فهرست مطالب sa. safavi

In order to produce varieties of barley that tolerate drought and cold, Artan variety was entered into internal tests of the cold and temperate cold stations of the Dryland Agriculture Research Institute through the international center of ICARDA in the form of the of segregating populations (F3 generation) in 1997-98. Genetic purity was achieved by the modified bulk method. Then, during several years, it was evaluated in Maragheh, Shirvan, Ghamlo, Sararoud, Zanjan, Urmia and Ardabil stations in yield trials and yield stability experiment. The Artan variety with an average seed yield of 2.142 Kgha-1 had 11% higher seed yield than the Abidar check variety. Artan had relatively early maturity, height and high thousand-seed weight. Artan variety has general adaptability and good yield stability, facultative growth habit, resistance to seed shattering, tolerance to cold and drought, relative early maturity, high plant height (83 cm) and high thousand-seed weight (42 gr). It has also good level of resistant to yellow rust and brown rust diseases of barley. Artan variety was selected and released as a new cultivar due to its high yield and favorable agronomic characteristics for planting in the cold and moderately cold regions in rainfed areas of the country.

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. is an important woodborer in orchards especially on walnut trees. Its damage has been remarkably increased in Urmia region in recent years. In this research, the amount of pest damage was compared on different orchards such as apple, walnut and peach. The best control method of pest was investigated by using of two insecticides, pheromone and light traps in field conditions. The highest pest damage was observed on walnut trees in Balo village and the least damage was recorded in Gajin and Haji-Abad villages. Old walnut trees (25-30 years old) suffered more damages than younger trees. In 2020, peak of adult leopard moth emergence was recorded in May 29 by using pheromone trap via mass trapping. Two weeks after flight peak, control methods including the use of Hexaflumuron and Imidacloprid insecticides along with pheromone and light traps were assessed. Based on the obtained results, Hexaflumuron along with the pheromone trap exhibited the best efficacy considering the reduced pest damage in 2021. Thus, this method can be used effectively in integrated management program of leopard moth.

The new bread wheat cultivar Tirgan with spring growth habit type received from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) was evaluated in 2009-10 in international Nurseries. In the cropping season 2010-11, this cultivar was cultivated in preliminary regional wheat yield trials (PRWYT) of the northern climate. In the cropping season 2011-12 in advanced regional wheat yield trials (ARWYT) Tirgan cultivar was selected with an average yield of 5.731 tha-1 compared to the average yield of the control cultivars (Morvarid and Gonbad) with 5.372 tha-1. Also, in the cropping season 2012-13 and 2013-14, in the elit regional wheat yield trial (ERWYT), yield, grain yield and other traits were investigated in four stations of the northern climate (Gorgan, Moghan, Sari and Gonbad). The average yield of this cultivar in ERWYT traits was 5.893 tha-1, and the average of the check cultivars, Morvarid and Gonbad, was 5.401 and 5.356 tha-1 respectively. Due to the acceptable resistance of this variety over several years, to fusarium head blight, powdery mildew and high resistance to yellow and leaf rusts, high and stable grain yield potential with very good baking quality compared to the control varieties, this cultivar is a good substitute for the old varieties in the plains of the Caspian coast, including the Moghan plain in Ardabil province, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, and it can increase wheat production in the region along with other varieties and have an effective role and act as one of the tools to manage and control various diseases by increasing diversity in this fully stressed climate in terms of various diseases.

In crop season 2012-2013 wheat genotype "Frncln/Rolf07" was introduced to Iran within an international nursery received from CIMMYT and was studied in experiment of evaluation of yield and agronomic characteristics of spring wheat genotypes in international nurseries in temperate regions. Then in 2013-2014 crop season, it was selected in a preliminary regional wheat yield trial under normal irrigation with an average yield of 8114 kgha-1 compared to the check cultivars Parsi, Sirvan, Pishtaz and sivand, respectively, with grain yield of 8.035, 8.022, 6.914 and 7.985 kgha-1. This cultivar was further investigated in the advanced regional wheat yield trial of temperate regions of the country during 2014-2015 and with average grain yield of 7093 kgha-1 compared to 6495 and 6423 kgha-1 yield of check cultivars Parsi and Sirvan, respectively, and was selected for adaptation evaluation. The average yield of M-94-15 line in temperate climate adaptation experiment during the 2015-2017 crop season under normal conditions was 7231 kgha-1 verses 6688 kgha-1 of Parsi cultivar and 6574 kgha-1 of Baharan cultivar and in general, total mean grain yield was 3% higher than the average of whole genotypes. Due to the good condition of M-94-15 line reaction to stripe rust (O-30MR) and leaf rust (O-30MSS) diseases, as well as the resistance to grain shattering and good bread making quality, this line was selected for study at the level of farmers' fields. Wheat line M-94-15 based on its favorable agronomic characteristics, suitable earliness and good bread making quality was released in 2019 as Farin for cultivation in temperate agro-climatic regions.

