reza eslami

Sleep deprivation negatively affects a person's emotions, cognition, and performance and ultimately reduces safety. The main purpose of this systematic review is to study and report the evidence on the effect of sleep deprivation on the performance of pilots. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. International databases including PubMed, Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus were considered for the search of English articles up to April of 2023. Keywords were sleep deprivation, pilot, flight, performance, airline, air force, flight safety, fatigue, pilot performance, flight performance, eye movement, workload, motion, visual, attention, errors, cognition, sleep quality, and circadian rhythm. In this systematic review, 12 studies consisting of 259 subjects remained. Most of the studies have reported the negative effects of sleep deprivation in a different way, and the decrease in performance was expressed as one of the important issues following sleep deprivation. As various studies show, any type of sleep deprivation in pilots can have negative effects on their performance, and this decrease in performance can have irreparable consequences.

Transmission lines play a critical role in power systems as they provide the pathway for transferring the power from the generation to the consumption. The probability of faults occurring in transmission lines, especially in the presence of distributed generations (DGs), is significantly high. Nowadays, the presence of DG sources, in addition to the advantages it has, also causes changes in the behavior of various parts of power systems, including the protection system. These changes include increased short-circuit current levels and incorrect operation of the zone 3 of the distance relay during load interferences. This paper presents a new pilot impedance-based algorithm using positive, negative, and zero sequences components of the phasors of the voltage and the current of the two buses located at the beginning and the end of lines in the presence of wind turbines with a production capacity of 2.5 MW. This algorithm has been tested on the IEEE 39-bus test system in the DIgSILENT software. The said pilot impedance determines the fault detection criteria against all types of faults, the location of faults, load interferences and power swings.

Controlling the frequency and voltage of the power network with renewable energy resources is one of the ‎most important things in the integrity of the network. Therefore, after occurring any accident or fault in the ‎network, the frequency and voltage and in general all the basic parameters of the network must return to ‎their acceptable range within a certain period of time. Despite all the technical, economic and environmental ‎advantages that renewable energy resources have, the presence of these kind of sources may have negative ‎effects on voltage profiles and protection coordination in distribution networks, it is also possible that a part ‎of the network acts as an unwanted island, which complicates the operation and control of the network and ‎creates a risk of electrocution for the network personnel. Therefore, islanding detection is very important ‎and necessary in network protection and load shedding methods are usually used to eliminate this event. In ‎this paper, a multi-objective load shedding method in microgrids is proposed for the frequency stability and ‎reduction of power outages. Among the advantages of the proposed method can be mentioned its flexibility, ‎speed of operation and high accuracy. The proposed method is applied and simulated on a microgrid in the ‎DIgSILENT software environment, and the results of the simulation confirm the advantages of the proposed ‎method.‎

In the last few years, there has been growing attention to isolated DC microgrids (MGs) with robust voltage control and efficient responding to demand in the face of fluctuating demands and supply amounts. This attention is due to significant voltage mismatches originated from the sudden transitions of the load demand and the active power of the supplies such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. To address these goals, a novel nonlinear robust voltage control strategy with a cascaded design consisting of proportional-integral (PI) and sliding mode control (SMC) techniques is developed in this research for the battery energy storage system (BESS). Additionally, this research considers a fuel cell as another power supply in addition to a solar PV system. For maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV system, a novel backstepping sliding mode control (BSMC) technique is developed as well. The effective functioning of the suggested cascaded control strategy is examined using MATLAB/Simulink. The outcomes of the simulation represent the effectiveness of the proposed approach in robustly regulating the voltage level of the DC link at 50 V with small deviations in tracking, and quick reaction to fluctuations in both demand and supply sides, as well as guaranteeing an evenly-distributed responding to demand fluctuations from the DC MG.

Reactive power has countless benefits for power systems, which are called reactive power sub-services. One of these services is voltage control. The main goals in this research are to find the suitable price for reactive power and set the voltage of the buses in the allowed range and at the same time consider the suitable amount of reactive power in the generation buses as a reserve for technical and voltage support in the power system. In order to optimize the objective functions, the gray wolf optimization algorithm has been used and 33 bus radial distribution system has been considered and it has been assumed that the load of the power system changes during 24 hours and it is assumed that in this distribution network, generators are placed in some buses. The simulation results show that in addition to the cost of reactive power being minimized, a suitable amount of reactive power is also stored in the generation buses and the voltage deviations of the buses are also minimized.

