "planning for the establishment of uses based on ecological capacity" has the least compliance with the policies of this document.

Considering the mentioned features of multi-level governance and considering the existence of weaknesses in the body of the land use planning system both in the field of policy and in the field of performance in the Qazvin Urban Region in general, and weakness in facing climate changes in the city of Qazvin in particular, using new management approaches in this region, such as multi-level climate governance, can be a way forward. The establishment of such a system requires knowing the effective actors and stakeholders and examining the capacities and governance methods that can be used in this region. Therefore, the emphasis on greater interinstitutional coordination and the prevention of conflicts of interest, both horizontally and vertically, and the use of all institutional and legal capacities in the field of adaptation to climate change should be on the agenda of the local government.

Today, climate change has become one of the most serious challenges for cities around the world, especially in developing countries where urbanisation is rapidly growing. Urban centres must be prepared with the right tools to deal with the effects of climate change. Also, some of the methods used to manage cities so far must change, because cities emit more than 70% of the greenhouse gases in cities. The city of Tehran is also facing some of the devastating effects of climate change such as land subsidence, rising air pollutants, severe storms, dust, and shortage of water resources, with their associated problems exacerbated over the past two decades. Urban development plans play an important role in mitigating or adapting to the effects of climate change. In this research, using the content analysis method, 6 criteria and 31 indicators have been used to evaluate 8 development plans of Tehran in terms of climate change effects. Three-point coding was used to score each of the indicators. The results show that the development plans of Tehran during the last two decades have made relative progress in terms of reflecting the effects of climate change and strategies to deal with them. Findings indicate that among the studied plans, the second and third five-year development plans of Tehran with 58.06% and 56.45% respectively have the highest rates, and the plan of reducing air pollution in Tehran and the comprehensive plan of Tehran with 17.74% and 19.35%, have the least attention to the effects of climate change.

Urban management is a necessity in integrating and coordinating the urban system. One of the requirements of efficient and effective urban management is moving towards good urban governance, which is impossible without the three components of transparency, accountability and participation. One of the proposed solutions in order to increase public trust and create greater interactions with citizens for municipal management bodies and specifically municipality and the Islamic council of the city, is preparing a set of transparency instructions for the performance of urban management system. Instructions promotes transparency and raises public awareness towards governmental and nongovernmental organizations. In other words, transparency is a constructive element in raising trust in organizations, which will be able to bridge the gap between urban management authorities and the public. The main components of this instruction are economic information, citizenship, laws, regulations supervision, control, human resources, and urban studies. The research saught to do an applied study through survey research method. In this research, interview with experts and professors in urban management was used to collect data, and MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. The findings of the study indicate that the level of transparency in urban management of the country and the city of mashhad is inadequate, and to solve this problem, preparing a comprehensive instruction for transparency is manatory. Finally, the aforementioned transparency instruction was adapted for use in Mashhad’s urban management system by conducting interviews, analyzing interviews data, and reviewing documents, laws, and regulations.

In recent decades, urban tourism has led to various spatial evolutions in the holy city of Mashhad. Excessive concentration of key actors of Mashhad urban tourism on the potential of religious tourism caused to the lack of optimal attention to the potential of other types of urban tourism. It is tried in this research with a descriptive approach, to study spatial effects of urban tourism attractions on Mashhad tourism services. For this purpose, the spatial data of the Mashhad urban database has been used. The results of this study indicate the significant spatial effects of Razavi Shrine on the spatial distribution of tourism services studied in this study. Compared to the Razavi Shrine, other tourist attractions have had a different effect on the spatial distribution of urban tourism services in Mashhad.

