parviz bayat

In order to preserve the environment in rural areas, it is necessary to take advantage of effective awareness-raising and training methods for the villagers. Women are the main force for transformation and a potential source for village development. The purpose of this research is to investigate effective educational components that are used in the development of empowerment of rural women facilitators of watershed projects in education related to the importance and applications of watersheds. The current research is in the category of applied research in terms of purpose and survey type in terms of strategy. The method used in this research was the combined method (quantitative and qualitative) and the data collection tool was completing the questionnaire in 2019.The statistical population of this research was all women rural facilitators located in 11 villages on the edge of the Kotsar watershed project in Tangistan city in Bushehr province, about 50 people. The sampling method in the current research was targeted non-probability census and face-to-face interviews. One-way analysis of variance has been used to compare the status of the existing and desired training programs for rural women on the margins of water catchment projects. The results of the research showed that in the current conditions , the variable of the principle of communication skills (knowledge of effective communication) is the first principle of women's education, From the point of view of rural women, the outcome they expect from education is to create jobs and employment for women in the watershed implementation area.

Several factors can cause people's lack of participation in watershed management projects. The current research aims to identify, classify, and prioritize the Bushkan watershed in Bushehr province from the point of view of watershed residents and experts. For this purpose, these factors were identified and classified first. Then, paired comparison and Likert questionnaires were prepared as measurement tools, and the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on experts' opinions. After completing the questionnaires, hierarchical analysis was used by 34 expert experts to prioritize the indicators, using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis process. In order to prioritize indicators and sub-indices affecting the lack of sustainable participation of people in watershed projects from the perspective of the watershed residents, a questionnaire with a Likert scale was used as a measurement tool. After measuring the validity and reliability of the survey questionnaire It came to fruition. The sample unit is a rural household, and Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size. Based on the number of households in this district (678 households), 245 heads of households completed the questionnaire. The results showed that in the Bushkan watershed, there is a difference between the views of experts and people regarding the indicators of people's non-participation, in such a way that the experts give the design-implementation indicator the first priority, while the people living in the watershed give the education and promotion indicator the best priority. People know about non-participation. The ranking results of the sub-indicators showed that both groups of experts and local communities believe that "the lack of education of the watershed residents regarding the relevant plans and objectives" is the main reason for the lack of participation of local people in watershed management projects. From the point of view of experts, "non-use of local force in the implementation of projects (employment)" and from the point of view of people, "non-use of local promoter group" is in second place.

Nowadays, food security is one of the most important concerns of different societies. This concern has especially important in rural areas which are themselves producers of food products. This study has investigated food security and factors affecting it in rural areas of Busher Province. Necessary data were collected by a sample of 380 households who were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan's Table. Data analysis was performed in descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS18. The results indicated that more than 60% of households have food insecurity. Results also indicated that based on the Mc Carthy model, economic, geographical and social factors have the most effect on food insecurity. Based on the results of hierarchical regression, among the economic factors, the variables such as irrigated land, savings, and number of livestock, among the social factors, variables such as spouse literacy, number of children, dependency burden, and geographical factors, variables such as distance from agricultural sales center, sales through intermediaries and investment of urban people in the rural areas have a positive and significant effect on improving food security.

The current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of the flood spreading project on the aquifer from the perspective of the villagers living on the edge of the project. The flood spreading plan on the aquifer has been implemented since 1995 on the level of 1259 ha of land in Tangestan city in Bushehr province in the form of the Kausar 3 research and extension training station. The agricultural and garden lands or pastures used by them are located in the boundaries or on the sidelines of the project. Therefore, the statistical population of the research included 1,600 households in the villages on the edge of the flood spreading project on the Ahram Bushehr aquifer. The dependent variable of the project is the effects of the aquifer project from the perspective of the residents of the villages located on the edge of the project, which includes the effects of the project in terms of social, economic, public services, and hydrological characteristics. The above indicators were divided into sub-indicators in the questionnaire. To prioritize effective indicators and sub-indicators from the point of view of the beneficiaries (Villagers on the edge of the plan). A questionnaire of the type of qualitative ordinal variables and corresponding to the Likert scale with 28 items was used as a measurement tool. After measuring the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, a survey was conducted among the residents of the watershed. To rate effective indicators and sub-indicators, Friedman's test for two-way analysis of variance through rating, and also the comparison of the average rating of different groups was used. The findings of the research showed that the indicator of hydrological characteristics had the greatest impact on the implementation of the aquifer project, and the economic aspects of the implementation of the flood water spreading project on the aquifer are in second place. The implementation of flood spreading has had the least effect on the social field in the lives of the villagers on the edge of the project. Furthermore, from the point of view of local communities, the sub-indicator of "reduction of flood damage to village lands and gardens" has the most importance and the sub-indicator of "disagreement and conflict between the villagers of the region" has the least effect on the flood water spreading plan on the Bushehr Ahram aquifer.

