naser rezaei

Today, we should consider tourism resources as a product whose suppliers try to present their goods in the best way in a competitive market so that applicants (tourists) prefer their offered goods over other goods and this has made the tourism market more competitive. The metropolis of Tehran is not exempted from this rule by having important tourism resources and potential and it is necessary to identify its tourism resources and potential and consider its position among competitors, prioritize, strengthen and supply them. In this regard, the current research seeks to investigate the tourism potentials of the Tehran metropolis compared to other metropolises of the country. This research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this research includes experts and officials in the field of tourism, 15 of whom participated in this research using the snowball sampling method. Meta-SWOT software was used to analyze the research data. The investigations of this research have shown that among Tehran's rival metropolises in the field of tourism development, the cities of Zahedan, Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz, and Arak have the lowest competitive points, and the cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, and Tabriz have the highest competitive points. Also, the lack of priority and importance of the tourism category among decision-makers and politicians, the cause of international sanctions, and the cause of cultural conflict between tourists and local culture are the most important factors and major obstacles to the development of tourism in the Tehran. Among the most important resources and potentials of the Tehran metropolis, we can mention health and medical potentials and special recreational places for the success and promotion of tourism development of the Tehran metropolis. Among the most important resources and potentials of Tehran metropolis, we can mention health and medical potentials and special recreational places for the success and promotion of tourism development of the Tehran metropolis.

From the Nasserite period to the mid-1930s, LalehZar Street was one of the main centers of modernism in Tehran. A significant number of theaters and cinemas, as well as cafes and offices of some of the press, were located in this street. The impotant matter is that our knowledge about many of these cases is limited and inaccurate. As an example, we can point to the serious weakness of the researches about LalehZar theaters. In an unpublished paper, we have explained the situation of LalehZar theaters from the time of the first performance in the upper floor of Faros Printing house in 1909 until the end of the reign of Reza Shah (1941). In this research, we seek to explain the situation of LalehZar theaters from 1941 to 1979.  The main question of this research is about factors which were effective in the ups and downs of LalehZar theaters in the period between 1941 and 1979. We have used the library research method for collecting information about Laleh-zar theaters. Our findings indicate that political, cultural and economic factors were influential in the situation of LalehZar theaters in this period. Following the expansion of social and political freedom after the fall of the government of Reza Shah, the desire to perform theater increased and various theater groups began to work. In this relatively free space, critical views on social or political issues were presented in the songs performed in the interlude. Theater Performances of Nushin group in Farhang and Ferdowsi theaters increased the quality level of other theaters. After the coup 1953 a number of theater artists were arrested because of affiliation with Tudeh Party or National Front. However, political change did not make serious influence on LalehZar theaters. Of course, increasing the popularity of Cinema in the 1950s caused the LalehZar theaters to face economic problems. So they started performing attraction in the theater from 1956. Meanwhile, as a result of the geographical development of Tehran, from the mid-1930s, wealthy people and middle-class members gradually turned to other entertainment centers instead of LalehZar theaters, and the lower classes became the main clients of these theaters. Finally, during the Islamic Revolution, there were serious changes in the situation of LalehZar theaters.

Many industries with predetermined plans have been completely suffered losses from the Covid-19 pandemic since March 2020, when the World Health Organization recognized it. The inbound tourists to Iran in the first six months of 1399 has decreased by almost 96%, affecting Gross Domestic Product, employment, imports, and income distribution. The purpose of present study is to investigate the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment of Iran's tourism sector using the labor force statistics of the year 1398 and the updated input-output table of the year 1390. The results extracted from the calculation of the direct, indirect, and induced effects show that 456,000 out of 4,575,000 people working in the 13 sectors related to the tourism industry have lost their jobs. Wholesale and retail services, road passenger services, and transportation support services have the highest ranks of employment lost among the 13 tourism-related sectors.