Zoning, which is considered as an approach to guide urban development, was brought up in the early twentieth century. Although the rules resulting from zoning have had positive consequences, there have a number of drawbacks such as urban sprawl, urban fabric disposal, inner city travel increase etc. In the meantime, appropriate forms for development and connection between public and private spaces have been disregarded due to consumedly concerning land use. The form-based code is an approach which was presented for solving this issue. The present study is regarded as applied research due to its external purpose, and as descriptive research due to its internal purpose. The transact approach has been applied in order to organize the case study, and data collection has been done through interviews, questionnaires and participatory meetings. According to the research purpose, which is to codify rules for urban development of the case study, namely district two of the city of Babolsar, the district was at first divided into T-zones on the basis of the defined criteria. Then, the Rules and Regulations were developed by analyzing large-scale and small-scale elements of the case study, and also by investigating the application of visioning findings by the rural-to-urban transect approach. Based on the results of the analyses, three zones (T3, T4 and T5) were defined in district two of Babolsar; The Rules and Regulating plan, which is a detailed equivalent to the Illustrative one, has been presented according to these T-zones. The results of the present study indicate the fundamental differences between traditional zoning methods and form-based code, most notably are as follows. Attention to future developments according to requirements; which explains that the emphasis of the form-based code method is to determine the important and influential generalities in the form and shape of the environment by using these rules. Accordingly, suggestions will be made in the form codes of the proposed foundation for future developments and the characteristics of these developments. For example, due to existing features, shortcomings and potential ones, the type of possible development is identified in the upcoming plans (traditional development, business center development, transport-centric development). Zoning mode; which emphasizes on the zoning of the city based on existing and proposed accesses in the zoning of Babolsar city, as discovered in its detailed plan. Accordingly, the city is divided into 3 districts and these areas into 11 neighborhoods. In the proposed zoning of this area, based on the form-based codes, factors such as population density, construction, residential, open space, usage, etc. are considered. In fact, emphasis has been placed on the zoning formation based on the extent and severity of the urban areas, so that the proposed laws and regulations for the zones are more coherent and coordinated and the possibility of realization is provided. Preparing the terms; which include the common zoning rules that are in fact the output of comprehensive and detailed plan, while the rules for zoning the form of its foundation in the form of a project are sat and developed. It defines the criteria according to the cognition performed in the three phases of the region. In this plan, there is no need to take a long time such as what happens in preparing a comprehensive plan, and detailed plan. The average time for the process of preparing, approving and communicating both comprehensive and detailed plans of the city was about 4 years, because studies of both plans are based on the status quo, and normally the presentation of a project with more than one year of existence is inadequate. Group participation; which includes attention to participation in the formulation of rules and regulations in form-based codes. While in the standard terms and conditions emphasizing that the writing of the rules and regulations should only be done by the experts, the use of stakeholders and stakeholders is reduced. Coordination with future plans, that explains that in fact, the foundation codes are guides for future development in the form of projects and plans. Utilizing and emphasizing the prospect sector in formulating the terms and conditions of form-based codes act as a guide to future development within the scope. The perspective of this approach will determine the general framework and future development framework, and next projects and plans will be based on the participation of different groups in the vision of the region. Differences in development control practices; which controls building regulations from the height of the building, the occupancy level of the building, along with the density of residential units per unit area. Whereas, in conventional zoning, emphasis is more on occupancy and construction density. Flexibility; which ultimately explains that increased flexibility in terms and conditions considering the prediction of zoning flotation rules for some buildings that these terms are less relevant in conventional zoning.

Physical development without proper planning has limited ecological capacity and the ability of natural ecosystems. Urban river structure as one of the most important ecological infrastructures in the city provides a variety of ecosystem services, including landscaping, climate change, etc. which is strongly dependent on the structure and functional status of the river. This study was conducted to examine the effects of land use on the vitality and life of urban rivers, and evaluate and analyze various factors involved in this issue. In this study, the study area was the area around the Abshooran River in Kermanshah. The data was extracted using important and effective indicators and was analyzed using SPSS and the geographical information system GIS and the role of urban management in this area were examined. In order to do the final and general analysis, the problem tree/solution tree analysis method has also been used. The results of the research indicated that both in terms of standard per capita and in terms of distribution of applications, radius performance and access, there are various deficiencies and issues and the existing uses have many incompatibilities with each other and the river's natural environment.  As a result, it can be said that the area of studies differs considerably from the current situation with the indicators of the green city approach. Virtually the principles and concepts of applications relations with nature, especially in the green city approach, are not considered. Finally, in order to achieve the research objectives, in accordance with the principles studied, it is proposed to use land in the area and consider the surrounding as a green area.

