parvaneh salatin

Interest rate is one of the most important effective tools in policymaking. It affects investments, stability, economic growth and the real sector of the economy. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of real interest rates on convergence of banks' efficiency in provinces. The results using spatial econometrics during the period 1400-2011 showed that the real interest rate has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of banks in the provinces. The absolute convergence rate was 0.211 and in conditional models was 0.222 and 0.228, which shows that in conditional condition, the convergence rate of provinces was higher. With the introduction of real interest rates, the pace of convergence has also increased. In other words, 11.2% in absolute convergence mode and 22.2% and 28.2% in conditional convergence mode are resolved from the economic gap of provinces to stable state. Also, economic growth has a positive and significant effect and human capital and ICT have a negative and significant effect on the convergence of banks' efficiency in the provinces.

The economic conditions of the country have caused borrowers to have problems in repaying their loans, and as a result, the non-performing loans of banks have expanded, which means an increase in credit risk. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the non-linear effects of credit risk on the efficiency and productivity of 15 stock market banks in the period of 2014-2022.The Malmquist index and technical and efficiency changes were calculated to measure efficiency and productivity, that the efficiency change also was decomposed into net efficiency and scale efficiency. The findings showed that the productivity of banks increased by 6.3% annually; which its 1.9% was due to technical change and 4.3% due to efficiency improvement. In second section, the effect of credit risk on efficiency and productivity was estimated with an emphasis on bank size using the threshold panel regression method. The results of model (1) showed that the effect of credit risk on the banks productivity is in three forms according to the size of the bank as a threshold variable: when the size of the bank is less than 25 or more than 27, a one percent increase in credit risk will decrease productivity by 0.06 or 0.04 percent respectively; and when the bank size is between these two values, this effect is equivalent to 0.11 percent. The findings of model (2) also showed that when the size of the bank is less than 14 or more than 16, a one percent increase in credit risk causes a 0.03 or 0.04 percent decrease in bank efficiency, respectively.

The growth of "total productivity of production factors (TFP)" of the housing sector during the period of ‏2021-1986‏‏‏‏‏‏ , based on the techniques of "econometrics" and "envelopment analysis of data", into four components; Technological progress, change in technical efficiency, scale effects and specific efficiency were analyzed. The average value of these components respectively is 1.47 ; 0.53 ; 1.52; 0.15% and the average TFP growth is 3.67%. In this connection, technical efficiency, effective tensions and income share of production factors have also been calculated; The results show that the housing sector works close to technical efficiency and the trend of inefficiency is decreasing, the average effective elasticity of labor force and capital stock are 1.06 and 0.92 respectively, and the income share of these two respectively is 0.51 and 0.49 percent. The return to scale is also greater than one and increasing. However, production units are not able to improve the share of technical efficiency change in TFP growth. The average of other drivers is also positive, but due to the lack of synergy between technological progress and scale effects, and despite the smallness of allocation efficiency; have not had an acceptable impact on productivity growth.

Several factors such as productivity, per capita income, and oil income effective on the real exchange rate. In addition to examining the factors mentioned above, this article examines the change in taste of Iranian consumers from domestic to foreign goods and its effect on the real exchange rate. For this purpose, a theoretical model of consumer behavior, which is a utility function including domestic and foreign goods, has been presented and linked to the real exchange rate. Then, using time series regression with the implicit trend and state space technique, the effect of taste on the real exchange rate has been estimated dynamically during the years 1974 to 2021. The result of the estimation shows that the effect of taste has dynamically reduced the real exchange rate so that the width from the regression's origin has decreased yearly. Also, the effect of productivity and per capita income on the real exchange rate is significant, but the effect of oil income is not significant. The practical results show during the last 47 years, the tastes of the Iranian people have tended to consume foreign commercial goods with a mild trend, and this has been one of the causes of the real value of the national currency.