Understanding the representation components of the historical buildings in cyberspace and their impact on the mental image of the tourists is a significant fact in tourism recognition and management. A part of this subject is the impact of place representation on the destination image of the tourist. In this research, the destination is traditional accommodations that attract tourists' attention. The current research aims to study the effect of historical buildings' representation in cyberspace on tourists' destination image. This research is one of the first studies in architectural tourism that has made traditional accommodations the subject and destination of tourists.

The content analysis method was applied in this qualitative research. Qualitative research approaches are commonly used when there is little current understanding of a complex phenomenon. Content analysis is one of the many methods used in qualitative research. The main advantages of content analysis are that it is content-sensitive, can be applied in highly flexible research designs, and is used to analyze many types of qualitative data. The participants were 18 domestic tourists and seven foreign tourists who found one of Kashan's traditional accommodations in cyberspace for the first time and selected that as their settlement. Data collection was done via semi-structured interviews and continued until reaching saturation.

Four main categories were obtained from data analysis: 1) architectural representation, 2) representation of the semantic attributes, 3) representation of the activities and events, 4) representation method. The results of this study disclosed that place-based representation and highlighting the representation of physical components define different dimensions of human-environment interaction at semantic levels. Place-based representation plays a vital role in how the monument is presented and the audience understands it. The study has revealed that the representation of the physical features of the environment effectively creates a sense of place and the formation of the desired destination image. The concept of place-based representation pays attention to the effects of buildings, humans, and time on each other. It stresses that the human narrative is not far from the architectural narrative.

T The results of this study can contribute to the experts and tourism managers in improving the content production and marketing of the settlements in cyberspace and architects in the representation of the historical buildings to understand better the tourists' mental image from the traditional accommodations via cyberspace. Therefore, the improvement of architectural tourism knowledge will be provided. Paying attention to the dimensions of the concept of place-based representation as one of the most significant concepts and practical issues in promoting environmental perception and environmental psychology will be effective and can be used to understand the environment in cyberspace better. The meanings and concepts that the person decodes after perceiving the place in cyberspace due to the place-oriented representation are among the factors that create levels of sense of place.

Urban development plans are progressing towards becoming more effective in their evolutionary process, with the goal of serving human beings with a modeling of sustainable development components. One of the major goals of urban development plans is the provision of basic services and infrastructures for the full development of human settlements. In this regard, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the factors affecting the change of service landuses in the city of Shiraz and identify its reasons. This research is an exploratory research, which first studies the concepts related to land use change using document-library sources and then investigates the severity of the effect of the four factors (physical, activity, economic, accessibility) on land use change and their desirability. For this purpose, the second-order confirmatory factor analysis technique has been used to determine the severity of the effect of the four factors on land use change, through which a contributing framework for the effects of the four factors on land use change is obtained. Finally, the extent and direction of the factors affecting the realization of service land uses in the city of Shiraz are explained using the structural equation model (SEM). In order to achieve these goals, 50 variables affecting 600 plots in Shiraz city are extracted through field method. The variables are investigated and analyzed using GIS maps, Amos and SPSS software. The results of the research show that, in total, the selected four factors have a significant effect on the land use change. It is such that the standardized weights of regression for "the effect of the access factor on land use change", "the effect of the economic factor on land use change", "the effect of the activity factor on land use change", and "the effect of the physical factor on land use change" are 0.91, 0.78, 0.65, and 0.56, respectively.

The geomorphological heritage is a branch of geomorphology and is essentially geographic. The concept of geomorphological heritage includes landforms and processes that play a key role in understanding earth history, but also has a link with biological and cultural heritage. The geomorphological heritage is more than ever possible in a position to become a sustainable resource through geotourism and environmental education. The search, selection and systematic classification of studies allows for clear results and reproduction, and helps limit bias potential. Studies and popularity of geomorphological heritage are growing rapidly and require a comprehensive review of literature on the subject. Due to the rapid growth of research and popularity of geomorphological heritage and its use (geotourism, geopark, world heritage, etc.), a comprehensive review of the scientific literature of geomorphological heritage is necessary. However, given the increasing growth of geomorphological heritage over the past few years, there is a need for further understanding of the main themes and methods that exist in geomorphological heritage research and the potential gap of knowledge; therefore, the main purpose of this paper is the systematic review of published scientific literature. In the case of geomorphological heritage in order to answer two questions: (1) what knowledge has been produced in the scientific literature of geomorphological heritage; and (2) what trend is evolving in geomorphological heritage research.