The performance and duties of the mayor may vary widely based on the different conditions. The procedure of electing mayor is a crucial factor in the performance of mayor. In general, there are two main procedures for electing a mayor: direct election of mayor and indirect election. In Iran mayor is appointed indirectly by the city council. This model has caused different problems in city management in Iran.A comprehensive analysis of the procedure of electing mayor in Iran, comparing it to this procedure in other countries could be useful to make a decision about what could be the most appropriate procedure in Iran. In this research, the performance of the mayor in different countries has been compared, by doing a comprehensive study of countries, including their governmental system, partisan system (in macro level), and the statutory position of mayor (in micro level).

This research is a fundamental one, which includes a descriptive method by using qualitative comparative method in analyzing the countries. Interpretive method was used to analyze the interview data.

The power of networking of the mayor is one of the factors that improve the efficiency of urban management. According to studies, direct election of the mayor makes the mayors have better interaction with government levels, therefore, the direct election of the mayor can play an important role in improving the networking and efficiency of mayors. In Iran, the mechanisms for monitoring and balancing between the council and the mayor are not clearly defined, therefore, because directly elected mayor gives mayors more power, the clarity of the laws to supervise the mayor by the council is important and sensitive.

According to the findings of this study it could be said that direct election of the mayor can increase the efficiency, responsibility, coordinating and power of the mayor. Moreover, if along with that other changes would happen, such as competence and duty of the local government, procedure of discharging and appointing of mayor and his/her cabinet, clarity of rules about checking and controlling of mayor by the council, elimination of unstable incomes from the budget of municipality, and elimination of distinct structure of managing city, could proliferate the performance of the urban management system and mayor.

In recent decades, Mashhad has experienced increasing spatial changes in its public services development. Unbalanced distribution of Mashhad public services has created various issues for tourists and residents. The research pursues two main goals. One goal is to investigate the spatial correlation between public services and tourism attractions and tourism destination of Mashhad city. Another goal is to investigate the spatial inequality between urban areas in access to public services. One goal is to examine the spatial correlation between public services and urban tourism services on the one hand and the spatial correlation between public services and urban tourist attractions on the other. Another goal is to investigate the spatial inequality between urban areas in access to public services.For this purpose, it is attempted to calculate the indicators of access to public services, tourism services and tourism attractions of Mashhad city by a descriptive approach. These indicators are calculated using the inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW) technique based on Mashhad urban database data. Then, using factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques, spatial correlations between indicators are tested. The results of the research indicate a significant spatial correlation between access to public services and access to tourism services and tourist attractions of Mashhad city.There are also spatial inequalities between the central areas of Mashhad city compared with the marginal areas in access to public services. These results show the significant spatial effects of urban tourism on the spatial development of public services, especially in the central areas of Mashhad city.

Cities are the living organisms and constantly changing and evolving. Changes in the physical, socio-cultural, and natural environment are inevitable in the process of urban development. These changes are the result of planning through development plans or they happen without any planning. Obviously, changes that are along with the past are optimized and changes that are discontinuous with it are not. Trend of changes in recent decades shows that natural values and sometimes historical and heritage values have been overlooked. The disappearance of these values, results in destroying the identity of cities.Citizens take more responsibility to their urban environment. Their behavior in the urban environment that called "environmental behavior" may seem small, but when it is viewed as a whole, shows its importance. Citizens don't only have the right of contributing to improve the urban environment but also have the duty of protecting different values in cities. Citizens should recognize their duties and know that they should raise their awareness of the urban problems, being sensitive and concern for the problems, enhance their skills to decrease these problems, and participate in solving these problems, to create environmental citizenship behavior.Thus, in this paper, after reviewing the existing literature in the field of environmental behavior, the most important contexts and factors of environmental behavior have been extracted. Environmental behavior of Qazvin's citizens has been reviewed and analyzed also. This city, in recent decades, had faced with considerable development pace and some problems such as, loss of orchards surrounding the city (environmental values) and the loss of historical contexts (historical_ heritage values). So, after evaluating the sensitivity and concerns of Qazvin's citizens about the main changing trends, the level of environmental citizenship behavior is questioned and both the causes and contexts of this behavior are obtained. Total purpose of this study is identification and analysis of contexts of Qazvin citizen's environmental behavior and its methodologies are survey and Correlational. Population of this study is Qazvin citizens that base of Cochran Formula, the number of sample is 233 people. In order to analyze the questions of the questionnaire, one-dimensional square test and to find the correlation between variables, Spearman correlation and Kruskal–Wallis tests are used. The results indicate a low level of environmental citizenship behavior of citizens in Qazvin. The most important factors in this case, are the low level of knowledge, lack of infrastructure, institutional, and legal factors for the occurrence of these behaviors.In fact, among the three actions that are defined in this study as the environmental behavior (including membership in environmental organizations, increase the knowledge on urban environmental issues, and protest to urban environment problems), Qazvin's citizens only study environmental issues, and other behaviors are very low. Accordingly, Citizenship education, codification (according to the Legal rights and criminal rights together), demonstrating the desired behavior or the consequences of inappropriate behavior and providing the contextual factors to outbreak the behavior (especially increase the communications between the public and authorities), are the main suggestions for changing environmental citizenship behavior.... Keywords: Environmental Citizenship, Environmental Behavior, Citizens, Qazvin City.

