r. bagheri

The ingestion and intake of healthful and high-quality water is a crucial aspect of human existence. As such, it is imperative to closely monitor the contamination of drinking water, including potential exposure to radioactive elements, in order to assess the level of radiation that individuals may be subjected to through water consumption. The aim of this paper is to measure the levels of gross β and α activity in drinking waters obtained from various sources in Ardabil. Through the utilization of liquid scintillation methodology, the gross α and β radio-activities of 25 water samples were scrutinized and measured to determine their radiological health. The findings of this analysis revealed that the concentration of gross α radio-activity ranged from 30 mBqL-1 to 180 mBq L-1, with an average of 71.6 mBq L-1. Similarly, the concentration of gross β activity in the samples varied from 49 mBq/l to 210 mBq/l, with an average of 114.4 mBq/l. Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation of 0.49 between α concentration and β concentration. The annually effective dose varied from 0.036 to 0.104 mSv, with an average of 0.072 mSv. The variation in risk ranges from 2.02E-04 to 7.91E-04, with an average of 4.01E-04. These outcomes demonstrate that the water samples analyzed are free from any radiological hazards and are deemed safe for consumption.

The implementation of the forest restoration plan in the northern region of Iran has led to an increase in efforts to enhance wood production through the cultivation of poplar seedling. Particularly, poplar trees hold a significant position among wood producers due to their distinctive features. The key consideration revolves around identifying suitable and cost-effective lands for planting fast-growing species. Purpose of this study focuses on assessing the land suitability for poplar (Populus nigra L.), a prevalent forest species in the country, through a quantitative land evaluation method based on the FAO approach.
The research gathered and classified the edaphic and climatic requirements of poplar tree by utilizing various library resources, data from the soil laboratory of the Research Institute of Forests and Ranglands, and field survey (Soil Profiles). The climatic and soil characteristics were quantitatively classified into five categories: highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), low/critically suitable (S3), The Quantitative Classification of soil and climate properties was done in five classes: suitable (S1), moderate suitability (S2), low or critical suitability (S3), currently not suitable (N1) and permanent not suitable (N2). For validation, a quantitative assessment of land suitability for poplar cultivation was performed across six soil types, including Nowshahr forest brown, Nowshahr gray brown pedzolic rich in organic matter, Chamestan alluvial regosol, Chamestan Rendezina, Chalous  Pseudogley , and Karaj alluvial cambisol, using a parametric method (second root).
Results indicate that spruce thrives in wet and semi-humid regions in a dry-type manner, with ideal conditions found in areas receiving 1500-1800 mm of rainfall. In drier, semi-arid zones, irrigation is essential for meeting water requirements. Optimal growth temperatures for spruce range from 11-16 degrees Celsius in moderate climates. Poplar flourishes in soils with a light to medium texture, granular or cubic structure, good to fast drainage, and low underground water levels with adequate calcium and magnesium cations.
The study showed that the most suitable soils for poplars have a light to medium texture with a granular or crumb structure, with adequate drainage, the absence of high groundwater and the sufficient amount of calcium and magnesium cations in the soil. Soils with incomplete drainage and heavy texture do not provide suitable conditions for poplar plantations. In terms of quantitative evaluation, Mollic Udifluvents soils with medium texture had the highest score for poplar plantations.

In this paper, the mechanical fracture problem of a half-plane made of functionally graded material (FGM) with a coating of a homogeneous layer containing multiple interface cracks is investigated in order to determine the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) under transient in-plane loading. According to exponential law, the properties of functionally graded material change continuously along y-direction. Initially, integral transformations and dislocation of the Volterra type of climbing and sliding edges on the interface of a FG half-plane with a homogeneous coating leads to the numerical solution of a system with singular integral equations. These equations which have the Cauchy type-singularity are then obtained using the distributed dislocation technique (DDT). Using the inversion technique in the Laplace domain, the dislocation density on the crack faces is obtained which has led to the determination of the DSIFs. Finally, in order to show the accuracy and validity of this research, the final results in the form of graphs have been compared with other references and a very acceptable conformity has been observed. The influences of the FG parameter, coating thickness, crack length, the variation of time and the interaction between of cracks on the DSIFs are studied.