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is an important and universal biological control agent that is used to control many important pests such as cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Main limitation of the use of this fungus is environmental persistence to initiate epidemics in susceptible host populations. In this research, the lethal effects of two isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus on adults and second instar nymphs of cabbage aphid and the stability of the entomopathogenic fungus and its nanocomposite formulation against UV-C radiation were investigated. The LC50 value of the cabbage aphid adults was equal to 2.5×105 in WE209 isolate and 9.8×104 spores/ml in WE277 isolate. The LC50 values in the second instar nymphs were 6.4×105 and 3.2×105 spores/ml, respectively. Spore germination after 2 and 3 h exposure to ultraviolet radiation equals to zero for both times in WE209 isolate and 6 and 32%, respectively in WE277 isolate. However, these values were 12% and 37% for WE209 and 65% and 38%, respectively for WE277 base on nanocomposite. These results showed that the nanocomposite of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana based on montmorillonite/salep can be effectively used to increase the stability and as a result, increasing the virulence of the fungus.

In this study, the predatory mite Blattisocius mali was evaluated as a candidate predator for the biological control of fungus gnat, Lycoriella auripila in mushroom cultivation salons and greenhouses and its biological characteristics and population parameters were investigated under laboratory conditions at 25 °C, 70±5 % relative humidity and 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. The mean of the total pre-adult period in this experiment was 4.45 days and the lifespan of male and female adults was 18.45 and 20.46 days, respectively. The mean of the oviposition days was 13.88 days and the fecundity was 90.96 (eggs/female). Also, the predatory mite, B. mali feeding on the eggs of the L. auripila had a significant intrinsic rate of population increase (r) equal to 0.386 day-1 and its population increased about 44.551 times every 9.882 days. The results of this study showed the B. mali is a potential predator that can grow and reproduce and complete its life cycle fed on the eggs of L. auripila, successfully. Therefore, this predator can act as a suitable and safe biological control agent to reduce the fungus gnat population and be considered as a biological control agent in the integrated control of this pest.

The new barley cultivar Golchin was derived from cross between  P.sto/3/Lb.iran/Una80//Lignee640/4/Bllu/5/Petunia1 and Nik cultivar as female and male parents, respectively. The initial cross between parents of this cultivar and selection among segregating generations till achieving genetic purity were done in Cereal Research Department at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Observational evaluations and preliminary and advanced yield trials were performed at Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol and Gonbad agricultural research stations and the desired line was selected according to its high yield, desirable agronomic characteristics and  comparison  with yields of the check cultivars. To evaluate grain yield stability of 17 pure lines selected from advanced experiment as well as Zahak/Sahra and Nimrooz as check cultivars were studied in Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad and Moghan agricultural researches stations in 2015-2017 cropping seasons. Selection of lines with desirable and stable grain yield was performed using the results of grain yield mean comparisons, Lin and Binns superiority coefficient and GGE biplot analysis. Line WB-94-3 (Golchin cultivar) with an average grain yield of 4311 and 4502 kgh-1 in south and north warm regions of Iran respectively, had 9% and 8% yield superiority over Zahak and Sahra check cultivars. According to the results it was determined that line WB-94-3 in addition to desirable performance and agronomic characteristics had general adaptability to the warm regions of the Iran and therefore was released as Golchin cultivar. Golchin is a six-rowed variety and exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. The growth type of this cultivar is spring and its protein content is 11.3%. Golchin is earlier than commercial check cultivars and has high tolerance to salinity stress and moderate tolerance to drought stress. Its reaction to powdery mildew is in the range of semi-resistant to semi-sensitive.

