parvin aghamohammadhasani

Identification of causes of divorce in any society is the first and most important step in proposing practical solutions to this social problem. This study aimed to investigate certain causes of divorce in a community of divorce applicants in Rafsanjan, Iran.

In this descriptive study, 278 people (139 couples) applying for divorce, referring to counseling centers in Rafsanjan, Iran (2021) were enrolled via convenience sampling method. The causes of divorce were examined from the perspective of the counsellor and subjects. The data were analyzed using SPSS.

The mean age were 34.70±9.85 years. From the perspective of counsellors, psychological- psychiatric and sociocultural issues were the most common reasons for divorce (19.4% and 19.1% respectively). Men stated that the most important causes of divorce were lack of boundaries (parental interference) (21.6%), lack of empathetic dialogue (18%), and lack of conflict resolution skills (17.6%). According to women, the principal causes of divorce were the husband's addiction (17.3%), poor anger control skills (15.1%), and economic problems (15.1%).

The findings of this study indicated that apart from the issue of addiction and economy, other causes of divorce are related to marital skills, which can be reduced with proper pre-marriage education.

In recent decades, non-communicable diseases have been increasing for various reasons. This study aimed to evaluate health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) and self-efficacy of health behaviors (SHEBs) in patients with ischemic stroke admitted to the neurology ward. The statistical population of this cross-sectional descriptive study included all patients with ischemic stroke during the first six months of 2019. The participants completed a demographic checklist, SHEBs questionnaire, and HPBs questionnaire. Independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Data analysis showed that interpersonal support and stress scores were higher in men, and scores of taking responsibility, exercise, and HPBs were higher in non-natives. Stress score was higher in smokers, drug users, and people with primary education (P<0.05). Also, the physical self-efficacy of men and all dimensions of SHEBs of non-natives were higher compared to other groups (P < 0.05). There are apparent differences in HPBs and self-efficacy among stroke patients regarding gender, nativity, smoking, and substance use that should be considered to help them improve their HPBs and health self-efficacy.

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents that can be created by both genetic and environmental factors.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of OCD and its patterns in families with OCD children.

 In this cross-sectional study, 95 children and adolescents with OCD who were referred to the Psychology Clinic of Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2016 were enrolled by a convenience sampling method. The research tool was an obsessive-compulsive questionnaire (children form), and interviews were also carried out with the patients to find the deterioration of the symptoms in them and/or their families. Data were presented and analyzed by mean ± SD, frequency, and Chi-square test. The level of significance was 0.05.

 The highest frequency of OCD patterns was washing, Checking, and doubt. 36.7% of fathers and 56.1% of mothers had one of obsessive-compulsive disorder patterns. Meanwhile, the most common pattern observed in the parents was cleaning. In total, 79.6% of the paternal families and 87.7% of the maternal families of the patients had OCD. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed in the levels of OCD between children and mothers (P = 0.027), whereas no significant association was detected between the OCD of children and that of their parents.

 Family history (especially maternal family) plays a significant role in OCD development, which is indicative of the transmission pattern of multifactorial traits, while the heritability of OCD is still not determined.
 

Health concerns are among the major concerns of the staff dealing with infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. This study aimed to examine health anxiety (HA) in the healthcare workers (HCWs) of COVID-19 patients from March to May 2020.

The statistical population of this descriptive study consisted of all 101 HCWs of COVID-19 patients at Ali ibn-Abi Talib Hospital in the Rafsanjan County, who were invited to help with this survey using the census sampling method. They completed the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and the independent t-test.

A total of 39 (38.6%) of the participants witnessed the death of COVID-19 patients. Out of the 101 staff, 72.3% suffered from mild anxiety, 24.8% from moderate anxiety, and 3% from health anxiety. The mean score of health anxiety was significantly higher in male participants (p= 0.040) and also in those who witnessed the death of COVID-19 patients (p= 0.036). There was a significant negative correlation between health anxiety and work experience (p=0.032) so that health anxiety was higher in employees with less experience (p= 0.033).

The level of anxiety and health anxiety in staff dealing with COVID-19 patients is high. Due to negative effects of anxiety on effectiveness of employee performance, it is necessary to make necessary interventions to improve their mental state.

Comprehensive and reliable information about intellectual disability (ID) and its association with environmental and demographic variables is scarce.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of intelligence quotient (IQ) in children with ID.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all children with ID under the care of the welfare organization and special needs schools of the city of Rafsanjan were included in the study by census sampling (n = 207). After obtaining informed consent, parents completed a checklist including participants’ age, gender, birth month, birth season, and birth order, and also parents’ age and education level. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests.

Out of 207 children, 107 (51.7%) were male, 100 (48.3%) were female, 36.2% were first-born, 14.5% were born in May, and 5.3% were born in March (the most-the least). The relationship of IQ to birth season and month was not significant (P > 0.05). Among the children, 39.6% were offspring of consanguineous marriages, but no significant relationship was observed between their IQ and consanguineous marriages (P > 0.05). The level of ID was correlated with parents’ age (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was also found between IQ and the number of offspring (P = 0.004). All cases of severe ID were seen in girls and a significant relationship was detected between IQ and gender (P = 0.0001).

