فهرست مطالب saber

Twenty Barki goats were used for evaluating the effects of oral administration of Selenium Yeast Plus vitamin E (SYPE) on rumen fermentation, milk production, feed digestibility, blood parameters and resistance to parasites. Goats were randomly divided into two groups of ten animals, control group without any treatment and treated group with 100 mg of SYPE between days 14 prepartum and 49 postpartum. Rumen fluid and faecal and blood samples were collected on days 7, 21, 35, and 49 after kidding, milk yield was determined biweekly. During the last week of the experiment, daily fresh faecal grab samples were obtained from each animal. Feed and faeces Acid Insoluble Ash (AIA) contents were used as an internal marker to estimate the apparent digestibility coefficients. Administration of SYPE enhanced (P≤ 0.001) total Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) production especially propionic acid compared to the control. Ammonia N concentration was lower (P≤ 0.036) for SYPE than for the control. Higher milk yield (P≤ 0.001) and protein and lactose percentages were found (P≤ 0.05) in SYPE than in the control group. Digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicelluloses were higher (P< 0.05) in SYPE than that in the control. Increased serum globulin (P≤ 0.05), glucose (P≤ 0.001) and total cholesterol (P≤ 0.05) by SYPE were found. Selenium yeast plus vitamin E decreased (P≤ 0.05) the faecal egg count compared to the control. Administration of SYPE supported positively the rumen fermentation as was evidenced from the increased milk production, improved nutrients digestibility and the apparent health statues achieved for lactating goats.

Determining the long-term qualitative conditions for water resources is very important in areas facing water shortage. By determining the quality of water resources, it is possible to examine the sustainability of resources and its importancein long-term planning. Iran is also considered to have a shortage of water due to its geographical location, including arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, in this paper, determination of the quality of water resources of fertile plains around Musan village in Iran was studied.For this purpose, the data of watershed and aquifer were collected during 10 years period and the outlyingdata was removed using the box diagram.Statistical analysis carried out in Student'st-distributionat confidence levelof 95% showed that the maximum amount of hardness, TDS, EC, Ca, NO3, HCO3, SO4, CL, Mg and Na in the Telezi River are 70.5, 124.5, 201, 91.1, 7.5, 82.3, 15.2, 11.7, 3.8 and 14.9 mg/liter, respectively. According toWHO and the drinkingwater standards of Iran (No.1053), it can be used for drinking. This analysis also demonstrated the appropriate quality of groundwater resources. Based on the long-term collected data, changes in quality trend of the catchment and aquifer were investigated, which based on the Mann-kendall test, the decline trend in quality for all parameters of the catchment (except SO4and Mg) was obvious at 5% significance level, while in the aquifer, just reduction in the TDS quality of the groundwater resources was observed. According to the similar results between the catchment and aquifer, the hypothesis based on the relationship between these resources was raised which investigated by the finite element method. It was found that the aquifer of the plain has been influenced up to the high of 70 meters from the watershed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of self-concept in the relation between attachment to parents and peers with prosocial behaviors. The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study included all the first grade female students of the seven to ninth grades of the schools in one and two regions of Hamedan to 21690, among them two-step random sampling according to recommendation of Mishel 1993, the ratio of 10 to 20 subjects per observed variable and Guadagnoli & Velicer (1998), a minimum of 450 people and considering the probability of a sample loss, 570 people among the schools in Shahed 1, Shahed 2, Forough School and Fatemeh Al-Zahra School, two schools from each district and from each school 4 classes were selected. The study tool was the inventory of parent and peer attachment by Armsden & Greenberg (1987), self-concept questionnaire by Sarswat 1984 and prosocial personality battery by Penner, Fritzsche, Craiger, & Freifeld (1995). After exclusion of 48 distortion questionnaires and 2 outlier data, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method. In this study, the indirect path coefficient of attachment to the peers with prosocial behaviors (β= 0.064, P= 0.001), attachment to the father with prosocial behaviors (β= 0.033, P= 0.018) and attachment to the mother with prosocial behaviors (β= 0.022, P= 0.073) were positive and significant. It is suggested to reducing the antisocial behaviors in schools and increasing prosocial behaviors on improving the self-concept of adolescents and restoring their attachment to parents and peers be focused.  