Kamal, is a new winter bread wheat cultivar developed by the national rainfed bread wheat breeding program for the cold and temperate dryland areas of Iran. New cultivar created by crossing between Sbn//Trm/k253 and 88Zhong218//Ctk/Vee/3/Kvz/Gv//Prl in Maragheh Research Station. Kamal was selected from segregating population from F2-F7 in Maragheh (2002-2008) based on agronomic characteristics. Based on results, Kamal grain yield means in preliminary and advanced regional yield trail was 2234 and 1719 kgha-1, respectively. Results of elite trail in cold and moderate research stations (2012-2015) showed that the grain yield mean of Kamal was 2120 and means of Azar2 and Ohadi cultivars were 2066 and 2083 kgha-1, respectively. Kamal cultivar in East Azerbaijan province was compared with conventional control cultivars in the farmer fields for 3 years and the results showed that the average grain yield of Kamal and checks were 2604 and 2230 kgha-1 respectively. Kamal is a winter type variety with time to heading of 143 days, 67 cm plant height, 40, gr. 1000 kernel weight, 11.4% protein content, 20 ml Zeleni numer, 41 degree of hardness, 27% wet gluten and 15 unit of gluten index. Results revealed that Kamal cultivar is tolerant to cold and drought stresses, with suitable earliness, and good bread quality but susceptible to yellow rust and leaf rust, this xultivar way and released in 2019 under the name of Kamal for cold and moderate cold dry areas of Iran.

Aphis gossypii Glover is a polyphagous pest that infects a wide range of host plants in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions. Therefore, it has a great ability to maintain its population in different environmental conditions. Quantitative and qualitative damages of this pest are through feeding on plant sap, transmission of viral diseases, reduction of photosynthesis and secretion of honeydew. Various factors such as excessive use of chemical insecticides, the destruction of natural enemies and the emergence of resistant pest populations have increased the population of aphids and turned it into a damaging pest. However, the most common method of controlling aphids, despite its negative effects, is usage of chemical insecticides. The high potential of this pest in resistance to chemical compounds requires investigating and using of newer insecticides with different modes of action. Insect reproductive parameters as an ecological and indicator tools, can indicate the behavior and physiology of different types of pests after pesticides using. Studies have also been conducted on the effect of sub lethal concentrations of insecticides on behavior, biological characteristics and growth of insect population, which provides a more realistic estimate of the effect of insecticides on pests and natural enemies. Therefore, in this study, the lethal and sub lethal effects of the new combined insecticide Emamectin benzoate 4.8% + Acetamiprid 6.4% which has contact and oral function, was evaluated on the aphids biological and population growth parameters in greenhouse conditions.

The colony of cotton aphid used in the experiment was obtained from pinto beans fields in Urmia, West Azerbaijan (Iran), during September 2021. The aphid population was reared on pinto beans var. Khomein in plastic pots (12 × 6 cm) under controlled greenhouse conditions (21 ± 1°C, 50% ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 [L: D] h). The LC50 concentration of Emamectin benzoate + Acetamiprid for cotton aphid adults was 23.84 ppm 24 hours after treatment. The values of LC10, LC20 and LC30 were estimated at 1.76, 4.31 and 8.22 ppm, respectively. The insecticide spraying method on leaves containing aphids was used in bioassay and life table studies against adults of aphid insects. The age stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the collected data. We used the bootstrap technique with 100,000 iterations to estimate the variance and standard errors of the biological and population parameters and used Sigma Plot software to draw graphs. The growth of the pest population in a period of 60 days was done with Timing-MsChart software.

According to the results, the adult lifespan/longevity was significantly different from the control by LC20 and LC30 concentrations. The shortest lifespan of adult aphid in LC30 treatment was recorded as 5.90 days. Fertility and the duration of Nymphal period were significantly reduced in sub lethal concentrations of the insecticide compared to the control. The highest value of pre adult period in LC30 concentration was recorded 8.88 days and the lowest value in control treatment was 5.06 days. All biological table parameters of cotton aphid treated with sub-lethal concentrations were significantly affected by the insecticide compared to the control. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.39 per day in control. The net reproductive rate (R0) decreased from 28.37 nymphs per female/generation in control to 6.90 in LC30 concentration. The lowest value of finite rate of increase (λ) was observed in LC30 concentration, which was 1.18 per day. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) in sub lethal concentrations was significantly lower than the control. The highest and lowest values of mean generation time (T) were estimated in LC30 (11.28 days) and control (9.11 days), respectively.

Based on the findings of the present study, considering the necessity of using chemical insecticides for aphid management, and the significant effect of this pesticide on the aphid Emamectin benzoate + Acetamiprid insecticide can be used to control and reduce population of cotton aphids and it can be a suitable alternative to old insecticides. In order to confirm the greenhouse results, it is necessary to conduct similar experiments in field conditions, and conduct laboratory and field studies on the effects of this compound on the natural enemies of A. gossypii especially bees and coccinellids.

Brevicoryne brassicae is one of the most serious cabbage pests in the world. This pest feeds on the leaves, mostly on the host plant's middle leaves. Despite having many natural enemies, aphids are not entirely controlled by natural enemies due to their rapid reproduction. Applying chemical insecticides is one of the essential methods used to control aphids; using one pesticide to control several pests can reduce the costs and frequency of spraying. In this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects (LC25) of matrine insecticide with a contact and stomach function on the cabbage aphid, were evaluated under laboratory conditions.