Individuals with ID have an IQ below 70. ID in children was correlated with the parents’ old age and low education level, but not with their birth season. However, given the higher prevalence of infectious diseases especially viral infections in cold months, it is only sensible to educate couples about how to protect the health of mother and fetus during these periods.

Families of children with special needs face many problems. This study aimed to investigate happiness training on the pattern of parent-child relationships and the hope of parents with autistic children.

Twenty-six couples with autistic children who referred to Rafsanjan Autism Clinic, Rafsanjan City, Iran, were enrolled in the study by the census method. Informed consent was obtained from them. Then the parents completed the Schaefer and Edgerton Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire (1985) and Miller Hope Scale (1988). Next, parents were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Happiness training based on the Fordyce method was performed for eight 1.5-hour sessions per week for the intervention group. The parents of either group completed the questionnaires after training of the intervention group (about 2 months and 3 months later). The Chi-square test, independent t-test, and 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

The results of the analysis showed that the changes in the scores of communication (P=0.013), acceptance (P=0.008), control (P=0.005), independence (P=0.040), aggressive non-attachment (P=0.015), and hope (P=0.010) were significant between the two groups at stages of measurement. The scores of all variables increased but the aggressive non-attachment decreased.

The education of happiness in Fordyce style influenced the interactive pattern of communication and hope of parents with autistic children. Therefore, training of happiness along with other services available to parents of autistic children can also be considered.

Occupational burnout is an emotional response to chronic occupational stress. The aim of this study was determine the rate of occupational burnout among physicians working in Rafsanjan University hospitals Rafsanjan, Iran, and its correlation with personality dimensions: 2016. In this descriptive and correlational study, 161 physicians were recruited using the census method. After obtaining informed consent, respondents filled in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression. Gender, age, and working experience did not have a significant association with occupational burnout (P > 0.050). Moreover, 16 (9.9%), 139 (86.3%), and 6 (3.7%) of the physicians had low, moderate, and high occupational burnout, respectively. The mean score of emotional fatigue of women (P = 0.015) and individuals aged 35-50 years (P = 0.400) was higher. The association of job burnout was significant and inverse with all dimensions of personality and significant with the personality dimension of neuroticism (P < 0.001). Regression analysis indicated that 23.8% of occupational burnout was predictable by the personality dimension of extroversion [P = 0.021]. Ninety percent of the physicians had moderate to severe occupational burnout that was related to some personality dimensions. Since doctors play an important role in promoting community health, it seems necessary that trustee organizations, while investigating the factors affecting occupational burnout and trying to improve the status quo, use personality assessment as part of the appointment and organization process.

Substance abuse and consequently the use of methadone in Iran are reported at high levels. Drugs alter sexual function by affecting the organs of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual functioning and serum testosterone levels in opiate addicts, individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and healthy men living in the city of Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2016. The statistical population of this descriptive study included: A) opium-smoking men, B) individuals undergoing MMT, and C) those without any history of substance abuse. Using a formula, the sample size consisted of 70 individuals who were randomly selected from the statistical population. The study samples also completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Moreover, the serum testosterone levels were measured using the laboratory-based Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) diagnostic kits. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests with a significant level of < 0.050. The serum testosterone levels in healthy individuals were higher than those in other two groups (P = 0.001). In addition, the sexual functioning indicators of men receiving MMT and opiate-smoking ones (P = 0.001) were lower than those of healthy individuals except for overall sexual satisfaction (P = 0.069). Methadone and opium reduce different aspects of sexual functioning. It seems that this change was through having impacts on serum testosterone levels; however, psychological, social, and economic dimensions are suggested to be considered in this domain.

Opioid addiction is a chronic disorder that can create main psychological, systematic, social, and economic problems. Among the different therapies of opioid addiction, Methadone maintenance therapy is one of the many therapeutic approaches. Methadone, like any drugs can effect on some organs. The aim of this study was evaluation of liver enzymes in people undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. In this retrospective study, level of liver enzymes including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) measured before and 12 mounts after methadone therapy (from October 2015 to June 2016 Rafsanjan, Iran). Data analyzed by SPSS-16 using spearman, paired sample and independent T-test. P-value ≤0.05 considered significance. 98 people enrolled to study (male/female: 83/15). The mean age of them was 47.21±9.53 years (male/female: 48.42±9.51/40.53±65). Plasma levels of AST before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 31.44±21.61, 40.77±20.00 U/L which significantly increased (p= 0.001). Plasma levels of ALT before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 36.43±33.54 and 39.93±25.52 U/L (p= 0.183). Plasma levels of ALP before and 12 months after methadone therapy was 263.21±52.19 and 239.42±57.27 U/L which significantly decreased (p= 0.001). Mean dose of methadone in people with abnormal AST levels was higher than people with normal AST (p=0.003). Before methadone therapy, AST in 58.2%, ALT in 50% and ALP in 100% of subjects was higher than normal level. Treatment with methadone has an effect on the Aspartate Aminotransferase for at least one year and may increase it, which can be due to liver damage.