In this research, the review of the geomorphological heritage literature carried out in three stages: (1) literary search; (2) selection of relevant studies; (3) classification and compilation of results. In this study, 207 research papers published in English have been thoroughly investigated. To ensure the quality of the review, only papers published in the search journals were reviewed. Search in the four largest online databases of scientific research, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Springer. Given that English is widely used in scientific research, only papers published in English are selected. The key words used to search are "geomorphological heritage" and "geomorphosite". First, book chapters, conferences proceedings, editorials, reviews, research notes, short communications, and reports were excluded from this survey. A total of 207 scientific-research articles have been selected for this review. Papers are also categorized according to their goals and topics, their research methods and their results. Summarizing and synthesizing the most important results provided, identifying the main research trends in the geomorphological heritage and the areas that require further research.

The results show an increasing concentration of research on geomorphological heritage. In the first decade, the number of papers published has been 1 or 2 articles per year, and since 2004 the number of published Papers has increased rapidly. The results show that researchers are more focused on identifying and evaluating geomorphological heritage. The geographical analysis of the study areas represents a global distribution that includes studies in 46 countries. About 48.38% of the studies focus on the potential for geotourism development of geomorphological heritage and only 4.35% emphasize management and conservation. About 64% of the papers are based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data and 67% have used the combination of primary and secondary data for research. Primary data was mainly collected through fieldwork, including field survey and sampling. The results also show that researchers are less interested in geomorphological heritage stakeholders, such as tourists and local communities, and very few studies survey the geomorphological heritage in the context of sustainable development. In the present study, the history of geomorphological heritage studies has been studied separately in the three decades 1991-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-2018. During these three decades of research, the most important published works and the development of geomorphological heritage studies have been discussed and analyzed. These three periods include the appearance of new concepts, the development of theory and methodology, and the focus on specific contexts of geomorphological heritage. The results of this literature review indicate that the subjects studied include identifying, inventorying, describing, assessing the potential of geotourism in study areas, conservation issues, tools for promote geomorphological heritage, modeling for geomorphosite and other methodological approaches as well as tourists' understanding and motivation. Regarding the study process, the main topics that need further research include the feasibility of a geomorphological heritage for inclusion in the World Heritage List, geoparks and national heritage, the management and conservation challenges of the geomorphological heritage, the positive and negative effects of geotourism on geomorphologic heritage and the main challenges faces of managers and different groups of stakeholders of geomorphological heritage. The stability of geomorphological heritage is one of the main goals that should be achieved by raising the awareness of tourists and local people of the importance of preserving the geomorphological heritage.

Considering studies of geomorphological heritage, more studies are needed to study how geomorphological heritage studies and related challenges are addressed and how to solve these challenges. Next challenges for the international community of geomorphologists and in general geologists are the creation of guidelines and principles for the development of geomorphological heritage scientific achievements. Management and conservation of geomorphological heritage in pursuit of sustainable development goals requires study by the scientific community. The proper management of the geomorphological heritage not only affects the proper characteristics of the sites but also determines their geographic boundaries, which Brilha (2018) also emphasizes on this subject. In addition, in none of the geomorphological heritage studies, so far, integrated management approach has not been considered and this approach has not been studied; therefore, moving towards integrated management of geomorphological heritage with the participation of researchers in the humanities and social / political sciences as well as economists and Communication science professionals are essential. However, other issues require further research to provide the knowledge and understanding necessary for the development and successful management of geomorphological heritage. According to the development trend of studies, at least in the next five years, research is expected to concentrate on the management and conservation challenges of geomorphological heritage and how to solve these challenges.