Based on current estimations of different organizations, half of the world’s population live in cities, and these cities are the main consumers of energy. Cities have grand contribution in energy production of the world (around %60 to %80) and they have such enormous contribution in the emission of CO2. Energy is at the heart of the most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Energy is essential to the delivery of urban services, and its role can be consid-ered vital at many stagesin the urban design process. This research begins with the planning and layout of a new cityand goes through to the socioeconomic structure of the city and its activities and the choiceof energy carriers and technologies used to meet the city’s energy demands. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in urban climate and energy issues.
LiteratureReview :Based on theories and history of energy consumption levels in different countries and with the consideration of sustainable development in the world, protection of energy resources became important and along continuing years, different approaches like smart growth, compact development, etc. have been introduced which shows the importance of this issue. Urban planning and design determines a city’s spatial, physical and managerial structure and influences directly and indirectly the energy consumption. Energy modeling in city scale is an ideal tool for studying energy consumption and reducing production of greenhouse gases in urban planning level. Models of urban efficiency evaluation in city scale is based on building, transport, etc. criterions and their great potential for consuming energy and producing greenhouse gases, can be proper guidelines for reducing energy consumption and in-creasing energy efficiency (EE). With regards to population growth and rapid urbanization, It seems es-sential to evaluate energy consumption and for improving its efficiency with different strategies. With regards to these issues, EE, either for protection of energy resources and optimum utilization of them, or for opposition with climate change and their pollutions, are issues which have importance in both nation-al and international dimensions. So, many actions have been accomplished which concentrate on two main issues: sustainable development and opposition with climate change.
There are few studies about these issues, for example World Bank has worked in a few case studies such as Gaziantep in Turkey.In Iran, also based on done census in recent years, we have evolved in ur-banization through the increase of city›s count and immigration of villagers. There is also limited case studies in Iran, about the energy efficiency assessment in small scales, such as the neighborhood and building. So, nowadays, necessity of energy efficiency evaluation is important because of irregular energy consumption through optimized actions of urban planning which can reduce a city’s dependence on fos-sil energies and reduce costs and release financial resources for improvement of city services and social-economic advantages.
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between urban planning and energy efficiency, to present related approaches to this issue and to survey energy efficiency evaluation models with an emphasis to urban scale. Depending on the scale studied, models with different scales can be used to evaluate energy efficiency. Some models are used to study the energy efficiency in the scale of cities and others in lowers scales of a city’s divisions, such as districts and neighborhoods. Through studying EE models, we can identify their effective factors and existing barriers, as well as their performances. After considering the theoretical elements in evaluating the EE in city planning while fo-cusing on identifying different models and approaches to evaluate energy efficiency, two models in two levels have been chosen in this research: Firstly, TRACE model was chosen to evaluate the amount of energy consumption with different indices and criteria in the whole city of Tehran and the required sug-gestions were made for EE to be increased.TRACE is a decision-support system designed to help cities quickly identify and harness EE opportunities. It targets underperforming sectors, evaluates improvement and cost-saving potential,and helps prioritize actions for EE interventions. TRACE focuses on the munici-pal sectors with the highest energy use: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting and solid waste.
Then, LEED model was chosen in the second level to evaluate energy efficiency more accurately in the districts of Tehran, and the sample neighborhood was Zahirabad in District 20 of Tehran which was studied with different indexes so that the EE in this area could be evaluated. The LEED is based on existing proven technology that drives market strength and credibility through the industry-wide development of LEED products. LEED is an initiative designed to actively promote the transformation of the mainstream towards more sustainable practices.
Results show that energy consumption evaluation can identify the High-power indicators and have an important role in reducing consuming energy of cities. In this study, in the initial level, Trace Model, based on comparison with other world cities, which has been included in presupposition of mod-el, and determination of their priority, building and transport indicators have been estimated as the most energy consumer parts of Tehran; And in the second level, in order to evaluate energy efficiency in neighborhood scale, has been done with LEED model which concentrates on most energy consuming indicators in first level -building and transport-. The score of neighborhood evaluation with LEED model is approximately acceptable based on this model and with regards to chosen criterions energy efficiency in neighborhood is in middle level and with changing certain situations we can increase EE in neighborhood. The survey of energy efficiency in one of the neighborhoods can provide a framework for evaluating other neighborhoods of Tehran in future studies and finally estimating EE in city level. Paying respect to time limitations, this neighborhood has been chosen just as a case, in order to use this model for other neighborhoods of Tehran and to recognize legal frameworks and development plans, policies and strate-gies for reducing energy consumption in different levels.
Discussion and Research findings show that construction and transportation are the two most effective factors in the amount of energy consumption and efficiency. Resulting strategies from this study -based on tools and methods of energy efficiency evaluation- for reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency include: promotion of mixed land-use, augmentation of density and compaction, development of public transportation, management and pricing parking, augmentation of pedestrian and bicycle accessibility and changing of energy consumption patterns at home, building and infrastructure parts, etc. Moreover, consideration of essentials in using reproducible energies in plan-ning can improve the utilization of these energies and increase energy efficiency. It ought to be said that in order to respond to the energy efficiency challenge in cities, it is important to choose a particular method with regards to native situations and city scale. With presenting proper strategies and changing in case studies, we can adjust energy consumption and go toward energy efficiency and a sustainable de-velopment. So, according to the results from analysis and proposed recommendations and strategies for improving energy efficiency in two scales, we can increase energy efficiency with setting policies and taking action.

