فهرست مطالب reza islami

Destruction and demolition of mosques are forbidden according to the first ruling of the consensus of Shia and Sunni jurists, and the most important evidence is verse 114 of Surah al-Bagharah. But some examples are beyond the general scope of this verse; first, the demolition of mosques that are on the verge of collapse. Different schools of thought have interpreted this failure as "the violation of al-mostahdam", which indicates that this example is out of the generality of the above verse, however, Shafi'i jurists emphasize the necessity of permission and supervision of the ruler. Second, the destruction of mosques that need repair and development, however, the Shia jurists have either remained silent about this example or prohibited it. The most important reason for the prohibition is the generality of the verse. In addition, the title of "the violation of al-mostahdam" cannot justify the destruction. Still, the supporters of this practice, including the Shafi'i jurists, have considered compliance with expediency as the criterion of the ruling. Third, the title of Zerar Mosque, which Hanbali jurisprudence paid more attention to, and then the Wahhabis considered the destruction and burning of the holy shrines as permissible, and even obligatory, due to their priority over it. However, most non-Wahhabi jurists have considered it necessary to honor the graves of the prophets and the righteous. They did not consider it possible to infer the demolition and burning of Zerar Mosque from the mentioned verse, and, in turn, believed that this ruling was based on an uncertain single narration. Using the descriptive and analytical method, this article seeks to investigate the destruction of mosques from the perspective of Shia and Sunni jurisprudence. The article first examines the historical context of the issue, and then, citing the sources of Islamic jurisprudence, analyzes the basics of the prohibition of destroying mosques, and then scrutinizes the opinions of Shia, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali jurists.
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Social media is an integral part of organizations and is one of the most important dimensions in order to help public relations activities and leads to the development of organizational activities, but how to use these media correctly is important. The purpose of presenting the public relations model of Tehran metro was with emphasis on social media. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey method. It has also been done with a sequential mixed research approach. The statistical population of the research consists of academic experts in the field of public relations and media and experts active in Tehran Metro Company. In this study, judgmental sampling method is used and the data collection tool is interview and questionnaire. First, in the qualitative section, to identify the components of the model, interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation was reached, and coded and analyzed by Max QD software. . The results showed that for social media, the main components of media communication and ease of use of social media have been identified as influential factors of the relevant model and social media information as an effective factor. The title of influential factor and the development of public relations were identified as influential factors and each of these components has effective and influential indicators that are presented in the conclusion.

Investment is counted as motivate of economic growth and development and is the fundamental economic purpose in every country. Recognition of effects of monetary and financial policy on economic activities needed to cognition of these policies and there instruments. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of changes in monetary policy of governments on investment, selected from Islamic countries using the method of econometric estimation of panel data over the period 2015-2000. The results of this study indicate that interest rates on government bonds have a negative and significant effect and banking credit has positively and significantly effect on investment in Islamic countries, while deposit interest rate has no significant effect on investment. Based on the results, economic growth and trade significantly increased investment. Therefore, according to the research results of Islamic countries, with the growth of economic growth and the volume of trade, including exports and imports, especially the import of capital goods and intermediaries, they can have a direct impact on investment. Therefore interest rate and deposit interest rate can not be suitable monetary policy instruments in Islamic countries. While banking credit can significantly affects investment.

Sunni Muslim jurisprudents have examined the purposes of the Shari'ah in the three Zarouri, Haji, and Tahsini branches and have each expressed many comparisons. On the other hand, two constitutional rights can be regarded as the right to life and the right to liberty, and on the basis of these two rights, in the light of the Shari'ah, two fundamental principles are established as the principle of human dignity and the principle of equality of human beings. To this end, the fundamental values of Islam and the related principles, laws and jurisprudential rules such as the principle of al-Hariyah, the principle of non-dominance, the principle of non-authority, the principle of reluctance, the origin of human rights, the position of the people in their government and their rights and authorities, meritocratic proof in Islamic jurisprudence has been studied from the viewpoint of jurisprudents in the form of " Rule of Al-Ahliyyah", "Al-Nisihah to Muslims Imams", etc., and it has been shown that jurisprudence, in addition to the individual domain and the private relations of individuals, is credited to the collection of religious teachings. The regulation of human life in the fields of society, politics and government has a comprehensive agenda and more than what has been termed as contemporary constitutional rights with a history of approximately two centuries, Islam has dedicated it to humanity some fifteen centuries ago. One of the most important topics in the field of fundamental rights, individual rights and public freedoms, is dealt with in this article.

