reza eltiaminia

 

Relations between China and Africa have a long and complex history, dating back over three thousand years. Initially characterized by intermittent contact, these relations fluctuated until the communist revolution in 1949, which reignited China's interest in Africa. The new Chinese government viewed African nations as significant players in global politics and sought alliances to counter colonialism and exploitation. However, ideological rifts with the Soviet Union and pressure from Western nations led several African countries to sever ties with China by the end of 1967. China-Africa relations have seen unprecedented growth in the past three decades, particularly in economic cooperation and lending, drawing considerable international attention. Today, China is regarded as a primary economic partner for many countries across Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe. By 2009, African nations transitioned from being former colonies to becoming China's largest trading partners, with China emerging as the leading lender to the African public sector. Despite the significance of Chinese diplomacy and economic imperialism in the current era, there is a notable lack of academic research on this topic. Articles published in Persian have not addressed China's diplomatic objectives in Africa or their implications; instead, they have concentrated on China's emergence as a superpower and various aspects of its hard and soft power in the African context. In contrast, English-language articles emphasize the need to understand China's intentions in fostering relationships with African nations. However, these articles often adopt a pessimistic view of China's goals, seemingly exaggerating the risks associated with the development of China-Africa relations.

The main research question revolves around the objectives of China's diplomacy in Africa and whether this economic cooperation can be classified as a form of new economic imperialism or a mutually beneficial partnership.

The hypothesis posits that China's diplomacy in Africa represent a long-term investment aimed at achieving developmental goals for both parties rather than exploitation.

The study employs a qualitative method with an analytical-explanatory approach, utilizing both primary and secondary sources gathered through library research.

The research aims to analyze the principles underlying China's diplomatic strategies in Africa and their political-economic implications.

The findings indicate that while China's foreign policy exhibits neo-colonial tendencies rooted in economic imperialism, it is premature to definitively classify its actions as colonial. Contrary to narratives presented in Western media, many African leaders and citizens view cooperation with China positively, considering it beneficial.

Currently, Beijing is attuned to the historical concerns of African nations regarding colonialism and has adjusted its policies to mitigate these apprehensions. This includes emphasizing "sustainability" in economic relations. Key measures taken by China involve enhancing its soft power, fostering cultural exchanges, investing in education, and contributing to security efforts in conflict-prone regions. These initiatives have yielded favorable outcomes, such as reducing negative perceptions of China within Africa. China remains cautious in its engagements on the continent and continues to strengthen its partnerships with African nations. Despite existing trade imbalances favoring China, Beijing has demonstrated commitment to supporting Africa's development goals for 2063. Overall, there is no widespread concern among African populations or leaders regarding their relationship with China. The complexities of this relationship necessitate a nuanced understanding; while some neo-colonial tendencies exist, African countries retain agency and have benefitted from economic advancements facilitated by Chinese investments. In conclusion, although China's actions may suggest imperialistic inclinations, the evolving dynamics of Sino-African relations reveal a multifaceted partnership that offers significant opportunities for development while also posing challenges that require careful management by both parties. For Africans, China presents four primary attractions for future cooperation:Avoiding Pressure from Global Financial Institutions: China's loans have allowed many African governments to evade the stringent conditions imposed by global financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. These institutions often require compliance with Western norms, including political and economic reforms that can feel burdensome to African nations.
Rapid Response to Development Needs: China has empowered African governments to swiftly address the increasing demands of their populations for improved services and infrastructure. There is a growing interest among Africans in the quick provision of services such as transportation, education, health, and communication by Chinese companies, as well as access to affordable goods. This has fostered a stronger appetite for trade with China across the continent.
Involvement in Peace and Security Projects: China is actively participating in peace and security initiatives within Africa. Notably, Chinese soldiers are involved in eight United Nations peacekeeping missions globally, five of which are located in Africa.
Economic Growth Model: The history of China's rapid and successful economic growth serves as a potential model for African nations. As China's influence continues to grow on the continent, it appears that these countries may increasingly find themselves aligned with China as their primary partner for development and cooperation. Although negative western propaganda can have a negative impact on the public opinion of African citizens and the speed of their governments' cooperation with China, it does not seem to be able to stop these relations.