The dipping method was used in bioassay and life table studies against adults of aphid insects. The LC50 value of matrine insecticide for adults of cabbage aphid was 83.33 μl/ml after 24 hours, and LC25 concentration (30.11 ml/ml) was used to estimate the sub-lethal effects of matrine on the biological parameters of the cabbage aphid. Experiments were performed on the acephala variety of cabbage. One common method of investigating insecticides' non-lethal effects is demographic toxicology, which uses life table and growth population parameters to evaluate toxicity.

According to the results, the female lifespan/longevity and fertility affected by sub-lethal concentration were significantly reduced compared to the control (distilled water and citowett). The mean oviposition period of adult aphids decreased from 8.92 days in control to 3.79 days in LC25 concentration of the insecticide. The present study's data also showed that the sublethal concentration also affected the offspring of treated cabbage aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of matrine reduced the net reproductive rate (R0) from 23.96 nymphs per female in each generation in the control treatment to 3.26 nymphs in LC25. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) in sublethal concentration was recorded as 0.36 (day-1) and in control as 0.1 (day-1). Other parameters, such as finite rate of increase (l) and gross reproductive rate (GRR), were also significantly lower than the control. The mean generation time (T) of treatment affected by LC25 concentration of matrine increased compared to the control treatment.

Results of the current research in laboratory conditions showed that this insecticide has significant lethal and sublethal effects on the cabbage aphid. Therefore, matrine, as an herbal insecticide, can be considered in the management programs of cabbage aphids.

Salinity stress is a major constrain of plant growth and limiting factor of crop production in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Wheat cultivar Barzegar is derived from the cross between an Iranian highly adapted wheat, Pishtaz cultivar and Karchia cultivar (salt tolerant cultivar from India) as female and male parents, respectively, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Cereal Research Department in Karaj. Subsequent selection among segregating populations of this hybrid was done at experimental field of Yazd station. Results of yield trials and on-farm evaluations in the temperate zone showed that under salinity stress conditions (EcSoil =8-12 dsm-1 & EcWater =8-13 dsm-1), Barzegar exhibited a superior performance compared to the check cultivars Bam and Arg, and its average grain yield was 659 kg (16.5%) higher than average grain yield of check cultivars. Based on ranking method Barzegar had high stability and adaptability under saline conditions compared to the check cultivars. Under farmer's conditions trials its average grain yield was 4381 kgha-1, nearly 20% higher than average grain yield of check cultivars (3648 kgha-1). Barzegar exhibits lodging resistance and has non-shattering spikes, but has moderately resistant susceptible infection responses to rusts. However, under dry conditions of saline areas of Iran no susceptibility to these diseases is observed. Based on good agronomic performance consist of resistance to lodging and shattering, and high adaptability and stability and good quality in saline condition compared to checks (Bam, Arg and Ofogh), Barzegar released for cultivation in the saline areas (with saline water/soil) farms of temperate zone, in Iran.

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the important and economic pests of Cole crops in Iran. One of the main methods to protect plants against aphids is using chemical pesticides. In this study, the sublethal effects of Chlorfluazuron was evaluated on the population growth parameters of cabbage aphid under greenhouse condition. The method used in the experiments was insecticide spraying on the leaves containing aphids. LC25 (105.60 ppm) concentration was used to investigate the sublethal effect of insecticides on aphid. The results showed that lifespan/longevity and fertility of the treated adult aphids were significantly affected by the sublethal concentration. Total longevity reduced from 12.78 days in control treatment to 8.14 days in sublethal concentration. The results of present study indicated that sublethal concentration also affected progeny of treated adult aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of the studied insecticide decreased the values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) compared to the control treatment. Other population growth parameters such as net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were also significantly lower than the control. Decreasing the growth rate in sublethal treatment increased mean generation time (T). Based on research findings, Chlorfluazuron can be suitable for use in the management of the cabbage aphid, other than the recommended pest (diamondback moth).

Muharram commemoration to remember sacrifices made by Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions is one of the special and deep-rooted Islamic events, tied to spirituality for centuries. These processions are often held in specific routes or ‘mourning pathways. These paths and related spaces over time, in addition to being memorable and creating identity, have become spiritual in their own ways. But the contemporary Iranian urban planning pays more attention to material aspects and has moved away from spiritual spaces. Extensive physical changes and interventions in traditional cities, as well as threats and damage to mourning pathways, highlight the need for further research. This article, using comparative-qualitative studies and bringing evidence and numerous examples from different Iranian cities and emphasizing Ardabil, has tried to interpret the collected data, while proving and introducing mourning pathways as sacred and spiritual paths, determine their spiritual dimensions and aspects. The spiritual effects of mourning before and after the events along with their margins have been studied. The results show that various sacred-religious, physical-spatial, cultural-social, historical-political and natural factors constitute mourning pathways and then the socio-cultural dimension added weight to it. On the one hand, these pathways connect spaces to history, and on the other hand, they add a special symbolic and semantic dimension that distinguishes them from other paths.