In geoarchaeology, a complete and accurate understanding of archaeological site-formation processes can be obtained by identifying and examining the sedimentary deposits and stratigraphy of archeological layers. This study presents the results of preliminary geological studies in Kafiristan Yasen archaeological area to provide a general understanding of local geology and geomorphology of the area. Kafiristan Yasen archaeological sites are mainly built on hillslope erosional terraces. In settlement sites, such as Gerdekulisi, it seems that ancient architectural structures acted as sediment traps for deposition of debris sediments and recent hillslope alluvial sediments (Holocene) on the hillslope terraces. Unlike other ancient sites in the Yasen area, Zargolesi site is built on a single natural ridge consisting of siltstone and sandstone rocks overlooking the Oshkoul-Dareh River. The study of surface sedimentary deposits in natural soilas well asexcavation trenches shows that two sedimentary units consisting of very coarse gravelly sediments and fine gravelly sediments in a clay-rich matrix could be distinguished in most of the areas. Archaeological artifacts can sometimes be found in the context of coarse gravelly sediments and in some places are covered by fine-grained alluvial sediments. The gravelly sediments appear to be related to an older sedimentary phase that might have deposited in a different surface morphology to the present situation. The fine-grained alluvial sediments are mainly confined to the surface layers and probably represent historical sediments which have been deposited in a hillslope profile similar to the present situation. In some places these sediments have been cut by a later drainage system.

In the age of globalization, the factors affecting the authority of countries in the international arena are diverse. Some of these are tangible and some are intangible and are components of soft power. In such a situation, one of the drivers of soft power is the tourism industry. The main question is: What is the role of tourism in raising the authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is that, nowadays, due to increased international communication, tourism can play an important role in raising the authority of the countries. This study was carried out to evaluate the status of tourism in Iran, using a descriptive-analytical method to investigate this. Research findings show that this issue has been considered by the decision makers of the system, especially in the last two decades, and has paid serious attention to macro policies, but requires careful policy and support of the private sector.

The main purpose of this paper is to explain the factors affecting the change of service land uses in the city of Shiraz and identify its reasons. For this purpose, the second-order confirmatory factor analysis technique has been used as one of the structural equation modeling techniques to determine the severity of the effect of the four factors on land use change, through which a contributing framework for the effects of the four factors (physical, activity, economic, accessibility) on land use change is obtained. Finally, the extent and direction of the factors affecting the realization of service land uses in the city of Shiraz are explained using the structural equation model (SEM). In order to achieve these goals, 50 variables affecting 600 plots in Shiraz city are extracted through field method. The variables are investigated and analyzed using GIS maps, Amos and SPSS software, and a series of bi-variable correlations in a table called correlation matrix or covariance, the most notably of which are confirmatory factor analysis and SEM. The results of the research show that, in total, the selected four factors have a significant effect on the land use change. It is such that the standardized weights of regression for "the effect of the access factor on land use change", "the effect of the economic factor on land use change", "the effect of the activity factor on land use change", and "the effect of the physical factor on land use change" are 0.91, 0.78, 0.65, and 0.56, respectively.

This paper investigates the relation between innovation of defense sector firms and the economic efficiency. 22 firms active in defense sector were selected and their operation data in years 1394 and 1395 was captured. The innovation level of every firm was verified by leading and innovation strategy key criterions, innovation resources management, level of intelligence in innovation ideas identification, innovation research and development management, innovation network management and learning procedure, commercializing innovation and social and human resources resulted from innovation. For this purpose, we used 112 items of innovation level evaluation designed by Iran Technology Management Association. Economic productivity is defined as the ratio of output to input. Output is economic value added and input is the cost of factors of production. We have used regression analysis to investigate the study hypothesis. Results show a positive and statistically significant relation between innovation and economic efficiency in defense sector. It is also concluded that defense sector firms can simultaneously focus on innovation and economic efficiency.