Today, planners and decision makers of countries need timely and accurate evaluation of their decisions and policies. The issue of time and precision is so important that it provides the possibility of implementing possible changes and modifications of patterns and plans, and prevents wasting resources and opportunities. Fortunately, various indicators have provided such a possibility to evaluate these policies and decisions. Misery index is one of the most important measures of social welfare. This index is obtained from the linear combination of inflation and unemployment. This index was introduced by Aokan (1999) and expanded by Barro (1996). An increase in the misery index is associated with many social and economic costs, such as an increase in crime, poverty, divorce, a decrease in social security, damage to mental health, the collapse of families, a decrease in health expenses, and a decrease in life expectancy. Inflation causes the imposition of welfare costs by reducing the value of people’s financial assets, and on the other hand, it harms production by creating uncertainty in the decisions of institutions for investment and creating other costs. Inflation leads to sub - optimal allocation of resources, economic inefficiency and social, cultural and political disorder of the society. Unemployment like inflation is the cause of chaos in the economic conditions of the society. Unemployment has caused people to suffer from social problems such as crimes, addiction and moral corruption. Unemployment causes people to be caught in social problems such as crime, addiction and moral corruption.

Knowledge and awareness of the state of misery index in the regions of the country in certain time horizons are very important for the planners of the region and economic policy makers of the country. Considering the importance of the misery index, this question is raised: Which factors affect the convergence of the misery index in the provinces? In this regard, several studies have been conducted in the field of misery index. However, none of the studies have investigated the influence of the factors affecting the convergence of the misery index in the provinces using spatial econometrics. In economic literature, there are several methods for investigating the convergence. Absolute beta convergence and conditional beta convergence have been used in this study. Absolute beta convergence is formed independently of initial conditions and other characteristics of an economy. For this purpose, using theoretical foundations and empirical studies, the variables of economic growth, monetary indiscipline, human capital, and information and communications technology (ICT) were added to the convergence model as explanatory variables. Absolute beta convergence and conditional beta convergence models have been estimated using the spatial econometric method over the period 2006-2020.In this study, after defining the spatial weight matrix, the unit root test is used to examine the "stationary" of the variables. Moran test and Lagrange multiplier test are used to detect spatial autocorrelation and examine the presence of spatial effects, respectively. Chow's test is used to determine whether the data is a panel, and Hausman's spatial test is used to use the fixed or random effect method. Finally, the model is estimated, and effects of space spillovers are analyzed with "spatial econometrics method" by accounting for direct and indirect effects in Stata software. The calculations of the overflow coefficients of each province on other provinces and the drawing of maps were done using R software and Maptools, Spdep and IMPact function packages for the year 2019. The statistical data including inflation and unemployment rates are used to calculate misery index. Gross domestic product, population, number of university graduates (as human capital index) are extracted from statistical yearbook of the provinces and Statistical Center of Iran. The penetration coefficient of the internet (as ICT indicator) is extracted from Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, as well as facilities and deposits after deducting legal trust are gathered from the Central Bank of Iran. The statistical population of this study is the provinces of Iran except for Alborz province. The results of stationary test using Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) method showed that all variables are stationary at level. Also, the null hypothesis of Moran's test regarding the absence of spatial effects in absolute convergence model and conditional convergence model was rejected. Therefore, the presence of spatial effects in absolute and conditional convergence models was confirmed. According to the conducted tests, the spatial auto-regression method (SAC) was used in this study. The results of the spatial Hausman test also showed that the models should be estimated using the fixed effects method.

The results of estimating the models showed that economic growth and human capital have a negative and significant effect, ICT and monetary indiscipline of banks have a positive and significant effect on the convergence of the misery index in the provinces. According to the speed of convergence, in the case of annual absolute convergence of about 10.9 % and in the case of conditional convergence of about 12.6 % , the gap between the " current growth rate of the misery index " of the provinces and the " long - term equilibrium misery index " of the provinces will be resolved. In the case of conditional convergence, the time required to eliminate half of the aforementioned gap is about 5.5 years. It should be noted that in this study, the misery index is a negative variable. The interpretation of the beta coefficient means that there is an opposite relationship between the initial situation and the average growth rate of the misery index: That is, regions with a lower "misery index" move towards the average misery index with a higher speed and higher growth rate than other regions. This means that the economic situation of the provinces is getting worse. Therefore, it is expected that the provinces will converge to their long - term equilibrium misery index and the gap between the current growth rate of the province's misery index and its long - term equilibrium will be resolved.