Boko Haram are among the radical Sunni insurgent groups who are opposed to the secular government of Nigeria. The insurgents of this group resort to violence and different kinds of crimes.The current study, through a descriptive-analytical approach, has sought to determine why, though limited to the borders of Nigeria, Boko Haram’s actions have taken an international nature to them. In the current study, the actions and approach of the insurgents of this group, which violates the human rights principles and humanitarian law and threaten the international peace and security, have been investigated. On the other hand, it seems Boko Haram is terrorist insurgent group which ignores the international laws and principles. Finally, the results of the study indicate that, in addition to the governments, the insurgents of the rebellion groups such as Boko Haram are also bound to abiding the humanitarian law principles, and observance of the minimum fundamental and unenlightened humanitarian rights in domesticc struggles. Also, regarding the commitment of the international crimes by the Boko Haram’s insurgents, the Nigeria Government has the priority over the International Criminal Court in prosecution and trial of the criminals, based on the subsidiary jurisdiction principle.

Taqiyah is one of the original Islamic concepts rooted in man's nature and innate indisposition. It is in reality the practice of concealing one's true faith or expressing the opposite of what he believes in to preserve a greater and more important interest than telling the truth. The comprehensiveness of the religion of Islam, and the dynamic and flexible nature of its legal codes have provided its followers and true adherents with solutions that can help them in difficult conditions. Thus, taqiyah being a powerful method of protecting oneself against harm or danger or preserving a more important interest in order to reach one's sacred and divine goals is a strategy that is permissible to practice. Prophetic traditions and sayings of infallible Imam (AS) are the most important corroborating reasons after the Quran that the scholars of the two sects have relied upon, to decipher taqiyah and its rules. There are many narrations which can be considered and assessed as evidences substantiating taqiyah. Taking these narrations into consideration, one must admit that taqiyah is among the indisputable Islamic precepts and a cause of the survival of Islam. It leads to peaceful co-existence between Muslims and followers of other religions. Taqiyah also facilitates Islamic unity and brotherhood.

There is not any clear answer to newfound problems in the writings and Fatwa of jurists (Faqih). There are some solutions for newfound problems: first: exploration of the main goals of the Law giver (Shari'), second: knowing the stated subject of rules, third: knowing the factors of variation of the subject of rules, fourth: exploration of the cause and criteria of rules for expanding or restricting of rules, fifth: exploration of secondary factors related to the discussion, sixth: execution of procedural principles and seventh: Expediency Discernment and specifying the governmental rule. Accessing to prima-facie meaning (Zohur) of the text of Quran and tradition is the most important resolvent and without it Jurist cannot resolve newfound problems.

In recent decades, the theory of Sustainable Development has been introduced to several strands of science. This theory and its special view to communities (Sustainable Community Development) as the cell of urban life, demonstrates the solution to urban problems by highlighting the meaning of city neighborhoods. In the local scale, it is essential to use a collaborative process of development, which is based on the active participation of local people as social capital. In this way, the perception of local residents of a collaborative process is what makes this process successful or otherwise. This article identifies the perception of local residents towards the collaborative process and its positive and negative aspects. This is done using the “Deep Interview” and “Focus Group Discussion” techniques, deployed within the Jolfa Mahalla community, as a sample urban neighborhood in Tehran, with a rich historical background and strong social networks. This paper aims to argue that the lack of participatory culture between people and local residents can lead to the breakdown of relationship and communication between them, but more importantly, the absence of local urban spaces in neighborhoods further augments this problem. Thus, making suitable local spaces encourages people to participate in local development projects.