Urban development plans are moving forward not only towards humanity issues but also effective ways of modeling the components of sustainable development. In the meantime, achieving the goals of the plans can reflect the scale of success, realism and humanity of the plans. Among these, one of the major goals of urban development plans is the provision of basic services and human and urban infrastructure for the full development of human settlements. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to explain the factors affecting the realization of service land use in the city of Shiraz and identify its causes. The main objective of this paper is to explain the factors affecting the feasibility of service use in the city of Shiraz and identify its causes. In order to achieve the above goal, the present research seeks to answer this question; what are the main factors affecting the realization of urban development projects (case study: Shiraz)? This research is a kind of exploratory research that has first examined concepts related to realization and land use employing library-document resources. Then, factors affecting the realization of service land use in Shiraz city have been identified by completing a questionnaire based on criteria and indicators of theoretical literature distributed among 185 senior urban managers and experts as well as faculty members of the university and using the TOPSIS model and statistical methods. The results of the research show that the factor of appropriate legal framework has the greatest impact on the realization of urban development plans. Criteria of land ownership, stakeholder participation, financial and administrative capabilities of municipalities, appointment of experienced consultants, the role of urban management in providing land, and private sector investment have the least effect on the realization of plans

This paper aims to examine the relationship between the level of innovation of Defense companies and their economic efficiency. 22 companies were selected from the active companies in Defense sector, and their information from the years 2014 and 2015 were captured. The level of innovation of each company was evaluated based on the key criterias of leadership and innovation strategy, management of innovation resource, the level of consciousness in identifying innovative ideas, managing innovation research and development, managing innovation network and learning process, commercialization and exploitation of innovation and financial results, human and the social resources of innovation. In this regard, the 112-item checklist for assessing the level of innovation designed by the Technology Management Association of Iran was used.  Economic efficiency is the output-to-input ratio.Output is the economic added value and the input is the total cost of production factors. To investigate the research hypothesis, correlation analysis was used. Results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between the level of innovation and economic efficiency in the Defense sector. Findings indicate that Defense companies can simultaneously focus on economic efficiency and innovation and benefit from each one of them.