According to the positive and significant effect of the monetary indiscipline index on the convergence of the misery index in the provinces, it can be said that with the increase of monetary indiscipline in the banks, liquidity has increased at the community level. Consequently, it has caused an increase in the general level of prices and an increase in the misery index. On the other hand, due to the economic situation of Iran, the existence of economic and banking sanctions and the impossibility of financing and investing in foreign sectors, the government's credit facilities and debt to banks have increased, and the monetary indiscipline index of banks is increasing, and as a result, the liquidity risk of banks is increasing. As a result, the lending power of banks will decrease, that is, it is not possible to grant large bank loans to drive the productive and entrepreneurial sectors into spur the economic growth of the provinces, and this will cause a decrease in employment, a decrease in the level of production, and then an increase in unemployment. This is why the misery index increases in the provinces. The spatial coefficient of the interval of the dependent variable is positive and significant. The existence of a positive and significant coefficient of the spatial dependence variable shows the positive effect of the poverty index of neighboring provinces on each other, so the distance between the provinces of the country has an effect on the convergence of the poverty index.

This study, using spatial econometrics, investigated the effect of bank efficiency and monetary indiscipline on the economic convergence of provinces in the period of 1389 to 1398. The estimation results of the models revealed that the ratio of facilities to bank deposits, as an indicator of banking efficiency and monetary indiscipline, has a negative and significant effect on economic convergence in the provinces investigated. Therefore, the banking system was not able to play an influential role in economic convergence. The absolute speed of convergence was shown to be 0.048; in the conditional models, with the values of 0.269 and 0.254, the speed of convergence of the provinces was higher. However, with the introduction of banking variables, the speed of convergence decreased. In other words, on a yearly basis, 4.8% in the absolute convergence mode and 26.9% and 25.4% in the conditional convergence mode, the economic gap of the provinces is fixed to a stable state. Moreover, real capital stock and taxes have a positive and significant effect, whereas human capital and misery index have a negative and significant effect on economic convergence. Examining the effects of spillovers in 1398 indicated that the spillover effect of banking efficiency on neighboring provinces was positive. Also, with the increase in the distance between the provinces, the spillover effect decreased. In fact, the effects of spillover on neighboring provinces are more than those that are further away.

In this study, the estimation of price, income and cross elasticities of gas demand in the selected group of high income and middle -income countries in the period of 1990-2020 has been done using the panel data method. The results of the estimation of the model using the fixed effects method showed that gas is an inelastic commodity in the group of selected countries. The price elasticity of natural gas in the group of selected high income and middle-income countries is 0.256077 and 0.196553 respectively. The reaction of gas consumers in the group of selected high-income countries is higher than the group of selected middle-income countries to the same change in the price of gas and also, the results of income elasticity showed that gas is an essential commodity in the group of selected countries. The income elasticity of gas in the group of selected high-income and middle-income countries is 0.355611 and 0.490959, respectively, and finally, the results of cross-elasticity estimation showed that electricity is a substitute for gas in the group of selected countries. The cross-elasticity of gas compared to the price of electricity in the group of selected high-income and middle-income countries is 0.029562 and 0.091683, respectively. The reaction of gas consumers in the group of selected middle-income countries to the same change in income and price of electricity is more than that of the group of selected high-income countries. 

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays an important role in sharing information and greater participation in exchanges and buying and selling of investors' shares. Because the use of information and communication technology in financial markets, reducing marketing costs and increasing the participation of shareholders and investors and reduces information asymmetry. Therefore, the main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of ICT on capital market uncertainty in Iran. In this dissertation, GARCH method has been used to estimate the capital market uncertainty index. The results of ARDL model estimation using quarterly data in the period 2011: 1 to 2020: 4 (1390: 1399: 4) in the short and long term showed that the effect of the ratio of online or online transactions to the total volume of transactions to The title of ICT Index on capital market uncertainty in the long run and short term is different. This factor increases the excitement in the market and increases the uncertainty in the capital market in the short run. While continuing to increase trading in the long run, it increases market confidence and increases the expectation of profitability from the market and reduces capital market uncertainty. Other results of the model showed that inflation, economic growth and exchange rate have a significant effect on the performance uncertainty of the total stock exchange index as an indicator of capital market uncertainty. The results also show that the errors are sinusoidal adjusted and diverged, and it takes about 7.5 seasons on average to completely neutralize the imbalance in capital market uncertainty

