فهرست مطالب reza sobhani

Food insecurity is an important global challenge associated with various health problems such as diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases and is considered priority in Iran’s health system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between food insecurity and type 2 dibetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iran.

The authors searched English databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and also Iranian databasesof SID and Magiran for the words food insecurity, Iran, and diabetes up to November 2021.

8 articles, including 2853 participants, ranging from 148 to 440 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) of the cross-sectional  and  case-control studies revealed that household food insecurity was significantly associated with the odds of diabetes (OR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.34- 3.09) and there was no evidence for publication bias (Egger’s test, P = 0.59); however, heterogeneity between studies (I2=85.9%) was observed. Similarly, according to subgroup analyses based on age, there was a significant association between household food insecurity and diabetes among the people under 50 years (OR= 2.9; 95% CI: 2.13-3.93; I2 = 56.4%, P=0.057), but not among people over 50 years (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 0.69-2.52; I2 = 78.3%, P=0.032) or between 30 and 65 years (OR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.49-1.48).

This study shows that food insecurity affects the progression of type 2 DM. However, more longitudinal studies are needed for better identification of the link between food insecurity and T2DM.

In Iran, childhood obesity is an emerging problem that the primary health care (PHC) system is not well equipped for yet. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the effect of a PHC-based behavioral management intervention to control overweight and obesity in children.

This quasi-experimental community trial was performed on 200 overweight or obese 6-8 yr. old children, in 5 urban PHC centers (3 interventions and 2 controls) for 12 months. A convenient sampling frame was applied from elementary schools of districts 7 and 8 (as intervention and control groups, respectively) in the northeast of Tehran city, the capital of Iran. Mothers were trained on parenting style and healthy lifestyle behaviors through a 5-session training workshop. Anthropometrics (Weight, Height, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Waist Circumference (, as well as blood pressure of children were measured at the beginning, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months, thereafter. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and dietary habits of children were also assessed.

Of the total, 20.8% (n=41) of children were overweight and 79.2 % (n=156) were obese. Compared with controls, the intervention group had smaller BMI-Z scores. The slope of BMI-Z score reduction was more impressive in the intervention group compared to the control group. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the intervention group was significantly lower compared to the control group in all three measurements. In the intervention group, a significant decrease in the frequency of fast-food consumption and sedentary behaviors time was observed (p-value= 0.022 and 0.055, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in waist circumference, fruit, vegetable, and breakfast consumption, calorie intake, and physical activity at the end of the study.

The protocol of the study is being used as a basis for developing childhood obesity management programs within the health system in Iran.

The significant wave height is one of the basic parameters for engineering operations of coasts and marine structures. In this study, significant wave height was estimated based on three scenarios including variables 1- waves, 2- meteorological and 3- combination of the first and second scenario, in time steps without time delay, 12 and 24 hours using adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and gene expression programming (GEP) and combining them with wavelet theory (WANFIS, WGEP). Also, the results indicate that due to de-noising and removal of uncertainty in the data, combined-wavelet models have provided better results than singular models. The performance improvement percentage of WGEP models compared to GEP considering the RMSE criterion was 11%, 35%, and 7% for the first to third scenarios, respectively. Most of the hydrological conditions in the seas depend on temperature changes and the amount of this parameter is an important determining factor in the environmental conditions of each region. Also, changes in temperature and surface wind change the density of sea water. Therefore, the climatic variables of the region can affect different scenarios. The results of this study and the presentation of the governing mathematical relationship for estimating the value of significant wave height by the method of gene expression programming can be very useful in the field of coastal and water resources management and engineering.

In recent years, due to drought, population growth, and the decline in groundwater reserves, the water poverty became an essential measure to consider. The main objective of this study is to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the of groundwater resources poverty based on two innovative effective and data-mining mathematical-analytical methods considering the six factors of capacity, environment, infrastructure and access, water resources, management and climate (57 variables) in the West Azerbaijan province for the period of 1390-1398 (2011-2019). The value of comprehensive water poverty index was obtained as 53.03 and 53.67 in two effective and data-mining mathematical-analytical models, respectively. The results showed that for the models the factors of water resources, management and climate cause relative unsustainability in groundwater resources systems. The comprehensive water poverty index has increased from 2012 to 2018, while the value of this index has reached a relatively stable status after the implementation of plans and projects related to groundwater resources management. The years 2011, 2013, and 2017 are respectively the milestones for the change of the status of the comprehensive water poverty index from very low to low, low to medium, and medium to high. As one of the unique innovations of the current research, considering the climate factor along with the extreme climatology phenomena in measuring comprehensive water poverty can play a key role in decision making and formulating management plans in water sector. Also, the development of a data-mining model which reduces the number of variables included in the measurement of the water poverty index, can effectively reduce the time, cost and resources used for the water projects. Finally, investigating the effect of the two sub-projects related to the Groundwater reclamation and balancing plan i.e. 1) equipping wells with smart measuring tools, and 2) culture and information project, on the water poverty index showed that the mentioned projects in some cases require management reforms that should be taken into consideration by the managers and the policy makers.