Public diplomacy is in fact a government attempts to take the chance to realize its diplomatic goals, doing so, tourism –with 1.4 billion tourists estimated for 2014-is the most effective phenomenon can make the way for developing of public diplomacy. Tourism Industry is fully dependant on the government policies and is of great influence on in political and economic development as well as making peace. Enjoy great potential, Iran tourism can be of concern to the public diplomacy of the country-although it has not been successful as expected-.This analytic-descriptive survey has been conducted with library and documentary method. The main focus of this survey is on reviewing the role of Tourism in developing public policy of the country. Developing tourism Industry and consequently public diplomacy two groups of measure are offered at both domestic and international level, amongst the all, special concern for tourism diplomacy as appositive and humane one is in center of attention. This is a fundamental and analytic-descriptive research and making an enquiry from the experts and referring to the documents it has been analyzing the current status and offers the ideal one. Toward this end, a survey on the principles and analyzing them with the status and impact of tourism on public diplomacy approach has been conducted. Developing tourism industry like any other industries is closely dependant on the government policies; therefore, making tourism diplomacy can greatly impact on its development and flourishing. Providing for proper infrastructure and increasing security and ideal situation in different aspects, tourism can directly affect on economy, policy, culture and society. Considering the relationship between tourism and political issues and tourism role in political development as well as political decision making process effect on development or hindering tourism development, role of the government, private section, public sections and organizations and their interconnections with tourism is of great influence on tourism diplomacy.The most important forms of diplomacy are: Traditional Diplomacy, Nongovernmental Organizations Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Corporate Diplomacy, Business Diplomacy, Commercial Diplomacy, Cyber Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy.Realizing diplomatic objectives, along with the present and threaten to punishment, satisfaction is its most important mean and achievement. Some experts introduced two different patterns for Public Diplomacy: 1. State based hierarchical pattern: it has emphasized on Public Diplomacy within the traditional framework of intergovernmental relations. 2. Network Model Diplomacy in which the people actively take part in giving and receiving messages. Furthermore, Grunting and Hunt also have offered a four pattern classification with two main variables of the direction and goal of communication: The press/Advertising, public Information, Bilateral asymmetric and Bilateral symmetric.On the other hand, tourism that has been defined in terms the activities of a traveler to accommodate in lodging out of his own place of living at least for 24 hours and upmost for less than a full year for taking a vacation or entertainment and so on not to remunerate or to get a job in destination. These activities are worthwhile in different dimensions such as hidden export, economic flourishing,, reasonable wage, salary and job perks, flexibility and flourishing, increasing of income and making security.In all countries specially developed countries, tourism is considered an efficient mean in adoption of public policies. Three main roles of tourism are as follows: Regulatory role-codification of the framework for development and management of tourism, preservation of nature and culture as well as private section participation, normative role that is connected to expanding tourism related knowledge and skills and cognitive role that includes changing the community point of view toward tourism. Normally the government intervention in tourism is carried out at three different levels: international, national and local.Tourism development makes the way to realize a series of political objectives including: relieve the tension, misunderstanding in relations among nations, making secured and safe ambience for tourists, making peace and a unified language for discussion (diplomacy).Iran due to its great economic, cultural, military, geographical and in just one word geopolitical potentials is considered as one the region and world important countries. Besides all these the great potent in tourism has not been so successful in development of tourism and its side benefits.In Humane geopolitics, philosophy of government is people and citizens. The citizens are not the philosophy of the government. From this point of view, it is possible to consider tourism Diplomacy as humane geopolitics manifest as in this kind of Diplomacy tourist transfer the messages among nations to make the way for development, making job opportunities, making money and peace. Furthermore, tourism can lead different parts of the world toward integrity, making use of positive Diplomacy of convergent forces. Tourism can take the most out of the world common sense and wisdom to realize its goals benefiting cooperation, collaboration, stability and peace of the region.The subject that is of great importance in Tourism Diplomacy, is to pave the way for fund raising as the first step in tourism development, advertising and marketing based on scientific principles and well-planned programs, considering positive role of tourism in peace making, creating job opportunities, increasing income and poverty alleviation and dealing with unemployment problems in the society. it also emphasizes on the tourism role in signing bilateral and multilateral contracts, protocols and concords.Result and Iran enjoys vast land, climatic variety and different ecosystems, tribal variation, rich culture and a great number of rural and urban attractions, having all these together, Iran is like a vast continent. Although our country enjoys great potentials, it is not quite familiar even to our own compatriots. The industry still has problems to make profit and penetrate into international market and play a key role in country economy, considering the fact that the tourism round the world is an activity with great economic importance with a lot of short and long term plans. Booming tourism industry in Iran requires two groups of measures to be carried out at domestic and outbound level. Domestic planning is the basis for outbound tourism and guarantees its success. Toward this end, tourism as an industry should be given great value and importance and change to the underlying basis for diplomacy, and consider Diplomacy as an effective strategy for tourism. Tourism can create job opportunities, alleviate the poverty, and raise the fund and finally increasing of foreign and domestic capitals. Realizing this requires revision of codification system, offering standard amenities and facilities extensive promotion as well as changing of governors’ outlook to tourism as a golden opportunity not a threat.Finally Tourism Diplomacy is appositive and stimulus of transferring messages among nations and is a manifest of humane geopolitics. It can be a great help to the country diplomacy system and can offer appositive and developed picture of Iran to the world as well it can make positive interactions among governments. Tourism also impacts greatly on absorbing tourism and raise funding in different sections of economy.