فهرست مطالب s. rahmani

The harvesting stage is the most crucial phase in peanut production. In other words, one of the critical stages in producing this product is the harvest stage. Although it has its difficulties, this stage is associated with significant losses, which experts attribute to the high economic value of peanuts. In recent years, farmers in the Moghan Plain have also started considering this product due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. In 2020, this study investigated three methods of peanut harvesting in two stages: manual, tractor-mounted thresher (semi-mechanized), and harvesting with a pull-type combine. The first stage involves the complete removal of the plants from the soil, while the second stage involves drying and separating the peanut pod from the plant in Moghan.

The experiment followed a split-plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The main plot consisted of soil moisture levels at harvest time, which were tested at three different levels: a1- 21%, a2- 18%, and a3- 15%. The sub-plot involved testing the separation of peanut pods from the plant using three different methods b1- combine harvesting, b2- harvesting with a tractor-mounted thresher, and b3- manual harvesting. The study evaluated important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss (first and second-stage losses), actual field capacity, harvest time, and the number of required laborers. The results led to the identification of the best harvesting system.

The study revealed that the optimal soil moisture content for the initial stage of harvest was 18%. For most parameters, there was a significant difference observed among treatments at the 1% level. The pull-type combine method had the highest farm capacity with a maximum of 0.46 ha per hour, while the manual harvesting method had the lowest capacity with a minimum of 0.006 ha per hour. The total losses ranged between 5.95% and 10.58%, with the manual harvesting method exhibiting the lowest loss and the pull-type combine method showing the highest loss. Furthermore, the manual harvesting method required more labor compared to the other methods.

Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use a pull-type combine for the early harvesting of peanuts and a manual method for obtaining high-quality peanuts in the Moghan region.

The issue of methamphetamine abuse has become more widespread in recent years, which has attracted increasing attention and caused growing concern in the community. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of integrating transcranial direct current stimulation with mindfulness method on reducing craving and relapse in methamphetamine abusers.

The present research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a 6-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male methamphetamine abusers referred to the addiction treatment ward of Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah in a period of three months (from May 22 to August 22) in 2020. Using an available sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly assigned to either the experimental (n=15) or the control (n=15) groups and completed the Relapse Prevention Scale (Gorski, 1997) and Desire for Drug Questionnaire (Franken et al, 2002) in three steps. In the experimental group, combined therapy was performed in 10 sessions twice a week, each session lasting one hour. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures variance.

The results showed that the combined treatment significantly reduced the post-test scores for craving and its dimensions for the subjects in the experimental group, and this effect remained stable during the follow-up period (p<0.05). Also, the effect of combined treatment on reducing the recurrence scores and dimensions of desire, belief and control perception in the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up stages was significant (p<0.05).

These findings show the usefulness of integrated therapy on consumption symptoms in methamphetamine abusers. In addition to helping to explain the etiology of use syndrome in addicts, the findings of the study can be promising in planning rehabilitation and treatment interventions.

This study was carried out to determine the profitability indices of irrigated wheat cultivar Pishtaz in Tehran province during the period of 2006-2015. Methodology of this research was based on economic surplus approach. Based on the results, the estimated net present value of the economic surplus for Pishtaz cultivar in the target region was 7.72 Iranian billion rials. The estimated benefit to cost ratio of planted Pishtaz cultivar was 1.2 and its internal rate of return was estimated to be more than the discount rate. Thus, based on the estimated benefit to cost ratio of this cultivar in the target region which was more than one and its estimated internal rate of return which is more than long term discount rate of the banking system, breeding programs for this cultivar and its cultivation is identified to be economic in the target region. Also, it is recommended that due to the important role of the extension service in promotion and development of the cultivation of improved wheat cultivars, agricultural extension agents should promote the profitable wheat cultivars for the target area and persuade farmers to cultivate such varieties to get a higher income.

New technologies are an important part of adaptation strategies used by rural households to cope with climate change impacts. The purpose of this survey is to examine the factors affecting on acceptance of adaptation innovation methods among farmers in  irrigated farming systems of Mamassani County of Fars province.

This study was an applied research conducted with survey method. The statistical population of this study was 4033 farmers, among them 351 farmers was selected based on the Krejcie and Morganchr('39')s table and using a random-quota sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the conceptual model. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients indicated good-to-excellent reliability in the range of 0.70-0.78.