A bread wheat breeding line that led to release of Tallaei cultivar introduced from International Research Center for Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) to Iran through an international nursery in 2009 and was evaluated in a primary trial in Islam Abad-Gharb research station and due to its favorable characteristics was selected for further evaluation. This line showed grain yield of 6967 and 5370 kgha-1 under normal irrigation and terminal drought conditions, respectively, while mean grain yields of four check cultivars: Parsi, Sivand, Bahar and Pishtaz for those two conditions were 6857 and 3850 kgha-1, respectively, Aforementioned line showed grain yield of 4851 kgha-1 in advanced yield trial of temperate regions breeding program under water deficit conditions compared to 4631 khha-1 of drought tolerant check cultivar "Sirvan" in three locations, hence selected for final evaluation in adaptation trial. Grain yield of this line which was presented as M-91-18 at the adaptation trial was 7563 and 6385 kgha-1 against 8022 and 6200 kgha-1 of Parsi check cultivar under normal and water stress conditions, respectively, during two cropping seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14. This line showed overall mean grain yield, of 9583 and 8042 kgha-1 in normal irrigation and water deficit conditions under extensional farmer fields, respectively. For these two conditions check cultivar Parsi showed 7875 and 6828 kgha-1 records. Grain yield potential of this line was recorded as 10070 and 10670 kgha-1 in Alborz and Kermanshah farmers' fields, respectively. According to the latest evaluations the response of this line to yellow and leaf rusts was moderately resistant under severe artificial infection. Wheat line M-91-18 has considerable earliness and good bread making quality and based on its good agronomic characteristics in 2017 this line was released as Tallaei, for cultivation under normal and terminal moisture stress conditions in temperate agro-climatic regions.

Carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Iran. The use of volatile plant compounds as one of the effective factors in changing the behavior of insects can be an important step in combating pests and thus reduce the use of pesticides and the risk to humans and the environment. In this regard, volatile organic compounds from the foliage and fruits of pomegranate trees of Kadro, Rabbab and Shirin Shahvar varieties were collected and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Respectively, in foliage of mentioned pomegranate varieties, 17, 33 and 24, and in their fruit 42, 23 and 26 volatile organic compounds were identified. The most abundant constituents were 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (51.01%) and 6- Aza-5,7,12,14 - tetrathiapentacene (36.92%) in Kadro foliage and fruit, respectively. They were in Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (46.37%) and 6-Aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene (32.24%) respectively in Rabbab foliage and fruit. Besides, 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z) (27.62%) and Benzoic acid-2,5-bis-(trimethylsiloxy)-trimethylsilyl ester (46.25%) were the major components respectively in foliage and fruit of Shirin Shahvar variety. Examination of the olfactory response of female insects of Carob moth in the wind tunnel showed that female insects were differently attracted to the odor of pomegranate foliage and fruits of Kadro, Rabbab and Shirin Shahvar cultivars by statistical analysis. These data may be useful in semiochemically-based management strategies in the pomegranate orchards such as mass trapping or deter of Carob moth or attraction of natural enemies.

Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by P. striformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat. The disease has been reported in temperate, cool, and higher altitudes regions, where wheat is grown. The widespread of the disease has always threatened wheat production and resulted in 30 to 100% losses in yield. Although chemical method is common throughout the world, it is not practical by farmers in developing countries. The most alternative practical way is to use genetic resistance which is economical and safely to environment. Two types of genetic resistance, including race-specific and non-race-specific resistance, are well known. Race-specific resistance operates based on the gene for gene hypothesis. Following the evolving of new races of pathogens, race-specific resistance becomes almost ineffective within 3–5 years. Non-race-specific resistance is controlled by small-effect (additive) genes and is long lasting. The wisely use of genetic resistance through the combination of race-specific and non-race-specific genes is suggested for the effective management of rusts. In view of the above, it is important to determine the properties of wheat germplasm for the detection of such diverse resistance. Therefore, the present study was performed to identify genetic sources with different resistance types to enhance the improvement of breeding operations for the release of cultivar in Iran.