In this paper, we present the macro stress test with a credit risk approach for banking system of Iran during the period 2004Q1-2019Q4. The goal is to evaluate the vulnerability of the banking system through credit risk to the country economic shocks. In this regard, the developed method of Wilson (1997) Credit Portfolio View model including macroeconomic variables and default rate has been used. The results of the applied analysis show that the nominal exchange rate has a significant and positive effect on default rate or credit risk and the variables of the inflation rate, economic growth, loan growth, and liquidity rate have a less negative effect and considering that the economic recession during the studied period, the unemployment rate has had the most positive and destructive effect on the credit risk. Using Mont Carlo simulation and calculating the risk value and expected losses for each of the economic variables, the capital required by banks to cover losses is obtained. The results of the credit risk stress test show that an adverse scenario due to nominal exchange rate shock with a standard deviation has the greatest impact on the amount of capital required to cover unexpected losses compared to the baseline scenario and banks need less capital to cover their losses. But to cover the losses caused by the shocks of other variables, it is necessary to increase their capital. In general, according to the obtained results from the simulation and checking the distribution of credit losses, the banking system except for the nominal exchange rate variable is not resilient to cover losses due to shocks from other variables.

his study was conducted with the aim of identifying the leading companies in the stock market and the impact of the currency crisis on the change of these companies, using the spanning tree model. For this purpose, the daily price returns of 50 selected stocks from the Iranian stock market and in two time periods were used to form the stock network. The period from March 24, 2016 to March 20,2018 was determined as the period before the currency crisis, and by identifying the currency event on April 4, 2018, using the ICSS model, the period from April 4, 2018 to July 21,2020 was determined as the period after the exchange rate crisis. According to the findings of the research, in the period before the exchange rate crisis, the symbols of Khepars, Foulad and Kegol have the highest correlation with other stocks. In other words, these stocks have been able to play a leading role. After the jump in the exchange rate, Veghdir and Foulad were identified as the leading stocks. According to the results, export-oriented industries have been able to maintain their leading role after the exchange rate crisis, and import-oriented industries such as automobiles have lost their leading role.

Income distribution is one of the economic variables in the field of macroeconomics whose improvement is always a concern of governments. Income distribution shows the share of each member of the society in national income. The most important results of an increase in income inequality are increased rents and corruption, reduced entrepreneurial rate in the society and increased size of government. Also, the existence of a large traditional sector with low potential for modernization and a low and volatile level of economic growth rate is another characteristics of economies with high inequality in income distribution. All economies are somehow faced with macroeconomic shocks, but the dependence of oil-exporting countries on foreign exchange earnings from oil sales has made changes in oil revenues, which is a major cause of economic fluctuations in these countries. In Iran, exports and government budgets depend heavily on oil revenues, so that any move to the global oil market severely affects the government budgets and the structure of the economy. Thus, the prominent role of oil revenues in the structure of the government budgets and the social security programs has distinguished the Iranian economy from other economies. Studies show that countries with a high share of natural resource exports experience two to three times more fluctuations in their foreign trade than other countries. Oil wealth harms the poor by creating economic fluctuations in the countries that export this product through two channels that include creating economic shocks and destabilizing government revenues, and increasing income inequality. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of shocks and uncertainty of oil revenues and sanctions on the income distribution in the Iranian economy.
In this study, in order to investigate the impacts of oil market shocks (good and bad news) and sanctions as well as the effects of uncertainty in the income distribution inequality, the index of VARMAX GARCH-in-Mean Asymmetric BEKK model has been used for the period of 1991: 1 to 2019: 1.
The results showed that positive shocks to the oil revenues led to improved revenue distribution in the short term. One of the strengths of the present study is to consider the effects of the structural failure of the variance of variables in the studied model, which has led to an increase in the accuracy of estimating the model coefficients. The significance of the structural failure coefficients (across the origin) in the equations of variance indicates that, in terms of structural failure (variance) in the model, the amount of turbulence in all the variables increased, so in the period when production variance had structural failure compared to the period when there was no structural failure, there was less relative stability in the economic growth. In addition, the results of estimating the research model confirm the existence of asymmetric effects of shocks (good and bad news) on the turbulence of all the variables, so that the intensity of these asymmetric effects in the turbulence of oil revenues, economic growth and inflation was relatively higher. These variables are highly sensitive to the arrival of bad news, and this type of news is an important factor for the instability of the variables studied in this period. According to the estimation of the GARCH sector coefficients, the turbulence of all the variables is transmitted to the turbulence of the income distribution inequality index, and the instability in each of these sectors leads to its transfer to the income distribution index. Also, the significance of the estimated coefficients in the GARCH sector confirmed the transfer of the sanctions turbulent overflow to all the sectors, including income distribution, which confirms the effective role of sanctions in creating instability in Iran's macroeconomy. Therefore, if the sanctions continue, the establishment of relative stability will face a serious challenge.
Despite the view of many economic thinkers that one of the main causes of poverty and income inequality is lack of capital, and money accumulation, the experience of many oil-exporting countries, including Iran, with regard to oil revenues shows the opposite. Many studies have shown that, despite the abundance of oil resources and high government revenues from oil revenues in countries with oil reserves, including Iran, income inequality is exacerbated. This is due to their lack of attention to tax revenues, over-dependence on oil revenues, lack of strong links between oil-related industries and other economic sectors, the lack of proper influence of this sector on employment, and the orientation of public spending towards the wealthy classes,. In contrast, studies in developed countries indicate that reducing inequality and improving income distribution by increasing transfer costs and targeted subsidies from sources of increased energy revenue have led to improved health and education indicators.