Natural hazards because of the severity and impact on communities in short time، have become one of the main concerns of planners and city managers in recent years، and we should notice that the earthquake is the most probable and destroyer hazard in our country. At the time of the earthquake، the first minutes and hours after the fact is extremely important، therefore strengthening the communities have a greater role in reducing risks، and this is accomplished only through education، preparation and adoption of the disaster، which should be achieved on behalf of the citizens. Resilience as a good way to reduce risks resulting from hazards and disasters، is selected as the research approach. Having introduced the resilience and identification of its dimensions، and social factors of approach، some strategies are provided for reducing earthquake risks with an emphasis on social factors resiliency in District 22 of Tehran in this paper. Therefore، after the choice of social indicators which affects on resiliency of District 22، with census data of 1390، interviews conducted officials and questionnaires distributed among 96 residents to check the status of the index in this area are discussed. According to data analysis through SPSS software and content analysis of the interviews that conducted، the results of this study demonstrated adequate situation of indicators such as age، education level، attachment to place in the region and also it represents that there are plans for improvement of public participation and dissemination of hazards information، understanding and knowledge of risk، although indicators such as residents'' attitude to risk and situation of specific groups needs more attention. Based on the current situation، some strategies are provided in order to strengthen the resiliency of District22.

Planning of cities in order to respond to considerable needs of urban population, is one of the most important concerns of urban managers and authorities. Urban development plans which have been provided to respond to these issues, have different objectives and characteristics. Hence different plans are developed to plan and organize cities. Most of these plans are being prepared without consideration of outcomes and results of previous plans. They dont evaluate and measure the success of previous plans in improving the condition of city. Evaluation enhances planning practice. It legitimizes planning before citizens, providing sustained appraisals on planning products, procedures and results. Implementation evaluation of urban development plans can result in creating efficient and responding plans. Many regulatory-oriented planning systems employ comprehensive land-use plans as a central tool for carrying out planning policies. Aside from the vast effort invested in planning, land-use plans have a direct economic effect on land value and property rights. So, Land-use plan as a part of urban development plan which has considerable influence on public and private interest, needs to be evaluated more than other parts. Implementation evaluation of plans is performed based on three main approaches: Conformance-based, Performance-based and synthesis approaches. Conformance-based evaluation means judging the success or failure of planning using one or two criteria - the conformance degree between the outcomes on the ground and the plan proposals and the promotion of planning goals and objectives through the available implementation instruments-. Performance-based evaluation follows from defining a plan as a decision framework. After distinguishing between project plans and strategic plans and concluding that the conformance criterion is useful only in the evaluation of the former, performance-based approach develops the performance criterion to assess strategic plans. In some few studies on plan implementation, researchers explore the potentialities of an integrated use of both approaches and their simultaneous application for comparative purposes. These researchers have tried to create new methods based on the strengths of those approaches. This study wants to measure the conformance between proposed plan and current condition of city and to evaluate the implementation of land-use plan of Lavasan with regards to this. The evaluation is based on three factors: land-use, density and floor area ratio. Non- conformances in land-use has been grouped in 12 main groups. Results show that 54 percent of city area has non -conformance in land -use which 12 percent of these non -conformances are basic and they represent disobedience from proposed plan. Moreover, 7 percent of city area is allocated to lots with non-conformance in floor area ratio and 9 percent of city area is allocated to lots with non -conformance in density. 