In order to study of seedling reactions, a total of 191 dry land wheat lines were used. Seeds of each genotype (5-7 seeds) were planted in 7× 7 cm pots under controlled conditions in the greenhouses of Karaj. Seedlings were inoculated with two pathotypes of pathogen (6E158A+ and 6E150A+, Yr27). The inoculated Plants were transferred to a growth chamber at 10 ° C with 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness for 24 h. Plants were then transferred to greenhouses at 6–10 ° C temperature. 14-17 days later, seedling infection types were recorded based on a 0-4 scale (Stakman et al., 1962). The same number of studied lines at the seedling stage, were also used to evaluate the adult plant responses. The germplasm was cultivated at Ardebil Agricultural Research Station during the 2015-2016 cropping year. About eight grams seeds of each entry were planted in two-row plots of 1 m length with 30 cm distance. Plots were spaced at 65 cm. Infection types were recorded in the adult plant stage according to the method of Rolfs et al. Disease severity data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The relative area under the disease progress curve was also compared by comparing each line with the susceptible cultivar (assuming 100% susceptible cultivar value). In order to determine different resistance groups according to the method of Bux et al. (2012), lines with rAUDPC between 0-10 was considered as resistant group, rAUDPC = 11-30 as intermediate and lines with rAUDPC values above 30 were classified as susceptible.

Seedling evaluation using pathotype 6E158A+ showed that of 63 resistant genotypes, 31 genotypes were from winter wheat, 4 from durum wheat and 28 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The seedling reactions using pathotype 6E150A+, Yr27 indicated that of 64 resistant genotypes, 26 genotypes were of winter bread wheat, 8 genotypes of durum wheat and 30 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The results at seedling stage also revealed that 51 genotypes were resistant to both pathotypes, of which 24 were genotypes of winter bread, 4 genotypes of durum wheat and 23 genotypes of spring bread wheat. Of the 191 genotypes studied, 24 (12.5%) genotypes also showed resistance at both seedling (against to two pathotypes) and adult plant stages. In field conditions, 81 genotypes were susceptible and 110 (57.6%) were resistant. Among the resistant genotypes, the differences were observed based on the values of the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC). The response of winter wheat, spring wheat and durum wheat varied. Among the winter bread wheat, spring and durum wheat genotypes, 9 (12.5%), 38 (44.2%) and 4 (12.1%) genotypes had low levels of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 0-10), respectively, and were classified as resistant group. A group of genotypes also had moderate values of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 3-11), of which 16 (22.2%), 37 (43%) and 11 (33.3%) genotypes were of winter, spring, and durum wheat genotypes, respectively.

A number of genotypes having seedling resistance were identified with probability of resistance gene/genes; Yr3v, Yr3a, Yr4a, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr16, YrCV, YrSD, or unknown genes. Most winter wheat genotypes lacked seedling resistance. Some of the genotypes had adult plant and slow rusting resistance (Non-race- specific or durable resistance) and this percentage was higher among spring bread wheat than winter wheat and durum wheat genotypes. This germplasm with various sources of resistance will be useful in integrating both types of resistance through the pyramiding of genes for durable resistance and eventually high-yielding resistant varieties will be introduced to farmers.

Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks is one of the most important wheat disease due to its wide distribution and yield loss in the world. Racial variation and emergence of new races leads to break the resistance of resistant wheat cultivars. To study these changes and to identify the virulence of P. triticina Erkis., a research project was carried out by planting trap nurseries in four cropping seasons (2017-2021) in Karaj, Gorgan, Gharakhil, Kalardasht, Ardebil, Moghan, Boroujerd, Ahvaz and Dezful. At flag leaf stage and when maximum disease infection on susceptible check was observed, the disease severity and infection type were scored based on the Modified Cobbs Scale and Rolfes et al. method, respectively. According to the results of this study, during four growing seasons in different locations, no virulence was observed on varieties with Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr19, Lr34 gene(s) and the Lr10/Lr27+/Lr31 gene combination, and these genes were identified as effective for wheat leaf rust disease in Iran. Virulence was observed on varieties carrying other resistance gene(s), at least in one test location, and indicated that the above genes were ineffective in those region. Differential lines carrying Lr22a and Lr21 genes, with resistance reaction in most seasons, were effective genes, following the aforementioned genes, for resistance to wheat leaf rust in Iran, respectively.