In order to assess the quality of Fariman-Torbat-e-Jam groundwater resources and investigate the factors affecting the quality of groundwater, 26 groundwater samples (depth of tube wells between 70 and 260 m) were collected and analyzed for major ios, nitrate, and potentially toxic elements. pH and electrical conductivity were measured at the field. The type and facies of the samples changed from Na-HCO3 in the recharge zone to Na-Cl in the middle of the plain, and finally to Na-SO4 in the discharge zone. The results indicated the water equilibrium with carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite, and aragonite); evaporation, dissolution and reverse ion exchange are the natural factors affecting the chemical composition of the samples. The study samples are classified as intermediate to high saline waters (class III, EC between 1300-3000 µs/cm) and are suitable for irrigation crops which can tolerate saline waters. The calculation of water quality index (WQI) revealed that the groundwater of the recharge zone (exposure of limestone rock units) is suitable for drinking usage, whereas the quality samples collected from the discharge zone (exposure of shale and evaporate rock units) is too weak. Calculation of Langelier Index indicated that the samples are not suitable for industrial applications. The Torbat-e-Jam aquifer is polluted with As, Pb (>10 µg/l), and Cd (>3 µs/cm) mainly because of natural (exposure of shales and volcanic rocks) and anthropogenic factors (agricultural practices and discharge of residential wastewaters.

A novel hybrid multi-generation system consisting of the following parts is proposed and thermodynamically analyzed: one gas turbine, one wind turbine, a district hot water, and a heat pump system for district heating, and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer to produce hydrogen as energy storage. This modeling is based on both one steam Rankine cycle and one organic Rankine cycle. The analysis for both energy and exergy is conducted, in order to comprehend the system performance, where values of 80.19% and 52.63% for energy and exergy efficiencies are found, respectively. Also an environmental impact assessment is performed and the effect of some parameters (ambient temperature, air compressor pressure ratio and wind speed) on carbon dioxide emission is investigated. During our investigation, some fuel is examined for combustion and fuel changes are reported. Furthermore, a study on the influence of enhancing renewable energy and reducing conventional system portion on production of a specified amount of electricity in an integrated system is carried out.

For sustainable development, eco-friendly epoxies, composed of recycled rubber micro-particles and core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles, were processed to improve adhesion strength of an epoxy resin to structural steel substrates. To achieve this, the influence of mixing ratio of a recycled rubber micro-particles and CSR nanoparticles on the adhesion strength and adhesion fracture mechanisms of an epoxy were investigated in the present study. Synergistic adhesion strength was obtained for a certain combination of 7.5 parts per hundred resin (phr) CSR nanoparticles and 2.5 phr recycled rubber micro-particles. The remarkable increase in adhesion strength was attributable to “branching” of the crack-tip damage zone plus crack deflection to cause an adhesive to cohesive fracture transformation.

In this article, using the method of dislocation distribution and separation of variables, the mechanical fracture behavior of a thin rectangular plane made of piezoelectric material with limited length and width containing several cracks under out-of-plane mechanical and in-plane electrical loading is investigated. It is assumed that the behavior of the elastic medium is linear and the surfaces of the cracks are smooth. At first, the governing equations of the problem are solved according to the boundary conditions, and then the components of stress and electrical displacement in the body without cracks under external loading at the hypothetical crack location are presented. Then, according to Buckner's principle, the stress field obtained in the main problem and using the dislocation distribution method, the equations for analyzing the problem of several cracks are presented. By solving these equations and obtaining the distribution functions of dislocations, it is possible to obtain the stress and electric displacement factors at the tips of cracks. In this article, examples are given to verify the results and also to investigate the effects of the length, arrangement and interaction between the cracks on the field intensity factors.

PSMA is known as a suitable marker for imaging and targeted therapy of malignant tumors, especially prostate cancer. While; 177Lu-labeled PSMA is recognized as a promising compound for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, deployment of radionuclides with higher beta energy, including 188Re, can be useful for larger-sized tumors. However, the absorbed dose of the PSMA radiolabeled compound is substantial according to the considerable accumulation in the kidney.

In this study; the biodistribution of 188Re-HYNIC-PSMA was studied in Wistar rats. ANACOMP software was utilized for compartmental modeling. The human absorbed dose of this new agent was assessed according to the rats’ biodistribution data using the RADAR method.

The highest accumulation of activity in Wistar rats’ organs were observed in the kidney. The human organs that received the highest absorbed dose were the kidneys and bladder wall with 0.69 and 0.46 mSv/MBq, respectively.

The absorbed dose of 188Re-PSMA-617 in critical organs is comparable to the values of 177Lu-PSMA-617. 188Re-HYNIC-PSMA can be considered a safe compound for the treatment of PSMA expressing tumors.

A new method has been presented for the synthesis of copper (Cu)/copper oxide (CuO)-nanoparticles (NPs), based on the process of corrosion and oxidation of Cu-NPs on the surface of the gold electrode by nitric acid. Cu-NPs were deposited on the surface using potentiometric method. The high concentration of Cu-NPs was estimated by Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The process of growth and distribution of CuO-NPs on the surface of Cu-NPs using structural analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that nitrate was well absorbed and a sharp hydroxyl peak appeared and a phase of CuO NPs formed on the electrode surface. The surface morphology indicated that the average size reduced from about 150 nm to 50 nm in the presence of nitrate. This can be due to the oxidation of Cu nanoparticles on the surface and reduction of particle size compared to the absence of nitric acid. This simple and low-cost method can be used as a surface modification of antibacterial and active catalyst electrodes.