The results of logistic regression showed that the variables of farm size and intention to water conservation and perception of social risks of water scarcity are positively and significantly related to planting new drought-resistant crop practices. These variables can explain the 22 % of farmerschr('39') adaptation choices in water scarcity condition. The two variables of farm size and the intention to water conservation are important determinants in the adoption of new cropping as an adaptation measure. These variables predicted 23% of variance of acceptance innovation to adaptation. The perception of environmental risk of water scarcity, risk taking and knowledge about consequences of water scarcity had significant effects on adaptation. These predicted 33% of variance Pressurized Irrigation System.

According to the results, farmers have a high desire to protect water and information, risk perception and consequences of water scarcity are also high among them.

Water is a necessary but scarce input among the inputs used for crop production, so determining its economic value can be a good instrument to improve its management. In this respect, the present study aims to determine the economic value of irrigation water under drought conditions and to propose a cropping pattern and estimate farmer gross margin in the Qazvin plain in Iran using linear programming and positive mathematical programming (PMP) models. The statistical data were of the document type for the 2013-2014 growing season. The results showed that the economic value of irrigation water is 1,161 IRR/m3 whereas farmers pay 417 IRR/m3 as the water price. Also, the economic value of irrigation water is 1,152 IRR/m3 in the base year, which increases by 12.2-94.1 percent to 1293-2236 IRR/m3 under the scenarios of water limitation by 10-50 percent. In these conditions, farmers tend to reduce the acreage of sugar beet and sunflower and increase the acreage of irrigated wheat and barley. This will reduce farmers’ gross margin. This reduction of gross return is maximized when the costs of coping with drought and production costs are maximal. So, timely informing of farmers before the occurrence of drought and holding training courses about methods to counteract the negative consequences of this climatic phenomenon by governmental agencies, such as Jihad-e Agriculture Organization and research and educational centers, can be helpful in supporting farmers and officials in their attempts to cope with the consequences of drought. Determining the economic value of irrigation water across the region and accepting a reasonable price as water price by farmers can lead to a considerable saving of this scarce input in the region. So, it is recommended to price irrigation water in accordance with its economic value and the consideration of its equivalence.

Biab travertine and the Pole-Arvan travertine deposits are located in anticline Aran, north of Avaj city and in the south of Qazvin Province. One section of the Pole-Arvan travertine the forming quarry body and two sections of the Biab travertine were examined. The deposits morphologically are cascading in both regions, which is affected by faults in the region.  According to the physical characteristics, four lithotypes have been identified, including laminar, coated bubbles, vegetative and dendritic. Micritic fabric with Peloidal allochems has been the most important fabric, and also dissolution and cementation are among the most important diagenetic processes in the region's travertine. Based on the results of XRD analysis, calcite in Biab region, and calcite and aragonite in the Pole-Arvan are the main minerals. It also contains small amounts of illite, chlorite, and hematite minerals, which are originated of layers of upper Miocene and Pliocene under travertine. According to the results of ICP-OES analysis, there is the highest concentration of calcium and lower amounts of magnesium, sodium, iron and strontium in travertine samples. The amount of these elements in the Pole-Arvan travertine is higher than in the Biab region and is related to the presence of cyanobacteria, the activation of the travertine springs and the deposition of aragonite. The hydrogeochemical results of this water indicate the passage of spring water through the salt layers of the region and the deposition of travertine from saline water. The water type is both Chlorocalcite, which is the result of a mixture of bicarbonate and salt water, reverse cation exchange between saline water and carbonate surrounding rocks.