Torabi wheat cultivar introduced to iranian wheat breeding program through an international nursery from CIMMIT (28th SAWSN) in 2010 and was evaluated under terminal drought stress implemented from the flowering stage in 2010-2011 cropping season. Then in 2011-2012 cropping season it was tested in the preliminary regional wheat yield trial under terminal drought stress in Karaj and was selected based on its average grain yield of (4878 kgha-1) compared to the average grain yield of (3939 kgha-1) Parsi check cultivar. This cultivar was further studied in the advanced regional wheat yield trial in the temperate regions of the country during 2012-2013 and with average grain yield of 6634 kgha-1 under drought stress condition compared to 6073 and 6768 kgha-1 yields of check cultivars Parsi and Sirvan, respectively, was selected for evaluation in the adaptability and yield stability. The average grain yield of Torabi (line M-92-20) in adaptability experiment during the years 2013-2015 under drought stress conditions was 6516 kgha-1 compared to 6110 kgha-1 of Sirvan check cultivar and 5697 kgha-1 of Parsi check cultivar and also its total grain yield mean was 3% higher than the average grain yields of all genotypes. Due to the resistant reaction of the line M-92-20 to stripe and leaf rust diseases, as well as the early maturity and very good bread making quality, this line was selected for evaluation in the on-farm trials in farmer’s fields. Overall in farmer’s fields, this line had grain yield mean of 8637 kgha-1 under normal irrigation, and 5672 kgha-1 under water deficit conditions compared to the average yield of check cultivars with 6150 kgha-1 under optimal conditions and 5104 kgha-1 under water deficit conditions.

Biological pesticides have advantages to chemicals that safety to non-target organisms is of the most important ones. Slugs are parasitized or preyed by several organisms such as nematodes. In this research, integrated management of grey slug Parmacella ibera was assessed by Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Metaldehyde and Fericol in field conditions in Someh Sara, Guilan Province. The treatments included: untreated, P. hermaphrodita recommended dose, P. hermaphrodita recommended dose + Fericol, P. hermaphrodita ½ dose and P. hermaphrodita ½ dose +Metaldehyde ½ dose on P. ibera assessed based on the percent of dead slugs, mean percent of damaged leaves, the number of leaves with damage symptoms and the number of plants with damage symptoms. Results showed the highest percent of dead slugs in P. hermaphrodita ½ dose +Metaldehyde ½ dose. Mean percent of damaged leaves was not significantly different among P. hermaphrodita treatments along with Fericol and metaldehyde. Results indicated that P. hermaphrodita ½ dose + Metaldehyde ½ dose treatment had considerable effect in all parameters on pest control besides a decrease in the damage.

Nowruz cultivar, with pedigree of GOB/Aleli//Canela/3/Arupo*2/Jet/4/Arupo/K8755//Mora, was resulted from a cross in CIMMYT and subsequent selection in the segregating population and was initially introduced to Iranian national barley breeding in 2007-08 as a pure line. Based on its yield potential and other appropriate agronomic traits this line was selected for further evaluation in the warm regions. Results of observation nursery, barley yield trials and on-farm trials in south warm and dry zone of Iran indicated that Nowruz had a good level of lodging resistance, high number of tillers and high grain yield as well as its desirable agronomic characteristics compared to check cultivars Nimrooz and Zahak. In the Elite Barley Yield Trial conducted in Ahvaz, Darab and Zabol research stations in 2010-13 cropping seasons, Nowruz with average grain yield of 5805 kgha-1 had 9% higher yield compared to Nimrooz check cultivar with grain yield of 5350 kgha-1. Nowruz is a two-rowed spring barley with an intermediate spike density, strong and short stem, high number of tillers and genetic deletion of lateral sterile florets in spike. Also, it shows resistant to moderately susceptible reactions to powdery mildew and barley stripe but completely resistant reaction to net blotch. Based on its desirable agronomic characteristics, Nowruz is expected to be spread over farmer's lands in south warm and dry zone of Iran.

Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal is the most important pest of alfalfa fields in Iran. Main damage is related to larvae by feeding on plant leaves especially on first cutting. In this study, mortality of alfalfa weevil larvae and adults and damage reduction on plant leaves were assessed by using the recommended concentrations of some combinatory and botanical insecticides including lufenuron+ emamectin benzoate (Proclaim fit®), lufenuron+fenoxycarb (Lufox®), thiacloprid+deltamethrin (Proteus®), and azadirachtin (Neem-Azal®). Numerous observations were made on the mortality of insect larvae and adults and also the number of damaged (eaten) leaves of plants on one day before spraying (control) and 1, 3, 7, and 15 days after spraying. A factorial experiment with RCB design was adopted with three replications in Nagadeh suburbs in the spring 2018. Results showed that there was a significant difference in efficacy of used insecticides with control. lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and lufenuron+fenoxycarb had higher lethality on larvae with more than 95% after 15 days of treatment. Lufenuron+fenoxycarb along with lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin imposed more mortality adult alfalfa weevils. There were no statistically significant differences on the percent damages of larvae and adults among azadirachtin, lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and lufenuron+fenoxycarb treatments after 15 days. Considering the economic importance of weevil larvae especially in the first cut and the results of mortality and damage percent in different treatments, azadirachtin can be recommended as the most appropriate option in damage control of alfalfa weevil.