In this paper, a theoretical study of the behavior of multiple moving cracks in a non-homogeneous orthotropic plane under anti-plate deformation is presented. Material properties of the functionally graded (FG) orthotropic plane are assumed to vary exponentially in the y-direction. First, the distributed dislocation method is used to perform stress analysis, and the Galilean transformation is used to express the wave equations in terms of the coordinates attached to the moving crack. Then, the solution of the moving screw dislocation in the non-homogeneous orthotropic plane is obtained using the Fourier transform and shows that the stress components have the familiar Cauchy singularity at the location of dislocation. The solution is employed to derive integral equations for a non-homogeneous orthotropic plane weakened by multiple moving cracks. Numerical calculations are performed to show the effects of material properties and the cracks propagating velocity on the dynamic stress intensity factors of crack tips

Spatially explicit estimates of aboveground biomass over large area are necessary for natural resources managers. This study examined aboveground biomass and carbon stock of the wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) based on individual tree crown detection and allometric development in the arid woodlands using high-resolution satellite images of GeoEye-1 in a reserved forest area of Wild Pistachio trees in the South Khorasan Province, East of Iran. Biomass of sampled trees was determined using field sampling and experimental tests. In addition, the biomass of stems was determined using volume and density. The allometric biomass and carbon stock equations of Wild Pistachio trees were developed based on crown area, diameter at breast height (1.3 m), and height of trees. The trees crowns were detected and delineated on the GeoEye-1 images, using local maxima filters, and region growing segmentation algorithms, respectively. In addition, a morphological watershed transformation method was applied to split the connected and overlapped tree crowns. Performing algorithms was assessed using the measured field crown of sample trees by precision, recall, and overall accuracy indices. The biomass and carbon stock of trees of the study area were estimated using delineated crown area and the developed allometric equations. The results showed that the equation that used crown area could explain more than 80% of the remarked variation in biomass and carbon stock. In addition, the crown detection method results showed that overall detection rate and the quality of crown boundaries were acceptable. In conclusion, the study confirmed that combining the allometric equations with crown information from high-resolution images could contribute to the explicit mapping of biomass and carbon stock of wild pistachio trees in the arid woodlands.

In this paper, the analytical solution of an electric and Volterra edge dislocation in a functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) medium is obtained by means of complex Fourier transform. The system is subjected to in-plane mechanical and electrical loading. The material properties of the medium vary exponentially with coordinating parallel to the crack. In this study, the rate of the gradual change of the shear moduli and mass density is assumed to be same. At first, the Volterra edge dislocation solutions are employed to derive singular integral equations in the form of Cauchy singularity for an FGP plane containing multiple horizontal moving cracks. Then, these equations are solved numerically to obtain dislocation density functions on moving crack surfaces. Finally, the effects of the crack moving velocity, material properties, electromechanical coupling factor and cracks arrangement on the normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors and electric displacement intensity factor are studied.

The huge production of municipal solid wastes is one of the most important problems in modern societies. Improper management of the produced wastes may result in environmental pollution and is a threat to human health. Site selection for municipal waste disposal is considered as an important stage in waste management. Geological, environmental, social and economic considerations are the most important parameters which influence the selection of proper waste disposal sites. In the present study, site selection for the disposal of municipal solid wastes produced in Kangavar city, Eastern Kermanshah, has been investigated. For this purpose, geological (i.e. lithology, seismology, faults, soil texture and soil erosion potential), environmental (i.e. precipitation, distance from rivers, water table depth, and prevailing wind direction), and social-economical (i.e. distance from the roads, land use, rural and urban population centers, slope and elevation) factors were considered as the most significant factors and then, fourteen data layers were created in GIS software and the weight of each layer was determined using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). After the combination of GIS maps and AHP data and omitting the forbidden areas, the area was classified into four classes (i.e. suitable, relatively suitable, relatively unsuitable, and unsuitable areas) for waste disposal. On the basis of geological, environmental, and social-economical criteria and after field surveys, the best site for waste disposal was selected at 16 Km south of the Kangavar city.

In this paper, the cluster emission half-lives have been calculated by using the WKB approximation and the proximity potential Prox77 as the nuclear potential part and considering the deformations and different relative orientations of the cluster and daughter nuclei. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data and the results of the Liquid Drop Model, LDM. It is seen that with increasing the angle of the relative orientation, the systems under consideration, will be more stable against this phenomenon.