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine cognitive emotion regulation and resiliency amount in female students addicted to the Internet and normal students.
The research method was descriptive causal-comparative and the statistic population of the study concluded of all second high school female students of Kashan city in the first semester of the 2015-2016 academic year with the quantity of 3402 subject. From among 20 schools, 5 schools, named Narges, Khadijeh Kobra, Fatemeh Zahra, Shahed and Amiralmomenin were selected with simple random sampling. Then 50 addicted to the internet and 50 normal student based on the offer of VanVoorhis & Morgan (2007) and score of Young Internet Addiction Test (1998) and also screen were selected. The study tools were Cognitive Emotion Regulation by Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven (2001), Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale (2003) & Young internet addiction test (1998). After deletion of 10 distorted questionnaires and 2 outlier, data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variance and t-test.
The findings showed that the difference between the two groups of addicted female to the Internet and normal in acceptance (F= 4.378, P= 0.039), positive refocusing (F= 7.311, P= 0.008), positive reappraisal (F= 15.294, P= 0.001), putting into perspective (F= 7.783, P= 0.006), self-blame (F= 13.021, P= 0.001), rumination (F= 8.019, P= 0.006), other-blame (F= 11.635, P= 0.001) and resiliency (t= 6.912, P= 0.001) is significant.
It is suggested that parents and educators by training cognitive skills, emotion regulation and resiliency of during childhood prevent the possible harm such as internet addiction in adolescence and adulthood.

The aim of this essay is to show how themes of wound, sickness, blood, pain and death are represented in the poetry of Nima Yushij, and their implicit meanings. Based on the discourse of the Constitution period it is argued that such themes represent slaughter and bloodshed. On the other hand, the image of sick bodies can be interpreted as a sign of democracy and the presence of minority voices. The paper takes advantage of the ideas of Charles Baudelaire and Linda Nochlin. According to Nochlin's views on wounded and sick bodies, lack of body’s cohesion in Nimaꞌs poetry can be considered as a metaphor of absence. This absence has created a modern world without cohesion and certainty. It is argued that experiences of sickness and death in Nimaꞌs poetry is based on a relationship between artist’s sensitivity and that of the patient, as Baudelaire stated. Finally, it is concluded that injury, sickness and death’s image in art does not mean decay and non-existence; it means “new birth”. In other words, we can understand a new meaning of art and beauty via non-aesthetic themes.

A prerequisite for a healthy, stable and growing economy is transparency and discipline in economic activities and exchanges. Activity of unauthorized and unsupervised financial institutions is contrary to the transparency and monetary discipline and may have results, such as money market crisis, increase liquidity and inflation, bank failures, hazarding of deposits security, low productivity of deposits and ultimately disrupt of the economic system. Continuance of illegal banking operations after the Islamic Revolution in Iran under various criminal acts has been considered by legislators and he with the use of multiple crime and criminal intervention intends to support through monetary and banking system. In this article we seek to consider extent of efficiency of the Iranian legislative and judicial penal policy to deal with the crime of persistence of illegal banking operations. considering of regulation of unorganised Monetary market Act and Article 96 of the Fifth Development Plan Act and referring to the proceedings of the Legislative assembly in the Scope of unauthorized banking operations specified temporary criminalizations, making forgivable these offences, lack of punishment for legal persons, inefficiencies and lack of deterrent punishments for these offences, all are the most important legislator ‘s defects that have been analyzed in this paper with critical approach. Some suggestions have been provided to reform the existing laws, in the end.

The integration of biological and chemical control approaches is very important for a successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. Demographic approaches give a better understanding of the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms. In this study, laboratory bioassays were set up to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of diazinon and fipronil on different stages of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The effects of Field Recommended Concentration (FRC) of diazinon and fipronil were studied on larvae, prepupa and pupae of the parasitoid. Diazinon and fipronil reduced adult emergence by 99.74 and 50.46%, respectively. The LC50 values for diazinon and fipronil on adult stage were 0.11 and 0.46 µg ai ml-1, respectively. The sublethal effects of the chemicals were studied on life-table parameters of the parasitoid emerging from parasitized eggs exposed to the FRC of the insecticides at larval stage and also adults exposed to LC30 of the insecticides. Longevity and progeny production were affected by the insecticides in comparison to the control. Three main life-table parameters including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), Doubling Time (DT) and net Reproduction rate (R0) were negatively affected by the sublethal treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase for control, diazinon and fipronil exposed populations at larval stage were 0.28, 0.23 and 0.12, respectively and were 0.26, 0.04 and 0.08 for populations exposed to LC30 at adult stage, respectively. The sex ratio of offspring at all insecticide treatments has led to the production of female offspring by the chemicals. These findings showed that diazinon and fipronil were harmful for T. brassicae, thus semifield and field studies are suggested for getting more applicable results for possibly using them in IPM programs.

Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick is one of the most destructive pests of tomato in the world. In Iran, it was reported for the first time in 2010 from West Azerbaijan province. The pest feeds on foliage of the host plant and causes damages by reducing plant growth, creating galleries in leaves, making damage on fruits and reducing the marketable quality of the yield. Chemical method is the main measure for controlling the pest in the most parts of the world. In current study, the effects of indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate were studied against 2nd larval instar of tomato leaf miner. Rearing of the pest was carried out at 25±1 °C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. Bioassays were done on the larvae by leaf dipping method. Each concentration included three replications and there were 10 larvae for each replication. Treatments consisted of five concentrations for each pesticide and one for control. Insect mortality was recorded 24 h after initial exposure. In addition, sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb were studied on some of biological parameters of the pest. LC50 values for emamectin benzoat and indoxacarb were 2.13 and 25.87 mg/L, respectively. Emamectin benzoat was more effective against 2nd instars larvae compared to indoxacarb. The sublethal effect study results showed that emamectin and indoxacarb reduced longevity, fecundity and pupal weight and increased larval and pupal periods. Overall, the results showed that emamectin benzoate has high potential for controlling tomato leaf miner.

Social support is very important in women to cope with postpartum stress, to accept the new role, provide a better baby care and maintain the physical and mental health of mothers. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between postpartum stress and social support in nulliparous women who referred to health centers in Zahedan in 2014. In this descriptive-correlational study, 160 nulliparous women who referred to health center in Zahedan to receive postpartum care were selected through convenience sampling in 2014. Data was collected using the demographic questionnaire, “Postpartum Stress Scale” (PSS) and “Postpartum Social Support”. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Data was analyzed by SPSS/18. There was a significant inverse relationship between social support of mothers and postpartum stress score (P=0.0001, r=-0.62). According to regression analysis, the score of social support, duration of marriage, newborn gender and ethnicity in total show a 55 percent variation in postpartum stress score. Social support, duration of marriage, newborn gender and ethnicity have an important role in predicting postpartum stress. Therefore, enhancement of social support in postpartum care programs is suggested.

Rapidly discovering, sharing, integrating and applying geospatial information are key issues in the domain of emergency response and disaster management. Due to the distributed nature of data and processing resources in disaster management, utilizing a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to take advantages of workflow of services provides an efficient, flexible and reliable implementation to encounter different hazardous situation. The implementation specification of the Web Processing Service (WPS) has guided geospatial data processing in SOA to become a widely accepted solution for processing remotely sensed data on the web. This standard is a generic interface without any restriction on supporting any specific process. It is possible to integrate different geoprocessing services in an individual WPS service and expose it as a single web service. This paper presents an architecture design based on OGC web services for automated workflow of acquisition, processing remotely sensed data, detecting fire and sending notifications to the authorities. A basic architecture and its building blocks are represented using web-based processing of remote sensing imageries utilizing MODIS data. As a framework for this application, we consider a generic architecture, which consists of several components. These components are divided into layers according to the types of functionality they provide. A core module is provided to manage the interactions between different layers and components. To achieve the interoperability issue, OGC standard interfaces are utilized for storing, processing and representing remote-sensing data. A workflow of distributed processes are used for hot pixel detection using MODIS data to implement the feasibility of the proposed architecture. A composition of WPS processes, in a centralized opaque pattern, is proposed as a WPS service to extract fire events. The workflow includes several processes such as pre-processing of data, radiance number calculation, brightness temperature process, fire event rules computations. The paper highlights the role of WPS as a middleware interface in the domain of geospatial web service technology that can be used to invoke a large variety of geoprocessing operations and chaining of other web services as an engine of composition. The usage of available data and processing resources on a flexible infrastructure as a composite service is one of the benefits of service oriented architecture that provides a higher level of functionalities and applications. The applicability of proposed architecture by a real world fire event detection and notification use case is evaluated. For the implementation of described system, open source web service software and java technology have been used. OGC standard interfaces of data access services, Web Coverage Service (WCS) and Web Feature Service (WFS), have been used to store and retrieve required data in a standard way. To notify the realized events of fire hazards to the authorities the standard implementation specification of OGC, Web Notification Service (WNS), was used to provide alerts in different protocols of communication. A GeoPortal client was developed to manage data, metadata, processes, and authorities alongside the mapping of results of fire event detection processes on satellite imageries. Investigating feasibility and benefits of proposed framework exposes that this framework could be extended and reuse the components of this architecture for wide area of geospatial applications specially disaster management and environmental monitoring.