In this research, the SiC-matrix composite with different amounts of TiC (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) supplemented with additives including 4.3 wt% Al2O3 and 5.7 wt% Y2O3 were utilized to initiate the required liquid phase. The sintering process was performed using pressureless sintering at      1900 °C for 1.5 hours under argon atmosphere. The composition and microstructure of the obtained composites were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that TiC additives improved the densification of samples and impeded the growth of SiC grains. According to the phase analysis, the SiC was the main phase, while the TiC and YAG were characterized as partial phases. Additionally, due to the reaction of TiC and Al2O3, the composition of the liquid phase contained YAG and YAM. Assessments revealed that the microstructure and the final properties of composites were affected by density, produced phases and their distribution in the matrix, and grain size. According to the results, upon increasing the TiC up to 5 wt%, all the measured properties including density, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness improved and reached 97.40%, 26.73 GPa, 392 GPa, and 5.80 MPa.m1/2, respectively. However, with increasing the additives to more than 5 wt%, these properties deteriorated. Microscopic evaluations revealed that crack deflection and crack bridging mechanisms contributed to the fracture toughness of SiC ceramics.

The item of livability is one of the closest concepts to the quality of life that through it an ideal environmental society can be estimated. Therefore, any increasing or decreasing in the amount of livability is a means to evaluate staying inhabitants in the neighborhoods, regions, and cities. Also, it is a measurement for estimating the quality of life. While the city is developing, at the same time, all its traditional, new and periphery neighborhoods are facing to variety of physical, cultural, etc changes. So, due to existence of some challenging issues and necessity of livability to inhabitants, this needs to be assessed. In this study, three different neighborhoods including Haji, Etemadieh, and Mazdaghineh are investigated. It is interesting that all of them situated in 2 region municipality in Hamedan. There would be four components including physical-spatial, social-cultural, economic, and environmental items. The analytical-comparative methodology is used and in order to data analyzing and final evaluations, SPSS 19 and Expert Choice 10 technique is implemented and finally AHP method is used. To gather data observing, completion questionaires by residetial neighborhood and interviews with experts are used. Final results exhibited that the amount of livability in the neighborhood of Etemadieh is the most, nearly 0.431 points, and Haji and Mazdaghineh respectively are the second and the third livability neighborhoods with 0.322 and 0.246 points. The physical and economic components in Haji neighborhood are more favorable than other neighborhoods, but the social component in Mazdaqineh neighborhood is superior to the other two neighborhoods. The Etemadiyeh neighborhood is also a priority in the environmental component over other neighborhoods.

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1736 is a worldwide pest that severely damages host plants especially in greenhouses. In this study respiratory toxicity of Mentha spicata and Cuminum cyminum essential oils was investigated on eggs, first instar nymphs and adults. The experiments were carried out at 27± 2 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 16: 8 h (light: darkness) photoperiod. The effect of these essential oils was evaluated at five concentrations. The results showed that M. spicata essence has been more toxic than C. cyminum as it caused a higher mortality (72, 86, and 83% respectively on eggs, nymphs and adults) at the highest concentration. First instar nymphs were more sensitive to the essences than both eggs and adults.

Leaf (brown) rust, caused in wheat by the fungus Puccinia triticina is an important disease in north, west and south of Iran. Leaf rust is an endemic disease in Iran, which apperas in many parts of the country annually. Use of resistant cultivar is the best way to control this disease. To find resistant sources to the pathogen and use in the breeding program, it is necessary to determine virulence factors of the pathogen. In the present study, 12 locations were allocated in different parts of Iran to study virulence factors of the pathogen in trap nurseries with 37 leaf rust near isogeneic lines and a susceptible cultivar Bolani. Each line was sown in two rows of 1 meter length. The nurseries were maintained under natural infection of the pathogen. Reaction of each line was recorded at the time when infection on the susceptible control was at the maximum level, and presence of virulence for different resistance genes was determind. Results indicated presence of virulence for genes Lr1, Lr2b, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr3ka, Lr3bg, Lr10, Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, Lr20, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr22b, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr30, Lr32, Lr33 and Lrb. No virulence was detected for Lr9, Lr18, Lr19, Lr25, Lr28, Lr29, Lr34, Lr35, Lr36 and Lr37 genes. Use of these genes with combination of adult plant resistance genes is expectd to be a useful method to control of leaf rust disease.