Behavioral disorders in childhood are very important due to the possibility of behavioral-mental disorders in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of behavioral disorders factors among children in the 4th and 5th grade of primary school in Rafsanjan City, Iran, in 2016.
In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 500 students were selected from among the 4th and 5th grade of primary school based on the sample size formula and randomized cluster sampling method. Parents of the selected children filled out the demographic characteristics checklist and the Rutter Children’s Behavior ýQuestionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test in SPSS software.
From the parents’ points of view, 110 (22%), 45 (9%), and 5 (1%) children had behavioral disorder, symptoms of aggression, and symptoms of antisocial behavior, respectively. The association between prevalence of behavioral disorder and student's age, father's occupation (P The prevalence of behavioral disorders among children in the 4th and 5th grade of primary school in Rafsanjan was high. Due to the negative effects of these disorders on different educational and social aspects of the students, the greater attention of authorities, teachers, and parents seems necessary to identify conducive factors and find appropriate strategies to prevent the emergence of such disorders.

Communication is a necessity of social life which is very important in health care settings due to the type of work and clients. The aim of this study was determine the association between interpersonal communication skills (ICSs) and personality dimensions of nurses working in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
In this descriptive study, 223 nurses were selected by stratified random sampling method and they completed the Burton ICSs and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory ý. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and multiple linear regression at a significant level of P = 0.050.
Among the selected nurses, 9.9%, 75.8%, and 14.3% had a poor, moderate and good communication skills respectively. The association between age (P = 0.026) and work experience (P = 0.025) with ICSs were inversely significant. There was a significant correlation between good communication skills and the extroversion personality aspect (P = 0.001), pleasure (P More than half of the nurses had difficulties in ICSs. The communication pattern of nurses is effective in their performance and quality of work; therefore, their personality dimensions and traits can be taken into account in the process of recruiting, transferring, or moving them. Hence, each person can be appropriately located in the right place in terms of the area of activity, and type and number of clients.

Suicide is an intentional self-harm behavior leading to death that is more common in young people aged 15-24 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of suicidal thoughts and planning for suicide among medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.
In this cross-sectional study, all 300 Entrance 2007-2013 medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences were included by census sampling. Among them, only 265 students (88%) agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected by using Beck standard suicide questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive and analytical statistics like Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.
The participants included 126 male and 139 female medical students. Among them, 75.84% had no suicidal thoughts, 18.11% had suicidal thoughts, 4.15% were susceptible for committing suicide and 1.88% had a plan for suicide attempt. There was a significant relationship between suicidal thoughts and gender (P=0.017), living area (P=0.026), history of chronic disease (P=0.042), history of mental disorder (P=0.002), and smoking (P=0.049).
The results show that the risk of suicide is high in medical students. Therefore, preventive strategies should be performed for preventing suicidal thoughts and committing suicide.

The field and object: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of talking on a cell phone, listen to music and news radio on reaction time of drivers injured and without incident Rafsanjan city.

80 driver referring to plaque switching center of Rafsanjan randomly selected and divided in two groups with and without traffic accident. Then the effect of talking on a cell phone, listen to music and news radio on the reaction time of these two groups were investigated by using the reaction timer software and finally, the data using two-way ANOVA and were compared at a significance level of less than 05/0.

Results showed that choice reaction time was significantly different between men and women. The results analysis showed that simple reaction time in two groups of drivers with and without incident was difference only on mobile phones, but in choice reaction time, in addition to mobile phones was significant difference to listen to the news. Also, the relationship between age and simple reaction time was significant (P= 0/02). Moreover, the interaction between the accident and the type of stimulus in choice reaction time, the difference was significant.

Based on results, distracting factors (such as talking on a cell phone, listening to radio news) were delayed choice reaction time of drivers with accidents than drivers without incident. But in simple reaction time was such an effect the only mobile phone. Listen to music had no effect on reaction time. It is suggested, education and awareness to the general public through the media will done in this regard.

The activity level of Narcotics Anonymous group (NA) is expanding in many countries, including Iran. Some research has confessed the benefits of 12-step NA approach compared with similar methods. In the present study, the role of regular participation of opioid addicts in the NA group was studied in terms of abstinence rate and compared with routine program of detoxification centers of the person Welfare Organization and Medical Sciences University. All addicts who attempted to quit in self-introducer clinical centers of Medical Sciences University and the Welfare Organization of Rafsanjan were suggested to participate and not to participate in NA, based on even and odd numbers, respectively. Among them, two equal 120-person (NA and control) groups were selected, then evaluated every three months and followed up for 12 months. Their status was assessed through questionnaires, interviews, and morphine tests. The purity rate of NA group with 8.49 months was significantly different with normal addicts in 5.19 months (p=0.001). The recurrence rate at 12 months was significantly lower in the NA group compared with the control group, calculated through independent t-test (p=0.001). Quitting history and addiction duration in the NA group was significantly higher than control group. The findings of the research support a better prognosis for participants of NA group. Further researches are recommended to provide useful clinical information for patients and professionals.