Education is one of the tools to increase the empowerment of women facilitators. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the educational factors affecting the empowerment of rural women facilitators in Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces. This research is field in terms of data collection and analysis and is causal in terms of possibility and ability to control variables. The period of this research was 2019 and the place of its implementation was Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces. The statistical population of the study is 850 rural women facilitators living in the two provinces (N = 850) and the sample size was 285 (n = 285) according to the Krejcie-Morgan table. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that they are underlying factors as one of the important contexts in increasing the empowerment of women facilitators such as officials' belief in the scientific abilities of rural women facilitators, positive attitude towards education and empowerment of rural women. According to the needs assessment and climatology of the target area of women facilitators and the existence of efficient educational organizations of rural facilitators and the causal situation and background conditions of education can explain up to 43% of the variability of capabilities of women facilitators of agricultural extension. In the meantime, the components of training methods and the background conditions of education have the most positive impact on promoting the empowerment of rural women facilitators.

Precision agriculture is one of the new aspects of sustainable agriculture. In this type of agriculture, the management of crop production inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, seeds, etc. is implemented based on the spatial characteristics of the farm with the aim of reducing waste, increasing income and maintaining environmental quality. On the other hand, when pesticides are used within the framework of the pest management program and taking into account the ecological and environmental aspects, they are considered as a reliable and valuable tool. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the attitude and behavioral tendencies of the experts of Bushehr Agricultural Jihad Organization towards the application of pesticide application technology (spraying variable). Cross-sectional survey research method and multi-stage random sampling method were used to collect information from 110 experts in Bushehr province. The results indicate that the behavioral tendency variable is affected by the variables of attitude about the benefits of variable spraying technologies and behavioral attitude. Also, the variables of perception of usefulness and individual modernity affect the variable of behavioral attitude. This research was completed by adding external variables to the technology acceptance model. Findings show the importance of individual modernity in shaping the attitude and behavioral tendencies of experts and this should be considered in planning for the adoption of these technologies.

farming is a kind of sustainable agriculture aimed to provide integrated, systematic and human agricultural production system without any conflicts with economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, it is effective to implement educational classes and workshops in related with different techniques of organic farming in order to facilate the adoption process of this innovative method in agriculture. Need assessment is the first step of each program. So, the main objective of this research is assessing of the educational need of bushehr province farmers for adopting and developing organic farming. The statistical population of this research consists of three groups including farmers (24345 individuals), agricultural experts and managers of Jihad agriculture organization of Bushehr province (350 individuals) as well as the lecturers and faculties of agriculture college and research and education center for agricultural and natural resources of bushehr province (120 individuals). Based on statistical population and referring to Morgan table, 200 farmers, 90 agricultural experts and executive managers and 30 faulties were selected, randomly. Quantitative phase of the research was accomplished based on survey using questionnaires and the qualitative phase was conducted based on designing focus groups and content analysis. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of agricultural specialists as well as conduction a pilot study, respectively. According to the findings of qualitative phase, 32 educational needs were extracted and ranked regarding organic farming. “Subjects importance”, “farmers’ Knowledge about the subjects” and “application of the subjects by farmers” were assessed in quantitative phase.