Large scale biobanks have emerged as a central data resource for biomedical research. Countries of all over the world have invested heavily in the establishment of these research infrastructures. They are regarded as necessary to elucidate the complex and interrelated genetic and environmental factors that contribute to human disease. The repeated and long term use of samples is allowed by these platforms. Therefore, they need the long term contribution of research participants and continued connection between the biobank and the participant’s health, lifestyle, genealogical and demographic information. In practice, these approaches have generated enormous ethical debates. In addition, development of modern biobanks with international sample and data exchange, and availability of whole genome technologies have expanded these ethical challenges. Although the social benefit of biobanking has been used to justify altering well-established ethical norms. However, along with progress of bio-banks, the close monitoring and protecting of ethical aspects, especially privacy, by ethical committee seems necessary. This article reviews the recent ethical challenges of biobanks.

Nurses are faced with challenging ethical issues, and this is making hard making decisions for them. The aim of this study was to determine respect to ethics in performing invasive procedures in educational hospitals in Zahedan University of medical sciences. This study is cross - sectional study and samples were included 200 nurses working in adults parts of selected hospitals. The research instrument was a questionnaire and checklist questionnaire including demographic information about the subjects. The checklist includes 15 questions or desired behavior on the performance in the process of bloodletting venipuncture. Researchers with refer to the adults parts and access to specimens, gave the questionnaires to the data units and then they completed related checklist separately for two observations for at least 15 days, each time for a fulltime work. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, exact Fisher's test and Pearson correlation. Results showed that the high percentage of research units have had bad performance in ethical process. So it is suggested that managers, planners and who training nursing pay attention to respect to professional ethics by nurses with educational programs during working, educational workshops and formulate needed policies.

Productivity is an intellectual point of view it always trying to improve something that already exists. Different factors affect the productivity of hospital nurses constitute the major part of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of job satisfaction and productivity of nurses working in hospitals in Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This study was descriptive-correctional one. This study was conducted on 266 nurses of Kerman University of Medical Sciences through classified random sampling. The participants of the study were all of nurses who working in different wards of hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2012. For data collection the “Job Satisfaction” and “Productivity of Nurses” questionnaires were used after content validity and test retest reliability were measured. For analyzing data the SPSS/16 was used. There was a significant positive correlation between job satisfaction of nurses and productivity (P=0. 0001، r=0. 94). Also، over 72% of the nurses'' had complained about pay، working hours and the shortage of nurses. Considering the relationship between job satisfaction and nurse’s productivity، promoting and improving of job satisfaction by nursing and hospitals managers can increase productivity. It is suggested that hospital managers constantly trying to improve productivity.

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is an important natural regulator of insect populations. Identification of a suitable molecular marker for detecting a virulent phenotype on a target pest would be useful in screening for effective isolates against the pest. Nine isolates of B. bassiana were tested for their virulence to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in laboratory bioassay with 1×108 conidia mL-1. DNA markers provide more detailed genomic information.DNA fingerprints were generated by RAPD markers. Fungal DNA was extracted by CTAB. Twelve random oligonucleotide primers were used for amplification. After bioassay, three arbitrary categories of isolates were chosen i.e. isolates that caused > 45%, 45-30% and < 30% mortality, and were classified as highly (H), moderately (M), and less (L) virulent isolates based on average mortality, respectively. Also, based on LT50 values, three arbitrary categories were chosen i.e. isolates with < 80 h, 80-100 h and > 100 h LT50 values, and were classified as highly (H), moderately (M), and less (L) virulent isolates, respectively. The results of bioassay showed that isolates IRAN 440C and DEBI 004 were the causative agents of mycoses with the highest and lowest lethal effect, respectively. The lowest LT50 value was related to DEBI 014. Cluster analysis of the RAPD data showed four clusters according to similarity, following cluster analysis using the Jaccard similarity coefficient and clustering was done using un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA). The results showed that there was genetic diversity between these isolates, but the groups based on virulence rating and LT50 values did not match with the RAPD clusters completely.