The treatment of male sexual disorders, considering the side effects of chemical drugs, it is more desirable to identify appropriate approaches such as herbal medicines with fewer side effects. The aim of this study was to explain the role of onion (Allium cepa) as a complementary treatment in improving male sexual disorders. 

This review identified the existing studies from the beginning to 2023 related to the purpose of the article in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases with keywords “Allium cepa, Onion, Male sexual dysfunction, Erectile disorder, Libido, Men's sexual health, and Testosterone”.

Totally, 17 articles related to the research topic were included in the final review. Onion products (including juice, aqueous extract, skin, ethyl acetate fraction, and seed extract) were used, mostly orally consumed over a period of 10-60 days. 

Onion through increasing testosterone (with the mechanisms of increasing LH production, antioxidant properties, improving insulin resistance, increasing nitric oxide production, and changing the activity of AMP 5-activated protein kinase) as well as treating erectile dysfunction and on the other hand improving reproductive status with positive effects on sperm (number, survival and motility) and its effects against infectious agents may have positive effects on male reproductive system. Although, there is a lot of evidence that onions can improve male sexual disorders, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this effect of onion in humans.

In challenging maneuvers with fighter aircrafts, the sensory stimuli are variable in terms of size, direction, and frequency; so there is always the possibility of some kind of sensory mismatch between these elements or between them with the central pattern of balance, which can lead to an illusion in understanding the situation. This condition is called spatial disorientation or airsickness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of balance rehabilitation program on vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of military pilot students suffering from spatial disorientation.

Totally, 10 pilot students who suffered from airsickness were subjected to otological and neurological examinations. Pre-tests were conducted to check the health of the vestibular system including audiometry, tympanometry, and videonystagmography. Then rehabilitation exercises were performed in three stages, including exercises to improve oculomotor skills, improve VOR, and desensitization using a rotary chair at frequencies of 0.11, 0.25, and 0.50 Hz. Two weeks after the intervention, the students were evaluated by MISC questionnaire and Coriolis stress test.

VOR gain increased significantly after rehabilitation interventions (p=0.005). Also, the results of the MISC questionnaire showed a significant improvement in the scores (p=0.005). This means that the VOR gain had increased significantly after two weeks of treatment.

The use of a rotary chair for the purpose of evaluating, predicting, and treating airsickness is very helpful and it is suggested to be used routinely in the air force.

Legitimacy is a vague and complicated concept in international legal system; Because of the complexity of the concept there will be a requirement to find out that how legitimacy in international law should be evaluated. Legitimacy needs a fixed framework to be evaluated in the context of the international law in order to help the system to be stable. Hence, to answer the question that what is the appropriate criterion to determine legitimacy, three paradigms have been designed. At the first, legitimacy is considered as acceptability among the peoples and also among Rule - making Institutions. As it is not completely compatible with the current international law and creates some difficulties in this context, thus, creation of a paradigm that is based on the international law values and also result – orientated will be the last resort. Accordingly, the hypothesis of this article is that legitimacy means compatibility with the values of the international society.

The Prosecutor's Office, as the legal representative of society, plays an unparalleled role in the fight against transgressors. Therefore, it is always at the forefront of confrontation with public rights abusers, that some of them also may have power, which is usually more likely to be violated by the latter. The Prosecutor's Office is also one of the most important public institutions in fulfilling the rule of law and guaranteeing rights and freedoms. However, there is no unified view on the theories of separation on the status of this body in the subset of the three forces. There are three models foe this field: the structure of the executive branch, the structure of the judiciary and the independent prosecution. Each legal system, influenced by its political and historical status, has chosen one of these models, each of which has its strengths and weaknesses. The most important determinant or even limitation of these duties and powers of law is that all encounters, orders, and impediments must be within the framework of the rule of law. Therefore, we will examine the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a public prosecutor's office in each judicial or executive branch as well as an independent institution. The article concludes that the establishment of a prosecution office in the executive branch has more benefits and less damage.

Motion sickness is a natural and temporary response to unfamiliar motor stimuli which reduces performance in complex tasks that require constant attention. The aim of this research was to study the effect of a special exercise training period on motion sickness in the pilots and flight crews of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In this study, 20 pilot students of Shahid Sattari Army Air Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an average (age of 21.10±1.31 years, weight of 70.27±8.23 kg, height of 173.32±5.77 cm) participated voluntarily. After completing the motion sickness questionnaire and based on the average age and scores of the rain seat test, they were divided into two equal training and control groups (n=10). The training group performed exercise training for four weeks (four sessions per week). The post-test was done after 72 hours from the last training session. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software in two descriptive and inferential sections at a significant level (P<0.05).