Increased production per unit volume of consumed water requires more precise planning in selecting the appropriate irrigation method for the optimal use of available water resources in the agricultural sector. The province of Khuzestan has been ranked third with 13.8 percent of the total date production of the country. Therefore, using pressurized irrigation methods with the goal of optimal utilization of water resources is inevitable. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the possibility of utilizing subsurface drip irrigation systems in date orchards and determining the most suitable irrigation treatments in terms of yield and water use efficiency for Kabkab cultivar. Mohebbi and Alihoori (2013), in a study conducted with four irrigation treatments including surface irrigation and drip irrigation with 75% and 100% cumulative evaporation of class A evaporation pan in Hormozgan province, showed that despite different amounts of water in treatment irrigations, there was no significant difference in fruit yield, vegetative traits, and shading surface. The highest and lowest water use efficiency was obtained from drip irrigation treatment with 75% water and surface irrigation treatment with water content equal to 100% cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan. Therefore, irrigation with drip irrigation method and 75% cumulative evaporation from class A pans were recommended for irrigation of palm groves. The results of Mohebi’s (2005) study on comparing the effects of two equivalent amounts of water, 75% and 100% evaporation of class A pan in two methods of drip irrigation and surface irrigation on the growth and development of the palm cultivar Peeyaram showed that, among different treatments, there were significant differences in vegetative growth indices such as the number of leaflets, the trunk diameter, and the shading surface. However, in terms of leaf number, yield and quality characteristics of fruit including pH, moisture, soluble solids and total sugar content, the differences among treatments were not significant. The irrigation interval was two days in a drip method and seven days in a surface treatment. The results also showed that although different treatments provided different levels of water for trees, there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of yield and quality traits. The effect of treatments on vegetative traits and yield was not significant. Water consumption in 75% evaporation treatment in drip irrigation method was as much as about 40% of water use in surface irrigation. Therefore, treatment of 75% evaporation from the pan was introduced in the drip irrigation treatment method.

Capparis spinosa plays an important role in the ecosystem dynamics of arid and semi-arid regions. The development of cultivation of this plant requires optimal conditions to produce seedlings in simple, practical and inexpensive ways. Low germination percentage is one of the most important barriers to the mass production of Capparis spinosa. In this study, the best strategies for increasing seed germination were investigated using inexpensive and simple scientific methods. For this purpose, after seed collection from local accessions of different areas in Bushehr province, seed preparation treatments were applied for germination. The treatments included scarification with sandpaper, potassium nitrate, hot water, and concentrated sulfuric acid, compared to the control. Seed germination was done by Petri dish in incubator and culture tray in greenhouse. The results showed that potassium nitrate treatment caused the highest germination percentage in Talheh local accession (86.7%) by culture tray method, which showed more than 41% increase compared to control. The highest germination was obtained to be 68.3% in the scarification with sandpaper in the Konari local accession. The germination rate in potassium nitrate treatment in both tray and Petri dish treatments increased significantly compared to other methods. In addition, application of concentrated sulfuric acid and hot water decreased germination percentage and rate compared to the control. Therefore, potassium nitrate solution was the best treatment for increasing the seed germination of the study species.

There are a separate and combined effects of nitrogen and water, as most important factors, on plant growth. This experiment was conducted to optimize the use of these inputs in drip-irrigated tomatoes to gain optimum quantitative and qualitative yield. The experimental design was RCBD as split manner with three replications in three years. Three irrigation treatments: 75, 100 and 125 percent of calculated irrigation water (IW), and four rates of nitrogen: 0, 75, 150 and 225 kgha-1 N were as main and subplot, respectively. The results showed that effects of each factor on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was induced by the other one. In treatments of 75%, 100% and 125% of IW, maximum yield, IWUE and NUE obtained from 75, 150 and 225 kgha-1 nitrogens, respectively. Increasing in water rates decreased IWUE in the absence or low rate of N, but increased it in presence of high rates of this nutrient. Although nitrogen application was associated with reduction in NUE, but high water rates improved it. Increasing in mean weight, vitamin C and nitrate concentration of the fruit were obvious by increasing in water and nitrogen rates. Fruit TSS was increased by N application and decreased by increasing water. It was concluded that nitrogen use management should be considered for efficient use of irrigation water in different irrigation regimes