Income inequality is an important obstacle to the growth and expansion of social welfare. Developed societies use various tools to overcome this problem. The social security system is one of the most well-known of these tools. In this study, the effect of social security costs on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces of the country in the period 1397-1387 has been investigated. In this research, the subject has been studied through spatial methodology. The results showed that the long-term costs of social security have a significant negative effect on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces, but short-term costs have no effect. Absolute and conditional convergence coefficient shows that the provinces of the country converge to a level of income distribution in the long run. The estimated convergence velocity is 0.061 in the absolute convergence state and 0.075 in the conditional state. The findings also showed that inflation and human capital have a positive and significant effect and Internet penetration has a negative and significant effect on the convergence of income distribution. Kuznets hypothesis was confirmed in the provinces. The study of the effects of overflows in 1397 showed that the long-term costs of social security in one province affect the neighboring provinces and Isfahan province due to its proximity to 9 provinces has been able to have the greatest effect of overflows on other provinces.

The purpose of this paper is to measure the average share of information and communication technology in long-term productivity growth and as well as the increasing intensity of ICT index in Iran's manufacturing industries at the level of double-digit codes (ISIC). For this purpose, the expanded growth accounting model in the period2005-2018was exploited. The research findings revealed that : The effects of ICT has a significant positive effect on the average long-term productivity growth in Iran's manufacturing industries. ICT's share of long-term productivity growth in The most intensive contribution of ICT has been recognized for coke and related products, electrical equipment and chemicals and related products. This effect has shown more than any other manufacturing industries in Iran and this amount has also improved over time. The lowest share of ICT in productivity growth in the long run is related to furniture, clothing and machinery and not classified equipments. The results  also showed that the average value of increasing ICT intensity index is insignificant meaning the more  and with increasing intensity of ICT use, the more intense effect on productivity growth increases.

The impact of ICT on the economic and social development of countries has been studied over the past three decades using different methods and data in different time periods and at national or international levels. Studies show ICT, at the macro level of productivity and economic growth, has been impressive. The ambiguity of ICT productivity was first raised by Robert Solo in 1987. For this reason, it is also known as "solo ambiguity". "We see computers everywhere except in productivity statistics", he said. In the 1980s, most studies reported a negative relationship between productivity at the economy level and the IT workforce. However, in the 1990s, further research findings highlighted the positive and significant effect of ICT on productivity and economic growth. Therefore, the effects and consequences of ICT have been discussed by researchers since the 1990s. The purpose of this study is to examine the productivity growth in all production factors, short-term productivity growth, direct, indirect and total ICT shares as well as the average ICT and non-ICT shares of productivity growth.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The study aims to explore the relationship between ICT and the productivity growth of all the factors of production. A historical study of the correct measurement of the share of inputs in production shows that there are complex tools and methods in this regard, one of which is growth accounting. Using it, one can calculate the share of technology or the growth of technology in progress, which is equal to the growth of productivity in all the factors of production and is known as "solo waste". Solo waste is the share of productivity in GDP obtained by the difference of the growth of labor and capital from the growth of output. This study evaluates, compares, and analyzes the variables considering growth accounting and the research model of Oliner and Seichel (2002). For this purpose, application is made of the survey results of the industrial workshops of more than ten employees at the level of two-digit codes of the Statistics Center of Iran in the period 2006-2016. The following equations are used to calculate the total productivity growth of the short-term factors of production: = - ( + + ) 
   