After four weeks of exercise intervention, the intragroup results showed a significant increase in the motion sickness tolerance variable only in the training group (P=0.001). Also, the intergroup results showed a significant difference between both training and control groups in the post-test (P=0.037).

According to the results, the special exercise training can cause a significant increase in motion sickness tolerance in pilots; by stimulating the visual-vestibular and vestibular systems. Therefore, based on these findings, it is recommended that the pilots who experience symptoms of motion sickness while flying, help to improve the current conditions by performing the suggested exercise interventions.

There are numbers of technical limitations that must to be satisfied for the operation of the power systems, and these limitations are related to the power flow of the power system, thus the solar panels cannot inject any unlimited amount of power into the power system. Therefore, the maximum injection power of solar panels is limited to the specific value. This issue is also true for the reactive power produced or consumed by SVCs and solar panels, so the maximum injected power of photovoltaic panels must be obtained in such a way that the technical limitations of the power system are maintained. In the current research, a 33 bus radial distribution network has been considered and the goal is to maximize the injection power of photovoltaic panels, minimize the network power losses, by reconfiguring in this type of the network and establishing effective coordination between the control devices, including the output reactive power of photovoltaic panels and the fire angle of the SVC and graph of the power system. The bus voltage should be within the allowed range, and the cost of purchasing electricity from the upstream network should be minimized. The results of the simulation on the 33 bus radial network confirm the validity of the above claims.

Considering the high importance of the electricity industry as the infrastructure of other infrastructures of the country, increasing the reliability of the correct operation of the protection programs in the electricity transmission network is considered as one of the measures that can be mentioned in the direction of passive defense. One of these methods is the use of fault current limiters (FCL)  in the transmission network. In power systems, the technical and economic benefits of using FCL depend on the type, number, installation locations and optimal parameters of limiters. In the present study, the number, location and impedance of FCLs in the network are determined to achieve various goals such as reducing the short circuit level , then, the minimum number of limiters along with the installation locations and the optimal parameter of each limiter are calculated in two steps using a meta-heuristic algorithm, called the Hybrid Optimization algorithm (PSOGSA) (Combination of the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)). In the following, the proposed meta-heuristic algorithm is compared with genetic algorithms, PSO and GSA. According to the results of the numerical studies conducted to compare the proposed algorithm with GA, PSO and GSA algorithms, the proposed hybrid algorithm instead of installing more fault current limiters, by increasing its impedance optimally while reducing the total cost of installing this equipment; has better performance in terms of reducing the short circuit level of buses and it converges to the optimal point faster..

Major causes of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in military cases include severe head trauma, exposure to explosives, and penetrating ballistic injuries. Military TBI may lead to a number of adverse consequences, including headache, dizziness, vomiting and impaired consciousness, PTSD, depression, irritability, the tendency to commit suicide. TBI may also reduce the quality of life of veterans and have a serious impact on their social functioning. In terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, blast damage and shock waves produced by explosive weapons are the most common damage mechanisms in military TBI. This explosive lesion manifests itself pathologically as vasospasm, axonal and microvascular damage, congestion, hemorrhage, and brain cell edema, and its pathological diagnosis focuses more on multifocal traumatic axonal injury and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In fact, Tau protein phosphorylation is thought to be the main mechanism leading to neurological symptoms after TBI, although the evidence is still insufficient. The next pathogenesis mechanism in military TBI is cerebral blood vessel damage, possibly associated with perivascular inflammation and autoimmune processes and oxidative damage, which increases cerebral blood vessel permeability and impairs energy metabolism in brain cells, as well as ion concentration balance within. It breaks down outside the brain tissue cells, eventually leading to vasogenic edema after TBI. Unpredictability of pathological changes and delay in post-injury assessment have been reported to be major factors limiting early detection of military TBI. However, advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers have been reported to be useful for early detection of military TBI. Today, immediate interventions in patients with TBI, despite various new technologies, remain a clinical challenge. To fully repair injuries to the nervous system and to enable military personnel to recover from their social functions, the development of technologies for appropriate diagnosis and treatment is essential.

Power systems are complex systems that are not easy to understand and analyze. Also, many faults and incidents occur in these systems, many of which are mended without human interference. Meanwhile, electricity companies are responsible for the security of power systems and operators because if any part of the power system acts as an unwanted island, it may be unsafe for grid personnel and may result in serious damages to grid equipment. Therefore, it is important and necessary to identify the parts of the grid, which have become islands, and apply load shedding to abolish these islands. This paper proposes a new approach for load shedding in the islanded microgrid in the presence of distributed generations. Features of the proposed method include high flexibility, speed, and accuracy. The proposed method is simulated by powerful DIgSILENT software, and the simulation results support the capability of the proposed method.