The general purpose of this study was to investigate the role and position of agricultural extension in the planning and policy-making system of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad in order to achieve an innovative and responsive extension system. Existence of such systems is imperative to improve the production efficiency at operational, peripheral, and policy levels. In this regard, the role of agricultural extension in achieving the macro goals of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and designing its policies and strategies has been addressed through this research endeavor. This research is a qualitative study and has been done by qualitative sampling, validation, and data collection/analysis methods. The statistical population consisted of managers and practitioners involved in the planning system of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad in the executive deputies and Organization for Research, Education and Extension of Agriculture. The selection of samples was carried out using purposeful and non-random sampling approach. In addition, the techniques including interviews, focus group discussions, and documentation were employed to collect the required data. CoefficientS of variation and participatory analysis workshop, brainstorming, analysis method (SWOT) were used for data analysis purpose. Defensive, review, diversification, and offensive strategies respectively ranked first, second, third, and fourth in terms of priority for agricultural extension planning and policy-making. Finally, four basic axes were proposed for role-playing in the scientific and technological system, developing and improving applied research, promoting extensional practices, revising and reorganizing education, accelerating and modifying the structure, and strengthen the dimensions that can be used by policy-makers and decision-makers.

Dust storm typically occurs in arid and semi-arid regions. This phenomenon is more visible across the western, southwestern and central regions of Iran in the summertime. Previously conducted studies have reported that this phenomenon affects human health, agriculture, industry, infrastructure and transportation. The aim of this study is to investigate the economic effects of dust storms.

The present study is a descriptive investigation. The available articles and reports in valid Persian databases (Civilica, Magiran and SID) as well as English databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed and Google scholar were reviwed separately.

The dust storm phenomenon covers a wide range of geographical area. In fact, it occurs in all parts of the world and is considered as an international issue. During the occurrence of dust storm phenomenon, the concentration of various pollutants increases, which generally affects the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and throposphere. Dust storm have far-reaching environmental, health, and socio-economic effects that are linked in a chain, and ultimately each of these effects will have irreparable economic consequences. Therefore, the phenomenon of dust has wide economic effects such as the impact on the exports, delays in air travel, disruption of road transport, destructive effects on agriculture (agriculture and horticulture), road accidents, road damage, closure of schools, home appliances, electronic equipments, public billboards, irrigation canals, power plants and public health.

Dust storm phenomenon should not only be considered as an environmental issue, but due to the great economic consequences for the infrastructure of the affected areas and the country, it should be considered as a national and international concern. It is necessary to accompany many executive departments of the country to reduce its consequences. To reduce the man-made resources of the dust phenomenon, this study proposes integrated assessments and strategies that promote sustainable water and land management in farms, rangelands, deserts and urban areas, despite climate change.

Ocular thyroid disease is a common complication associated with Graveschr('39') disease and hyperthyroidism, which in severe cases there is a risk of irreversible loss of vision. The aim of this study was to compare the visual acuity, refractive errors, proptosis and ocular deviation of these patients with healthy individuals.

In this historical cohort study, 65 patients with history of thyroid disease were compared with 65 healthy subjects. Patients in the age range of 24 to 60 years with a history of thyroid disease and healthy individuals were selected from those who referred to the eye clinic who did not have thyroid disease. The proptosis of the eyes was measured with Hertel exophthalmometer. Visual acuity of the patients was measured with Snellen chart and refractive error measurement was done with an auto-refractometer.

Of the patients, 53 (81.5%) were males and 12 (18.5%) were females. Sphere refractive error in patients and healthy individuals was -0.85±2.44 diopters and -0.46±1.26 diopters, respectively. The mean visual acuity in the patient and healthy groups was 0.91±0.13 and 0.96±0.08 in Snellen unit (p≤0.0001), respectively. The mean proptosis in patient and healthy individuals was 17.7±2.55 mm and 16.05±1.86 mm (p≤0.0001), respectively. The mean of total eye astigmatism in patient and healthy individuals was -1.11±1.19 diopters and -0.6±0.66 diopters, respectively (p≤0.0001).

Higher astigmatism and proptosis and decreased visual acuity in the patients, indicating thyroid disease has affected on the involved eye.

After the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine, an increase has been observed in the disease due to nonspecific stereotypes of the vaccine. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of pneumococcal vaccine coverage and common stereotypes of streptococcus pneumonia after vaccine introduction in the vaccine recipient countries.

The Web of Sciences, Medline, and Scopus were searched using a designed search strategy. Studies that reported the prevalence of the stereotypes of streptococcus pneumonia and replacement of the stereotypes were included. In addition, the coverage of pneumococcal vaccination in the countries was extracted from the reports of the World Health Organization. The spatial distribution of vaccine recipient countries and vaccination coverage were determined using the ArcGIS 10.6.1.