The climatic conditions of the main problem in increasing agricultural production and water resources are limited. These factors turning more and more to the pressurized irrigation systems. Among these systems, subsurface drip irrigation. The design and proper management of these enterprises to reduce water loss and optimal use of water and soil nutrients, soil moisture distribution around the dropper knowing how to demand. Shape (diameter and depth of wet soil) and the wetting front in the soil on many factors including texture and layers of soil, soil homogeneity, intensity of water, soil moisture content, slope of the land and water volume depends. The study of the distribution of moisture in the loam and silt loam subsurface Emitters taken. The results showed that the moisture in the soil with loam, silty loam texture will appear later. And because of the shallow depth of the pipes in both the garden, the moisture in the soil surface appearance. According to soil texture and appearance of moisture on the soil surface is recommended depth will increase tubes.

Drip irrigation methods in terms of the potential for a solution ideally suited for use in high efficiency distribution of water resources are optimized. If the system is running, regardless of the quality of some of them tride to be not be able to provide benefits to its nominal. In order to understand the strngths and weaknesses of system is required factors in their assessment of the size of. Farm monitoring system included parameters of water quality, soil quality, texture, and uniformity of emitters clogging water distribution, instsllation depth, distance from each other, and the trunk was emitters. The results show acceptable uniformity coefficient and coefficient of variation of discharge rates at discharge were classified as unacceptable. According to the results obtained from the coefficient of variation of flow parameters (Vqs), statistical uniformity coefficient (Us), The coefficient of variation of the dropper(Vpf) in the system of 25,74,22 Percent were calculated, showing system pressure fluctuations is unauthorized. It is concluded that a lack of uniformity at low pressure, poor design, system pressure fluctuations is unauthorized.

A field study was conducted at Abourehan research farm of Tehran University in 2009 to find out the effects of slow releasing nitrogen from pellet fertilizer of nitrogen and manure on grain yield and some Physiological Characteristics of corn (Single Cross 704). The factorial design of the study comprised of randomized complete block with three replications. Factors this experiment involved: first factor was Two levels of application method fertilizer include (pellet and mixed with soil) and second factor was four levels of nitrogen fertilizer pulse manure include (46+600, 92+600, 138+600 and 184+600 kg ha-1) In this research, a Screw Extruder setup was designed and manufactured. N fertilizer Increasing from 46 to 184 kg/ha had significant effect on all yield and yield components traits except number of rows per ear. Maximum grain yield was obtained with pellet and 184 N kg/ha treatment. Also LAI, CGR and NAR curve was maximum with applying pellet and 184 N kg/ha treatment. Results showed pellet method through decreasing of leaching and slow releasing of N, cause low consumption of N to 50%.

Mentha mozaffarianii Z.Jamzad is traditionally used from ancient times for diarrhea, stomachache, meteorism, and headache and as coolness. This study was carried out to determine some ecological characteristics of Mentha mozaffarianii Z.Jamzad in Hormozgan Province. The study sites were selected based on our field observations and also the spatial distribution of major habitats of the species in study area. The climatic factors were obtained from the nearest climatology station to selected sites. The growth parameters of the species were studied using 20 transects, each 50 m in length. Every 10 m along each transect, we selected the nearest individual and measured plant height, plant diameters (the largest and the smallest), and also plant cover. In addition, we took two soil samples (depth of 0-30 cm) from each studied sites and determined physico-chemical properties of the soil in the lab. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple comparison tests (=0.05) was used to test for the significant differences between studied sites. Results showed that this species is mainly distributed in river beds of mountainous areas which ranged in elevation from 250 to 2400 m a.s.l. and have a moderate and dry desert climate regime. Also, the main soil types in major habitats of this species were loam, loamy-sand and sandy-loam ranged in PH from 7.27 to 8.10 and EC from 1.01 to 4.45 ds/m.

The present experiment was carried out to determine the effect of feeding a diluted diet together with avilamycin or probiotics on catch-up growth of broiler chickens. Three hundred day-old chicks (Ross 308 hybrid) were assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates based on a completely randomized design. The control group, which met NRC requirements, fed a diet consisting of 2900 KCal/kg ME and 20.8%CP. A diluted diet included 2700 KCal/kg ME and 19.4%CP fed to the negative control group during 7 to 21 days of age. There were two additional treatments with 10ppm avilamycin and 100ppm probiotic, respectively. Feeding the diluted diet resulted in reduced body weight gain (P<0.05). Final body weight was higher in chickens having received avilamycin. Although this difference was insignificant compared with the control, it was significant in comparison with other groups. There was no significant difference in terms of feed intake among the treatments. However, birds which received avilamycin had superior feed conversion ratio to other groups. Birds in the control group had the highest abdominal fat content but the difference was not significant. In conclusion, avilamycin significantly increased body weight gain during catch-up growth though the probiotic caused no significant change.