5 percent of lots have both non - conformances - floor area ratio and density-. Most of non- conformances has been occurred in central neighborhoods of city. In order to reduce these non-conformances, it is useful to consider specific situation of Lavasan in providing new plans. Control and supervision of plan implementation is also helpful for improving plan's degree of success.

The main goal of the development plans is to create livable environment، better quality of life and residential satisfaction. Thus، the city managers desire to achieve this goal and plan a livable city for the people through the strategies، policies and intra-organizational programs، as well as making interaction with other influential administrations on the development of the city. As well as the urban development plans، the programs of the governmental and private organizations which somehow targeting the urban society، influence the quality of the people`s life. Quality of life can be conceptualized as an overallmeasure or as a measure based on experiences in a variety of domains، such that the greater the satisfaction withvarious life domains، including personal health، consuming، work، family and leisure، the greater the satisfactionwith life in general. Economic، subjective and social indices can all shed light on a society’s quality of life، as well as on how specific factors influence well-being. QOL consists of two distinct global concepts with underlying domains: perceived QOL andthe environmental QOL. Perceived QOL domains includessatisfaction with family life، friends، health، partner and oneself. The environmental QOL domains include satisfaction with housing، schools، health services،safety and security، roads and transport and jobs. Thus Measuring Quality of Life and analyzing the determinants of the differences in Qol between cities، neighborhoods and households is extremely important to provide inputs for policy action and to help determine priorities and actions for urban infrastructure and other interventions. Therefore، evaluating the quality of Urban life in Tehran، being affected from many factors، for instance what the city managers and governmental and public organizations done، would be very crucial and could provide a framework to make a road map for the city managers to survey the existing situation and move toward the ideal situation. The main goals of this research are as: defining the indicators and measures for surveying the quality of life and measuring the quality of life in Tehran. According to the subjective approach of the evaluation، the research method is based on the survey method which applies questionnaires to collect data. To analyze the data، various statistical methods have been applied، e. g. factor analysis and regression analysis methods. During the process of the evaluating the quality of life in Tehran، different results have been achieved. The literature review of the study results in defining the theoretical framework and conceptual model of the research، as well as documenting more than 90 quality of life indicators from the academic researches، the experiences of other cities and the research of the international organizations. In the next sections، based on localized indicators، the data from 114 quarters of Tehran has been collected through 12000 questionnaires and then analyzed by the mentioned methods. The findings of the research reveals that the quality of life in Tehran consists of 19 key factors. Specifying the areas which have to be intervened and prioritizing the interventions according to the 114 quarters of the city of Tehran are the other important findings of the research.