Ensuring the socio-political rights of citizens is one of the obligations of governments, which is clearly mentioned in the internal laws of countries. But guaranteeing these rights sometimes faces external obstacles. One of these obstacles is unilateral and multilateral sanctions. In spite of the fact that the states imposing sanctions always deny such an effect, but most of the researches conducted in this regard have rejected this proposition. One of the countries that has experienced the longest and most extensive unilateral and multilateral sanctions is Somalia. This article aims to answer the question: what effect did the sanctions have on the socio-political rights of Somali citizens? The hypothesis of the research points out that sanctions affect ordinary citizens more than the political system and its leaders. Therefore, they violate the socio-political rights of Somali citizens. To answer the research question; we used the global indicators of the right to life, the right to health, and the quality of governance during the period of sanctions against Somalia. The gathered data was evaluated with a documentary-descriptive method. The research findings empirically showed that the right to life and the right to health has been severely violated in Somalia during the years of sanctions, and the sanctions have not been able to bring about any improvement in governance indicators in this country. Also, from the theoretical dimension, the findings of other researchers regarding the negative effects of sanctions on human rights were confirmed.

Understanding the causes of the backwardness of the Muslim World has been the subject of research in the late three decades. Although much research has been done on this subject, cultural causes have been neglected. This is while culture seems to play an important role in the economic and political development of countries. The cultural crisis is one of the fundamental problems of the Islamic world that has been reflected in most of Imam Khomeini's speeches. The purpose of this study is to investigate Imam Khomeini's view on the cultural challenges of Islamic states using the theory of crisis of Thomas A. Spragens. The findings of this article refer to cultural problems such as westernization, division, self-destruction, emotional-spiritual dependence and crisis of meaning and identity, political and economic instability, the intervention of foreign powers, etc.

Extremism roots in the Islam world could be found in growth of salafism and wahabism that caused to creation of extremism currents and forces with the west support in the region. After appearance of wahabiat in the second half of 18centur and its spread and influence and changes happened in the 20century in the political and social conditions of Muslim countries , the political, social and cultural faces of Islam has changed in the region of middle east, north Africa, south Asia and southeast Asia. In addition to growth of Muslim religious awareness, gradually, some of theirs political and cultural attributes have transformed. salafi movements based on their epistemology, religious, jurisprudence and its theological principles classified into traditional or limitation salafi, narrations, scientific, Sufi, jihadi and takfiri salafi. How prioritize three epistemology mean religion, narration and reason has in their interpretation of religion principles because prioritize to three principle of epistemology support especial kind of political system .findings of this research shows that traditional, narration, scientific, Sufi and takfiri-jihadi salafi are not successful in spread of political development and resolve of the five crisis and could not provide consistent political development and security in this countries.

Trafficking has negative impacts and results for Iran country. This research is going to answer this question that which are effective factors on trafficking phenomenon .what are its effects on security and its national authority. By using china experience at against good and current trafficking, what are resolutions in this area? Purpose of this research is recognition of effective factors to spread of in formal economy, current and good trafficking and achieve to effective mechanisms to fight against trafficking in Iran. Findings of this research show that trafficking and informal economy has negative consequences to Iran's sovereignty and economy. Trafficking could make in the lack of effective laws.so, because of Trafficking phenomenon lead to reduce of government vital incomes , imports of dangerous trafficking goods and threat of public order and social justice is important. Trafficking cause threat of authority and sovereignty of government. Current and goods trafficking in Iran lead to internal production, reduction of demands for internal production, decrease of productivity and investment in production and different parts of Iran's country and subsequently, decrease of employment and increasing of unemployment and finally reduction of government authority and sovereignty and put national security in expose threats. Method of research is descriptive- analytical and quality type. Way of information collection is use of library and English sources.

Terrorism Is A Purposeful And Intentional Decision That Is Used By Some Of People And Government To Spread Of Especial Violence To Advance Their Political Goals. This Goals Includes Ideological, Religious, Socials, Economical and Nationalistic Goals. This study analysis the political and psychological roots of terrorists behavior and try to explain the Mental and spiritual process of people and groups in order to understand what made them to do violence. In this way, we study subjects such as terrorism psychology including Inclination to the fame, power, revenge, social situations and philosophical roots of committing terrorist behaviors. Method of this research descriptive and analytical method. Findings of research show that real environment is observable by cultural strainer, theories structure, past experiences and technics. Different cultures have environmental different perception. It is clear that in all cultures, environmental perception has fundamental role in personal decision. In this situation, when someone use religious spurious perception (understand), it erases any distinction among the civil and militaries, innocent or sinner in the minds of terrorists of religious motives. In the mind of many terrorists with religious spurious motives, anyone is not co-religious and co-believe to terrorists is supposed terrorist and deserve death.