Also, to calculate the direct and indirect ICT shares, the following equations is used:   , (1+ )
The variables and formulas are fully explained in the text of the article.
First, using the data available on the website of the National Statistics Center of Iran, the nominal value added, the compensation of services and the number of employees, the total price index is extracted by years. Also, using relation (6) the real value added is estimated, and relation (5) calculates the growth of the real value added and the employees. Equation (7) serves to calculate the share of labor force, and then the data on the payment of communications and telecommunications costs are extracted from the site of the Central Bank. Equations (8) and (9) calculate the ICT share and relationship as well as the share of non-ICT, respectively. Equation (9) also extracts the data from the website of the National Center for Total Investment and ICT Statistics.  Relations (10) and (11) along with the explanations of the capital inventory section calculate the growth of real capital inventory of ICT and non-ICT. We now calculate the productivity growth of all the factors of production in the studied years. From Equations (14) and 17-13 and the explanations of the short-term productivity growth, we calculate the short-term productivity growth separately in the studied years. This paper presents the table of the average productivity growth for the total factors of production, the short-term productivity of ICT and their ranks in terms of the type of industry as well as the corresponding charts.

Calculations show that only 6 out of 23 industries have experienced total factor productivity growth. The highest productivity growth of the total production factors is in medical, food and beverage, clothing, leather and bags, and in the paper industry, while the lowest is related to tobacco, furniture, printing, chemicals and coke. Calculations also show that 15 out of 23 industries have experienced short-term productivity growth. This shows that the response of most economic sectors to ICT is positive in the short term. The most growth of short-term productivity is related to food and beverage industries, clothing, leather and bags, medicine and paper, but the lowest occurs in the printing, tobacco, tobacco and chemical industries, chemicals, office machinery and recycling. The equation    calculates the direct share of ICT, Equation (16) the indirect share of ICT and Equation (24) the sum of ICT shares. Then, the tables of the average direct, indirect and total ICT shares by years and types of industry are compared. At the end, the table of the average shares of labor force, ICT capital and non-ICT capital are compared according to the type of industry.

The share of ICT in the productivity growth of all the factors of production and short-term productivity growth varies according to the type of industry. This share has been very small and even negative in some years and in some economic sectors. The averages of the direct and indirect shares as well as the total ICT are negligible. Moreover, the indirect share is less than the direct share. The average share of the non-ICT capital is higher than that of labor and the ICT capital during the mentioned period. The difference is significant regarding the average share of the ICT capital.

In the process of financial development, the mobilization and allocation of funds are done with higher quality and efficiency. Meanwhile, the financing of various projects including environmental projects is possible with greater ease and lower cost. Financial development provides the possibility of attracting foreign investments coupled with lower pollution by providing financial resources required to perform advanced and equipped research and development units as well as the access to more efficient and eco-friendly technologies that require more financial resources. On the other hand, developed countries tend to implement their polluting industries to countries which have lower environmental standards. This direct foreign investment results in enhancement of pollution level in developing countries. In this regard, the main objective of this article is to investigate the effect of financial markets on air pollution as an indicator of the quality of the environment in the group of selected middle income countries.

The present study is an applied, causal and deductive research. Data and information collection methods include documents review, digital information and note-taking system.

In this regard, the main aim of this study is effectiveness of financial markets on environmental quality in middle income countries. The results were obtained from the estimate model by using the fixed effects method in selected countries within the time period 2000-2015. Domestic credit granted to the private sector (% of GDP) as an indicator of the money market and the ratio of traded shares to the stock market trading volume as an indicator of the capital market have a positive and meaningful impact on co2 emission in middle-income countries. The effectiveness of domestic credit granted to the private sector (% of GDP) on co2 emission is higher than the ratio of traded shares to the stock market trading volume in middle-income countries.

In recent decades, demand for energy to achieve economic growth has increased, and accessible resources, especially resources of fossil fuels, have sharply decreased. Uncontrolled and ever-increasing consumption of various energy carriers such as oil, gas, and coal has more than ever attracted the attention of countries to two important issues, namely non-renewability of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. Thus, one of the most important priorities in energy policies is diversification of energy resources and also finding an energy resource which is safe, cheap and free of greenhouse gases. Nuclear energy, therefore, is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is analyzing the effect of nuclear energy consumption on environmental quality in the set of selected countries. This is an applied research by objective, a causal research by study method, and an inferential research by methodology. Results from model estimation by the method of fixed effects in the selected countries in the 2004-2014 period show that nuclear energy consumption has a negative and meaningful effect on CO2 emission as an indicator of environmental quality.