One of the most effective ways to reduce power loss and improve voltage profiles in distribution networks is to reconfiguration or redirect network lines. Reconfiguration is actually the opening of some closed lines and the closing of some open lines in order to achieve predetermined goals such as reducing power loss. Accordingly, this paper presents a new mathematical model for reconfiguration of distribution network in order to improve the voltage profile and reduce power loss in the presence of distributed generations. The innovation of this article is the simultaneous optimization to reduce the voltage deviation of different parts of the network and the energy dissipation of the network by considering the network load distribution constraints, limiting the bus voltage range, limiting power transmission lines, relationships governing distributed generations and limiting power transmission from the upstream network. Also, one of the other innovations of the present article is the normalization of different parts of the multi-objective function, which makes all the cases as a percentage and the mentioned function is converted from a multi-objective state to a single goal, and therefore there is no need to define weighting coefficients. Also, since the issue of reconfiguration considered in this paper is nonlinearly intertwined with integers, it is recommended to use an evolutionary algorithm of new improved adaptive colonial competition to reduce the time to solve the problem. The new proposed method is implemented in this article on the 69 IEEE distribution network. The results show the success of this method in achieving the predicted goals. Accordingly, the network losses have been reduced by 57% and the network voltage profile is within the allowable framework, so that the minimum amount of voltage after the proposed method was 0.95 (pu). Comparison with previous studies shows that the results of the proposed method have been much more successful in improving the intended goals.

The Minorities law as one of the prominent manifestations of human rights has always been considered by national and international systems. In the present research, using tolerance concept the contents of the international documents and the IRI constitution in favor of the minorities law were studied comparatively. The core question of the present research is this, “has the approach adopted by international documents and IRI constitution been tolerating towards minorities?”The analysis of contents of the international law documents showed that the characteristics of tolerance including respect for individual personality and rights, recognition of minority rights by governments, recognition of pluralism and human differences, solidification of human rights principles, opposition with discrimination and racism, public education on the culture of peace and tolerance provided a proper ground for protection of the minorities rights. The content analysis of IRI constitution too showed that it considered the dimensions of minorities rights including political, cultural, and social, economic, and civil according to toleration principles, while 12, 15, 13, 19, 26, 64 principles are the main supporters in this regard. Notwithstanding, by considering jurisprudential bases in the Iranian constitution, to apply toleration principles perfectly, and, to move from the minorities toleration framework to the acceptance of and respect for minorities, multilateral identification of and implementation guarantee for the minorities rights based on the concept of interest, elements of time and place, ijtihad in the objectives, and by pragmatic approach, it is necessary human rights concept to be introduced seriously into the discussions of jurisprudential

capital with successful aging Among retired 60-year high of education teachers were conducted. In this regard, the theoretical (Shaie, Argyll, Bourdieu, Rowe & Kahn, etc.) is used to examine the matter.Survey The research method The statistical population retired teachers 60 years and older of education are people 3403 of Tabriz, Of these, 380 were selected as the sample size by using Cochran formula. For measuring Successful Aging General Health Questionnaire Goldberg and Williams and Life satisfaction Scale Diener and Pavt Have been used. To measure the of cultural capital and economic capital of the a researcher- made questionnaire was used. After collecting data to test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis using the software Spss action. The descriptive findings shows, average idea of successful aging among retirees education organization Tabriz is moderate. Regression analysis shows, %38 The changes related to successful aging variable resulting from changes in the economic and of cultural capital. The beta coefficients show, Cultural capital of % 47/7and economic capital of % 39/7 each individually have Effective on successful aging.

This paper advances a framework for the evaluation of Sharia (Islamic law) with respect to the modern notion of international human rights law. The paper argues that certain universal standards of human rights and freedoms, as understood and formulated in international human rights documents, lack precise equivalents in Islamic law, and some generally-accepted principles of Sharia contradict corresponding principles of international human rights law. Sharia's response to the idea of human rights and traditional interpretation of Islamic law are hard to reconcile with international human rights norms and standards. It is also argued that the application of Sharia, public and criminal law in particular, is problematic and results in deficiencies and hardship in Muslim societies. This paper contributes to the debate on Islamic reformism and human rights in arguing that Sharia's contradiction of universal human rights norms cannot be avoided, and that traditional mechanisms of reform within the framework of Sharia are inadequate for achieving the necessary degree of reform. It is suggested that, based on a cross-cultural dialogue and intellectual debate, an essential and primary reform should define the objective foundations of human rights in reason and human dignity, not on Sharia criteria and qualifications.