Of 6989 retrieved references, 325 studies were included. The highest proportion of vaccine recipient countries were in the African, European and Western Pacific regions. The vaccination coverage increased up to 2017 in the vaccine recipient countries. The common specific vaccine serotypes after the introduction of vaccine were 19A, 5, 3, 14, 19F, 7F, 23F, 6B. In addition, common nonspecific vaccine serotypes were 11A, 15A/B, 8, and 12F.

The results indicated pneumococcal vaccination is not included in the immunization program in many countries. In addition, common serotypes after vaccine introduction of include 19A, 5, 3, 14, 19F, 7F, 23F, 6B. Therefore, it is recommended the health policymakers have a plan for pneumococcal vaccine introduction based on the pattern of the commonly detected stereotypes.

To evaluate the long-term stability of subjective refraction after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) performed in keratoconus-affected eyes. This retrospective case series analyzed the data of 73 eyes in 69 patients with keratoconus, who underwent DALK. Only patients with clear grafts, who had all sutures removed for at least 12 months, were enrolled. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical equivalent refraction, refractive astigmatism, and vector components of refractive astigmatism (J0 and J45) were recorded and compared at different time points after all sutures were removed. The mean age of the patients was 28.3±8.3 years at the time of keratoplasty. No significant changes in the CDVA were observed during the follow-up. Spherical equivalent refraction was measured at 1 month (23.18±3.41) and 3 months (4.29±4.26) after complete suture removal differed significantly from that measured at the last examination (4.70±3.75, respectively). These measured values were stabilized from 6 months after complete suture removal onward. Refractive astigmatism and its vector components (J0 and J45) did not change over time after complete suture removal. Refraction is stabilized 6 months after complete DALK suture removal. Therefore, postponing refractive surgery until this time is advisable to manage post-DALK refractive errors.

Electroless plating has been used as a Suitable technique to protection of the metals. Electroless coatings have exclusive physicochemical and mechanical properties (Uniformity, Excellent corrosion resistance, High hardness and etc) that they are being used increasingly. Electroless Ni-B coating is a new technology for use in engineering industries due to its many Privileges. For improvement of this coating, addition of a third element is being developed. The copper as an effective element the coating characteristics have selected. In this study applying the electroless Ni-Cu-B alloy deposit on steel substrate was considered and Influence of the copper on coating properties was investigated. Alloy deposits were characterized for their structure, morphology, chemical composition, micro-hardness and corrosion resistance and compared with Ni-B deposits using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, potentiodynamic polarization techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Ni-Cu-B coatings was amorphous. Increasing CuCl2 in plating bath resulted in increasing of copper content in the coatings and coating with maximum copper content had the best corrosion resistance.

In arid and semi-arid regions of Iran as the rainfall is reduced and the population and the demand for food continue to grow, high-quality water consumption and the development of planting area increasingly gain importance. The present study was aimed to evaluate the economic benefits of the pressurized irrigation system in Ardabil Province, Iran by a survey methodology, production function, and farmers’ data for the growing season 2014-2015 (using a questionnaire). Results show that pressurized irrigation system not only reduces water consumption by as high as 17%, but it also optimizes the application of other production inputs and enhances the productivity of production inputs and water.

The issue of increase in population, change in people's habits, accompanied with imitating consuming pattern has caused increase in the amount of produced rubbish. The main goal of this study is to find a suitable place to bury urban wastes in Bojnurd by comparing AHP and WLC methods using GIS system.

Primarily the effective factors in locating a place for burying Bojnurd waste were put into consideration. Then by digitizing and weighting layers based on available standards and inserting the mentioned layers to Arc GIS software environment and creating database, performing and comparing the models, decision making and finally by scoring and analyzing the parameters of AHP and WLC models, the best place was chosen to bury urban waste.

Considering the scores given to locating parameters of waste removal, in AHP method in the preliminary stage by choosing four locations in Northeast, Southwest and Southeast of Bojnurd and in WLC method by choosing two locations in Northeast and North- west were chosen as suggested locations to bury urban wastes.

Since AHP method has a more power for decision making in locating urban wastes and by choosing four locations and introducing location A measuring 3800 acres and receiving 140 tons rubbish in every day for 20 years was chosen as the best location for burying Bojnurd urban wastes compared to WLC method.