In today's world, culture is becoming more and more complex, sensitive and important at the same time. Social developments, the accelerated process of globalization and the increasing growth of technology, the expansion of communication, have created fundamental and continuous changes in culture. Culture has a great impact on the economic and social aspects of life. The field of culture, in addition to helping the economy by creating job opportunities, production and income brings important social benefits to consumers and producers of cultural goods and services. Cultural activities are an important factor in achieving peace of mind. Culture is the main factor and engine of sustainable development and environmental protection. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of cultural indicators (number of press, number of cinemas, number of public libraries, and numbers of books) on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of air pollution in Iran.

The present study is an applied, causal and inferential research method. The method and tool of collecting information and statistical sources is also the method of written documents, electronic information and filing.
 

This study is an applied research and inferential research method. The method and tool for collecting information and statistical resources are written documents, electronic information and taking notes.

The results of  the estimation models using  OLS method shows that  Number of  public libraries has a significant and positive effect and  number of the press, the cinema, number of  books as cultural  indicators have a negative significant effect on  Co2 as an indicator of air pollution.

In recent decades, studies of the role of government in economy have had a shift from the concentration on the size of government and its tasks to the quality of government intervention. This change of attitude to state in economy has given rise to a new vision of good governance. Good governance requires a broad approach to the transparent involvement of a wide range of groups including the government, civil society and private sector. In this respect, the quality of governance reflects the ability of governments to formulate and implement effective policies to improve business environment, economic development, and entrepreneurship expansion; therefore, the main purpose of this article is to find the answer to this important question: What is the impact of the quality of governance on entrepreneurship in selected countries? The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and referential, in terms of research method, nature and the method of dealing with the problem. In this study, reference is made to the statistical data of the World Bank and the World Entrepreneurship Observer. Multivariate regression and panel data and Excel and Eviews soft wares have been used to model the factors affecting entrepreneurship. The results of fixed effects model estimation over the period 2000-2016 showed that governance quality has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurship in the selected countries. The effect of governance quality on entrepreneurship in the group of innovation-based selected countries with high income is higher than the group of efficiency-based ones with medium income. Creating effective institutions, governments can provide an environment suitable for regulating the economic relations of individuals in a low-cost manner. In this way, entrepreneurship can be reinforced and developed.

Governments through passing proper laws, clarifying the current structures, equaluzing the apportunities, decreasing economic rents, and also modernising legal system can play significant role in providing essential fortunes for proper function of markets. Therefore, the quality of laws represents the ability of governments in composing and executing efficient policies that may lead to the propagation and development of private sector and expanding the business. the main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of regulatory quality on the “Starting a Business Index” (cost of starting a business, time of starting a business (number of days), and the number of stages of starting a business) in selected middle income countries. Results from models estimation by the method of fixed effects in selected countries in the period 2004-2015 shows that regulatory quality has a negative and meaningful effect on the indexes of “cost of starting a business” (percent of per capita income), time of starting a business (number of days), and the number of stages of starting a business, as indexes of starting a business.

As the world's population grows and energy resources are limited, all countries face energy problems. The crises that threaten countries and communities are the lack of non-renewable sources of energy (fossil fuels), as well as the increase of environmental pollution caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels which shows the necessities and importance of using renewable energy resources. The close link between the economic and environmental issues has raised new approaches to the field of international environmental law, one of the most prominent of which is the green economy, and since one of the main goals of the green economy is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the use of renewable energy sources is a quick way to achieve a green economy. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to review the comparative effect of renewable energy on green economy in two groups of selected countries that produce and consume renewable energy with high and middle income.

This study is an applied research and inferential research method. The method and tool for collecting information and statistical resources are written documents, electronic information and taking notes.

The results of model estimation in the selected countries with Fixed Effects Method during the period of 2005-2016 showed that the use of renewable energy has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of the green economy in the selected countries. Also, the effect of renewable energy on the green economy in the group of selected middle income countries is higher than that of high-income countries. Other results showed that economic growth and openness had a positive and significant impact, human capital, ICT and rule of law had a negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of green economy in the group of selected countries.

Renewable energies are clean, abundant and reliable and if properly developed, can play a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals as sustainable sources of energy. The main reason for the emphasis on the use of renewable energies, in addition to helping to solve environmental problems and preventing the loss of fossil fuels, is the conservation of natural resources for future generations, which undoubtedly renewable energy, given their simplicity of technology, plays a significant role in the green economy and sustainable economic development.