More than two million people have died from the novel coronavirus outbreak in about one year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the values associated with white blood cells counts (lymphocytes, neutrophils, NLR and d-NLR) and their relationship with mortality in hospitalized patients with covid-19.

Preliminary data of 807 covid-19 hospitalized patients were extracted using the health information system of a referral hospital for covid-19 in Tehran city, during the first four months of the epidemic in Iran. Data was analyzed after preparation.

Comparison between discharged and deceased patients showed significant differences in terms of five factors including age, white blood cell count, neutrophil, NLR, and d-NLR (p<0.001). Stepwise regression analysis showed that two factors of age over 66.5 years and d-NLR above 2.7 as the predictors of disease severity, which increased the risk of death in hospitalized patients by 4.3 and 3.7 times, respectively.

The clinical course of covid-19 may be related to the number of immune cells. The findings of the present study showed evidence that patient age and d-NLR levels could be predictors of improvement or mortality in hospitalized patients with covid-19.

Nowadays, because of the need to decrease fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and also their capability of exchanging power with the grid and regulating the frequency and voltage of the grid at different times of the day, electric vehicles are used more than before all across the world. It is highly important to pay attention to the efficiency, and decrease in the weight and volume of these vehicles. The chargers of these vehicles can form a huge portion of the volume and weight of these vehicles. DC link capacitors are the large parts of these chargers. Based on the mathematical modeling and relationships of the system, this study focuses on the optimal capacitor value based on the required specifications. In the model presented in this article, the optimal value of DC link capacitor is estimated by taking into account instantaneous input power of the charger, the relationship of the energy balance between the grid and the DC link capacitor, and application of Taylor series to the output of the relationship. The optimal DC link capacitor value is estimated through calculating the DC link voltage, and measuring the exchanged energy and changes of DC Link Voltage during charging. The most considerable advantages of the proposed model are the simplicity of its design together with the minimum weight and volume of the charger due to its low capacitor value. SIMULINK environment of MATLAB software was used to evaluate the proposed model. The simulation results show that the model was successful.

Women's right to decent work is recognized as one of the fundamental rights in the new millennium at the level of governments and international organizations. The principles of this right are based on relatively identical obligations, including prohibition of women's employment in the night hours, prohibition of discrimination, etc., except for certain occupations. This study examines the challenges of decent work of women in Iran and international law. The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical and a documentary approach has been used to collect information. What are the challenges and obstacles of women in the realization of the rights of women to decent work in the Iranian legal system from the point of view of international law? The results of the study indicate that the main challenges in Iranian law with regard to international law are fundamental and jurisprudential differences. There are challenges that hinder the opportunity, growth and promotion of women's existential personality. In international law, we can mention the lack of executive institutions and central oversight, gender discrimination, night work, and so on.

Human trafficking is a serious organized crime. In recent years, the number of victims for various reasons has been increased and the crime has become one of the most important threats against the international community, which requires international attentions to the methods to combat this important crime, such as legislative actions in forms of certain rules and regulations. This article, first, reviews the importance of this crime in human communities and thenexamines the laws and regulations in Iranian legal system enacted to combat human trafficking in light of international human rights law. The article, in particular, studies the laws regarding the trafficking of women and children. The article also examines the measures foreseen in the law and regulations in order to prevent this crime, to punish the perpetrators, and to provide protection for the victims specifically for women and children. Finally, it concludes that the measures, though necessary, do not provide enough protection and need to be amended so that the perpetrators are being prosecuted promptly and the victims are being provided with more protection and rehabilitation.

This article first reviews the concept as well as the elements of participation in the process of restorative justice, and emphasizes the importance of the presence of all parties including victims, perpetrators, and the local communities, in conflict resolution in transitional society. The article also studies the impact of participation in achieving the major goals of the transitional society including national reconciliation and peaceful coexistence. The main question of the article is whether the multi-party participation in the process of the restorative justice has an impact on the realization of the goals of the transitional society. This article argues that the participation of all parties in a transitional society, as victim, perpetrator, or local community has a great deal of impact in the achievement of these goals, and it provides for both the protection of victims and rehabilitation of the perpetrators and it provides for both the protection of victims and rehabilitation of the perpetrators.