This article aims to examine and understand the reactions to unarmed and peaceful revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. To achieve this goal, a descriptive- analytical method has been used. The effects of the Islamic Awakening campaign, which spanned the Middle East and North Africa for a short time, have exposed this geostrategic region to enormous developments that will undoubtedly entail a new order in the future. In this regard, regional and transregional powers aim to maintain the existing political equations and order in the Middle East and North Africa and to prevent the formation of a political system based on religious democracy and to defeat the unarmed and peaceful revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the main question of how the responses and reactions to these developments occurred towards the unarmed revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. The findings show that given the strategic importance of the Middle East and North Africa in the foreign and security policies of regional and transregional actors opposed to the new order, especially Saudi Arabia and the United States, they try to forge political alliances by adopting a strategy of resistance and manage the region’s security in line with their regional interests and policies. They seek to prevent fundamental and democratic changes in the political structure of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa in favor of the resistance axis led by the Islamic Republic of Iran.

National identity inducing a form of consciousness about self, values, culture, history and the future. It is raised to answer the question about who we are, who we would like to be. Globalization is phenomenon that intensifies the need of identity and the meaning. It affected various aspects of cultural life including gender view, official education, identity and lifestyle of the people. In this research we are going to answer this question that what effects and consequences the new seeking identity of students has on Iranian national identity and security. Findings of this study showed that interest and practical attention of students of yasouj university to family identity, Islamic identity, national and cultural identity and sublimity of science is very suitable and serious and there is positive relationship between enhance of national and religious identity to national security. The method of research is survey method and the data collected by library sources and questionnaires.

Israel is a strategic alley of the United States in the Middle East. US-Israeli mutual interests have gone so far as to be expressed in the form of special relations.The United States supports the Zionist regime for a series of political, strategic and cultural reasons. These two countries are deeply concerned about the increase in Iran's missile capabilities and in this regard they have turned to arms trade to weaken and reduce Iran's military capabilities. The present article seeks to clarify common interests of the United States and Israel as determining factors in US-Israeli relations in political, military and security dimensions. Therefore, the key question of the paper is what position does Israel have in US arms policy in the Middle East? The paper assumes that since Iran's long-term missile development and capability poses a two-way strategic threat to the US and Israel, therefore the two countries have been cooperating with the aim of controlling and altering Iran's missile power in pursuit of joint strategic interests and increasing missile deterrence against Iran which will lead to a huge arms race in the region. The present research is based on descriptive-analytic method and will be based on the conceptual framework of special relations.

Traditionalist realists were indifferent to the importance of ideas. In fact, in 1939
.A.H.Car describes and classifies the international power into three categories: military
power, economic power, and power dominant on ideas and thoughts (hegemonic power).
In terms of realistic concept, power was reduced to perceivable and sensible sources.
Soft power is not a form of idealism or liberalism but it is a form of power or a way
of access to favorable results. Legitimacy is the reality of power. Rival or competitive
struggles for legitimacy is a part of enhancing or depriving the soft power, and in this
conflict, governments are not the only actors but firms, institutions, non-governmental
organizations, and even terrorist networks have their own soft power. It is very
important to emerge the soft and hard power with strategies that are defined as smart
power (NYE,JR,2004,1-6). Soft power in internal and external policy create identity
making, inspiring and mobilization of public thoughts to meet the major aims of political
system, revival of fragmented identities, creation of unity in country, consolidation of
regional and international political position of the system, enhancement of the sense of
dynamism, progression and enhancement of fighting and defending of the existence of
the political system, and its ideals. But in the hard and non–divine systems, it causes
new colonialism, moral justification and purge of hegemonic behaviors, incitements
of public thoughts against imaginary enemy, projection and covering the faults and
internal problems of the political system.