The impact of Information and Communication Technology on Entrepreneurship Information and communication technology (ICT) has been able to offer significant flexibility on entrepreneurship with various features and capabilities. Increasing speed and accuracy, reducing the physical volume of information storage systems, transparency in processes, the possibility of remote work and reducing costs are examples of these features. In this regard, the main purpose of paper is to examine the impact of information and communication technology on entrepreneurship in middle-income countries and high-income countries. This articl is an applied research, causal and inferential research by methodology. The results of the models estimation are presented by fix effect method. Information and communication technology has a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship in the selected countries.The effect of Information and communication technology indicators on entrepreneurship in high-income countries is higher than the middle-income countries.This shows the strength of the IT infrastructure in the high-income countries. Hence, increasing investment in Information and communication technology and creating the necessary platforms for expanding Information and communication technology use in the business process, creating and developing private banks for entrepreneurship development, and the creation and expansion of entrepreneurship centers.

Payment systems are the main components of the financial system of each country, which play effective roles in the rapid, efficient and safe transfer of funds among markets and various agents in the financial system, as well as in improving the efficiency of the financial system. These systems facilitate the carrying and using cash in the form of a payment card, and reduce the risks of theft or loss of cash. They reduce the risks of illness transmission compared to the exchange of notes, and allocate the income accrued to the deposit account as a bank profit. In addition, such systems lower the transaction costs and bank charges, and speed up the financial exchanges. Any electronic payment is possible from the platform of these systems. The identification of the effects of electronic payments on different economic and financial sectors is of great importance. This paper aims to investigate the impact of card payments, as a part of electronic payments, on the financial development among the Iranian provinces by using panel data approach. The estimations by Panel Least Squares method indicated that during the period of 2007-2016, the number of points of sales (POSs), the number of automatic teller machines (ATMs), and sum of number of POSs and ATMs as indicators of card payments had positive and significant effects on the ratio of facilities to deposits as an indicator of financial development.

The main purpose of this paper is evaluation of VAT effectiveness on income distribution in a group of selected countries with average revenue. A challenge of tax policy makers is applying the VAT systems regarding to repressive effects of it. While the VAT was applied on all goods and services with same rate, regardless of price elasticity and price elasticity of demand, it resulted in transfer of the tax burden to consumers. Therefore, in on side, it conflicted with tax equity principle and if it is not considered, it could make distrust between public and taxpayers (consumers) and government and encourage people to be tax evasion. The results of model study using fixed effects and Generalized Method of Movement in middle-income selected countries during 1995-2015 showed that VAT have significant and positive effect on Gini coefficient as income distribution index. Increasing the VAT rate resulted in increasing the Gini coefficient and inequity.

Trade liberalization is the removal of restrictions created by policymakers on the way of macroeconomic variables in the market. Trade liberalization leads to more specialization in production, division of labor, and increase in income. In turn, increase in income results in educational opportunities, better health and medical care services, and provision of more favorable social services by governments. Moreover, trade promotion improves the cultural interactions, and increases the variety of goods available to consumers. Trade introduces new types of goods and services, such as medical and sanitary equipment, to domestic markets. Thus, the health and longevity of individuals increase, and affect the human development index. Trade liberalization can reduce government tax revenues and tariffs. Reduction in government revenues affects the quality and quantity of public government services, such as education, health, and decreases the human development index. Trade promotion can also impose adverse effects on environment and sustainable development. In this regard, this paper aims to examine the effect of trade liberalization level on human development index in a group of selected middle-income countries during the period 2000-2015. The results of models estimated by the fixed effects method indicate that the trade liberalization has a positive and significant impact on the human development index

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ICT on tax revenues in the selected middle income group with an emphasis on tax exemptions. The paper is based on the four ICT indicators (Internet users, Internet security services per million, subscribers per 100 people and mobile subscribers per hundred people). The use of different indicators of information and communication technology enables the acquisition of the effects of different aspects of information and communication technology on tax revenues. Also, the paper describes the size of the black economy as an indicator of tax evasion. The results of model estimation using the method of generalized moments during the period of 2002 - 2015 showed that ICT and tax evasion have a significant effect on tax revenues in the group of selected countries. Information technology is both a threat for taxation and an aid for it. Performing activities such as filling out statements, tax forms and electronic payments for taxes can help reduce collection, processing, and collection costs, thereby improving the efficiency of the tax system and increasing tax revenues. But on the other hand, it is possible that the expansion of e-commerce will reduce tax revenue by reducing the probability of identifying and tracking transactions.