One of the essential needs of human nutrition is animal protein supply. In recent years, poultry meat as a valuable source of protein in human nutrition is used in Iran and the world. Triple diseases Newcastle, Flu and Bronchitis have long been the main causes of poultry mortality in most countries. Therefore, recognizing farmers, knowledge and managerial practices about triple poultry diseases helps development actors’ effort to improve production and increase efficiency in this sector. Promoting poultry farmers, knowledge and management practices are the basic ways to achieve the goals in development of poultry industry. This study was conducted to investigate factors influencing knowledge, awareness and management practices of poultry farmers in Bushehr province about poultry diseases. The statistical population was 220 poultry farmers in Bushehr province. Based on Cochran sampling formula , 140 samples were selected. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Ordinal theta coefficient (theta=.078 -0.90). Results showed that knowledge of persons who are more educated and have access to more information significantly more. Knowledge of the disease, triple, social norms and access to information are variables affecting poultry farmers’ management practices.

This research was carried out with the aim of studding the effect of chelate and nanochelate of potassium foliar application on some growth and physiological characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under deficit irrigation stress. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of Bushehr University in 2016-2017. Plants were subjected to four deficit irrigation stress levels (100, 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity moisture). Four different rates of chelate and nanochelate of potassium (0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L) were applied through foliar spray. The results indicated that deficit irrigation stress significantly (p

Different plants have different effects on the characteristics of their surroundings, especially on the soil. Soil properties also have the different effects of these plants on them. In this research, the effect of capparis spinosa on the soil characteristics of three areas with different soil characteristics was evaluated. The under-floor soils of the capper plant in three depths of 0-30, 60-30 and 60-90 cm, compared to the non-vegetation soils, were taken in three different geographic regions with six replicates and a total of 108 depth samples, and in The laboratory measured some of their physical and chemical properties. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and to compare the measured characteristics with non-pairs F and T tests. The results showed that the effect of capper plant on the characteristics of saline soils is a significant reduction of salinity and soil salts, reducing SAR and simultaneously improving some of the characteristics of fertility, such as increasing the potassium available in these areas. Also, in soils with light and medium non-saline texture, significant increase in available potassium levels and SAR reduction were observed in the lagging soil.

Since the mission of each information system is to accelerate the use of information by users, hence, knowing users, their needs, and the ways in which they use information is essential and the provision of information resources, regardless of the information needs of learners, will result in the loss of human resources, budget and other facilities. Therefore, the research was conducted to investigate the information needs and information seeking behavior of students of Applied Scientific Training Center of Jihad-e-Agriculture in Bushehr province. The research method was survey and using a questionnaire. In this study, content validity method was used for validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for measuring reliability. The statistical population of this study included students of that center during the first semester of academic year 2014-15 (N = 314). After removal of incomplete questionnaires, 282 items of the questionnaire were used for final analysis. The research findings showed that student's motivation was the most to seek information, prepare reports and study research. The most important source of information was the need for specialized literature introduced by the professors. Most students use the Internet between 3 and 6 hours a week, which is the most widely used e-mail, search engine such as Google and specialized databases for learning. The most important barriers to accessing the community are English language abilities, lack of resources in the library and a large amount of information retrieved.

The water crisis is usually described as the imbalance between supply and demand when this problem is beyond a physical or hydrological phenomenon. The water crisis is rise out of a big gap in the organizational and economic aspects of the development, allocation, utilization and management of water resources. So to overcome the current deficit water situation it is required to do organizational reforms to update the water institution, in addition to investigate the current status of rights, policies and management of water resources. The main goal of this research was to study the meaning and concept of the water institution and water institutional reforms in different countries. Although this work was a review in view of data collection, but it is practicable. To achieve the objectives, analysis was done with emphasis on definition of water institution and its reforms. Reviewing the experience of countries shows that water institutional reforms have been done to improve water efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability and reduce governmental cost. In addition, equity and justice could be seen in some countries. To increase the required efficiency and security for investment in water resources, there should be transparent and compulsory rules and these rules must be revised over time.