Let  be the quotient ring    where  is the finite field of size   and  is a positive integer. A Gray map  of length  over  is a special map from  to ( . The Gray map   is said to be a ( )-Gray map if the image of any -constacyclic code over    is a -constacyclic code over the field   . In this paper we investigate the existence of   ( )-Gray maps over . In this direction, we find an equivalent condition for such maps. Then we prove that if  is a    ( )-Gray map of length  over  and also  then we must have   ,   and  divides the length of  that is . We also prove that if   then we must have  . Moreover, we determine all of such maps over . Finally, we introduce a   ( , )-Gray map of length    over  where .

Climate change and its impact on the status of water resources can endanger the various aspects of life and human life on Earth. In this study, single and hybrid-wavelet artificial neural network, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and gene expression programming were used modeling flow parameter. For this purpose, monthly climatic data with 21-year (1996-2016) statistical period of flow, temperature and precipitation of Tapik station in the Nazluchay River of West Azerbaijan province has been used. In this study, the effects of delayed flow parameters, precipitation, temperature and periodic effect (monthly coefficient) in models have been investigated. The results show the superior performance of wavelet hybrid models compared to single models of soft computing and the positive effect of applying periodic effects on river flow modeling. Also, wavelet transformation by analyzing data and separating the noise enables the ability to upgrade the performance of hybrid models as compared to single models. For the optimal model (i.e. hybrid wavelet-gene expression programing model, the values of correlation coefficient and root mean square error indices were obtained as 0.98 (maximum) and 326.2 (m3/s) (minimum), respectively.

Drivers of brushless direct current motor (BLDC) are widely used for industrial servo applications, including servo motors used in aircraft flaps, where torque smoothness is a key requirement. One disadvantage of torque pulses, however, is the pulsation that causes the speed to fluctuate, which affects the performance of the drive, especially at low speeds and sensitive applications. In this research, to reduce these speed ripples, the iterative learning method (ILC) is presented. Although in brushless direct current motors, a conventional proportional-integral (PI) speed controller suppresses the speed ripples to some extent, the use of this controller alone is not sufficient for many high-performance applications. The simulations showed that utilizing the proposed control to the driver of BLDC motor could well reduce the motor speed ripple.

Obesity, especially central obesity is related to many endocrine abnormalities, such as thyroid dysfunctions. Elevated levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is common in obese children, however, it is not clear if such condition is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. The study aimed to determine the association between levels of TSH in overweight and obese children with components of metabolic syndrome (Mets).
The study sample included 197 overweight/obese 6-7 year old children in Tehran, Iran. Anthropometric (weight, waist circumference and height), metabolic (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose) and hormonal (TSH) variables, as well as blood pressure were measured. Mets was defined according to Cook definition.
Totally, 20.3% and 79.7% of children were overweight and obese, respectively. Elevated levels of TSH were diagnosed in 10 subjects (5.1%), while Mets was seen in 35.4%. The most frequent component of Mets was abdominal obesity (72.5%). A weak positive correlation between BMI for age, Z scores and TSH level (r =0.11, P value= 0.123) was observed only in girls (r=0.2, P value= 0.034). TSH was not associated with components of Mets.
Elevated TSH levels may be found in obese children; however, the association between TSH elevation and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including components of metabolic syndrome needs further investigation.

Food insecurity has some adverse effects on health. Studies show that, there is a significant relationship between poor mental and physical health and food insecurity among low-income households. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between household food insecurity and physical and mental health in Iranian women with high school age children.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 289 women with high school aged children in Babolsar, Iranin spring 2015. General Information Questionnaire, 18-item USDA household food security questionnaires and health survey (SF-12) was completed by face-to-face interviews with the participants. The mental and physical health of the participants were compared based on food secure and food insecure group.
Food insecurity was significantly related to age of the participants, living area (urban/rural), husbands job and education of women studied (p Therefore, household food insecurity is an independent risk factor for poor mental and physical health in women with high school aged children. The findings of this research provide insights for the future as the crucial role of woman and their significant impact on food security and the health status of the household can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at women with children.

We construct two classes of Gray maps, called type-I Gray map and type-II Gray map, for a finite $p$-group $G$. Type-I Gray maps are constructed based on the existence of a Gray map for a maximal subgroup $H$ of $G$. When $G$ is a semidirect product of two finite $p$-groups $H$ and $K$, both $H$ and $K$ admit Gray maps and the corresponding homomorphism $psi:Hlongrightarrow {rm Aut}(K)$ is compatible with the Gray map of $K$ in a sense which we will explain, we construct type-II Gray maps for $G$. Finally, we consider group codes over the dihedral group $D_8$ of order 8 given by the set of their generators, and derive a representation and an encoding procedure for such codes.