This research provides a comparative analysis of procedural aspects, types and statutory role of urban design documents in the planning system in Iran and England. It argues the fundamental institutional, structural and procedural similarities and differences between two countries, focusing on recent changes and trends.In current planning system of Iran, in which development documents defined, there is no clear vision of proper function, procedure, implementation and formal status of urban design documents. The poor quality of much of the contemporary urban environment, and lack of concern for overall quality, are functions of the processes by which the environment is produced. In a similar vein, focusing on the product than the procedures of urban design, urban quality has drastically been degraded. Recent attempts in clarifying urban design role in planning system have positively contributed in design development processes, but have not faced with great success nonetheless. In 2009, two important acts approved by Shoray-e-A’li Memari va Shahrsazi ()high council in architecture and urban planning)(have underpinned the urban design recognition in the future.Contrary to Iran, urban design documents have substantial weight in the form of supplementary planning documents [SPDs] in England and have taken a significant role in improving and enhancing the quality of life, through a full understanding of the conditions under which decisions are made and development is delivered. England Planning System provides the means to encourage good design and showed its commitment by placing greater emphasis on urban design in number of good practice guides, particularly planning policy statements []PPSs][, government’s national and overarching policies on different aspects of land use planning in delivery of sustainable development. Local planning authorities’ [LPAs] role in preparation of development plan documents DPDs][and setting out design policies included in the plan are key elements of achieving design quality and proper design development processes.The main approach in this study is based on descriptive methodology. Analysis of secondary data is also of crucial importance in preparation of theoretical framework. Universalizing and variation-finding comparative analysis methods are also used as key components in research strategy, a holistic and context-embracing approach to understand the present circumstances of planning system and urban development in both countries.This research work concludes that functional fragmentation in agencies arrangements including executive, main legislative and agencies responsible for preparation of the urban design documents within the planning framework, ()resulting in lack of integrated policy-making with no appropriate cooperation, coordination and collaboration)(; lack of design policies in the development plan documents; negligence in role of public participation with a lack of cohesive monitoring and review program on prepared urban design documents; and failure in achieving dependency in government’s advisory agencies in order to policy-making, are the procedural challenges urban design documents in Iran are facing with. These influential factors are also identified as the key differences in institutional, structural and procedural features of urban design documents in the planning systems between two countries.

Nowadays، one of the governmental challenges throughout the world is energy efficiency in creating cities. In this context، land use planning and its tool (density، uses distribution، etc.) plays a vital role in reducing energy consumption in cities. Serving as one of the key players in the field of energy in the world، Iran has to apply this tool in order to establish energy efficiency in its cities. The main objective of this paper is to study and to compare the method of integrating energy consideration in land use planning regulations and urban development plans in Iran and U. K. It is a comparative study in which، first، the land use planning alternatives for energy consumption reduction in cities were explored through literature review. Thereafter، an analytical comparing between Iran and U. K. with reference to the legal framework of land use planning for reducing energy consumption in cities and the way of implementing these regulations in the development plans was carried out. Our results revealed that the land use planning role in reducing energy consumption in cities has been ignored، whereas، integrating energy consideration in land use planning can enhance the sustainability development of the Iran cities. Since there is no data on considering energy in land use planning in Iran cities، our findings can be used by the national planning public and governmental authorities in order to integrate the energy consideration in land use planning and urban development plans.

Public participation is a process through which public concerns, values and needs are considered for collective decision making. In this process, interrelations and interactions between people and decision makers should be made to make better decisions. In last years, Public participation has been more considered theoretically and practically, and significant role of people in solving urban problems has made it to an obvious necessity in urban planning and management. So, many societies try to encourage sense of participation, discourse and consultation to realise sustainability, efficiency of policies and development. Public Participation, which is known as a basic element in planning, is possible in different levels. In the lowest level, citizen involvement can result to stable and accurate decisions based on public needs, and cause plan acceptance by its users significantly. In the highest level and long term, citizen participation can expand and strengthen democracy through advisory, direct and explicit techniques. In this condition, citizens find themselves as a part of society and thus spread public trust. Now, one of the most concerns of urban planners is that by which methods and techniques, participatory plans can be carried out successfully. There are different classification of citizen participation in urban planning and management. Present paper aims to introduce different levels of participation and different categories of participation techniques through other countries experiences to formulate and present a new synthetic classification. The conclusion of this paper is important, because cognition of different levels ofparticipation and useable techniques for every level give a chance to planners to use the most efficient techniques in order to increase the success and implementation of participatory plans. This research present a five-level category of participation based on combining different categories. In this category, participation defines in five levels including getting information to the public, getting information from the public, using public views, public consensus and public empowerment. In the lowest level, getting information to the public is done merely. In higher levels, public influence increases in planning process and in the highest level, planners enforce merely public decisions. According to what mentioned above the diagram you have seen beneath shows the proposed category of participation levels and techniques.