Examining the training competency of the health care workers in training their clients and patients can lead to identification of the training problems, improving training qualities, and promoting the health of society as a whole. The current study which was conducted in the city of Mashhad aimed to determine the training competency of the urban health care workers in training the clients referring to these centers. In this cross sectional-descriptive study, 250 health care workers at Mashhad s’ urban health care centers were enrolled in the study using probability sampling. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts; demographic data and training competency status. Data were analyzed using SPSSv.16 software and descriptive statistical tests (Frequency and cumulative frequency) and analytical tests (Spearman, correlative tests, Independent t-test, one way variance analysis). Significant level of difference was considered for measuring difference between demographic and training competency (P<0.05). The results of the study indicated that the training competency of 159 workers (5.63%) in health care centers were good and acceptable, and there was a significant difference between training competency of workers and individual differences such as work experience, age, educational degree, employment status, and job satisfaction of health workers. There were also significant differences between courses taken by the health workers to promote their educational level and educational workshops based on promoting educational skills and training competency (P<0.05). Although the training competency of health workers were very good, competency in areas such as training skills, development, performance, and professional responsibility were not satisfactory. Results of the current study provided appropriate data about training competency of the workers for managers of health care centers. Since the status of training competency of the workers can be assessed by managers and clients, it is suggested that for gaining more comprehensive information, training competency of the health workers be examined from the managers and clients point of view.

Imidacolprid and pirimicarb are conventionally used insecticides for controlling melon aphid، Aphis gossypii Glover in fields and glasshouses in Iran. Aphidius matricariae Haliday is one of the most impotant parasitoid wasps of A. gossypii. The sublethal effects of mentioned insecticides were investigated on orientation behaviour using olfactometer device. The mortality data were subjected to probit analysis for lethal concentrations calculations and confidence limits. Concentrations of 0. 3 and 4. 2 ppm (LC25) of imidacloprid and pirimicarb، respectively، were used for olfactometer tests. Adult females were exposed to dry residues on glass tubes for 24 h. Three day old survived wasps were used for orientation tests. Results showed that imidacloprid and pirimicarb had no effects on orientation behaviour of female wasps to the odour of cucumber leaves that were infected by melon aphid although orientation response of female parasitoids toward contaminated leaves to honeydew of aphids was affected by exposure to LC25 of two insecticides. But in all of the tests، access times to treatments by parasitoid wasps exposed to imidacloprid significantly exceeded control.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the communication of educational department’s managers with students from the perspective of undergraduate students in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The method of research was a mixed of one. To achieve this goal by using random sampling, 240 undergraduate students in their Third and Fourth year of study at Shahid Chamran University (SCU) were selected. A questionnaire was given to 210 of them and 30 of them were interviewed. The validity of questionnaire was measured by content analysis method and the reliability was computed by Cronbach alpha (0.95). The Organizational communication effectiveness of department managers and students was analyzed based on from five dimensions (structure, content, individual, organizational, and human communication). The results showed that organizational communication effectiveness of educational departments managers with students. From the perspective of content, individuals, organizational and human communications (t = 4) was not at the optimal level. However a proved to be significant in structural dimension (t = 3). The findings also showed human communications had the lowest mean and individual dimension ranked highest among the dimensions. The findings showed no significant differences between the humanities and non humanities in organizational communication effectiveness of university department's managers with students, but there were significant differences among faculties. Also, the findings showed no significant difference between boy and girl students in organizational communications dimensions, but significant differences was observed between boy and girl students in human communications dimension. Moreover, findings showed no significant difference between third and fourth year undergraduate students in all dimensions, except for the content dimension.

The most important factor for blood donor loyalty is the staff attitude and blood center approach. Blood donor return rate is associated with donor satisfaction and complaint follow up rates. In a retrospective study from 2005 to 2010, we evaluated all complaints in Tehran Blood Transfusion Center. SPSS version 19.5 was applied for statistical analysis. A total number of 468 complaints were evaluated; 43(9%) and 425 (91%) cases pertained to female and male blood donors, respectively. The most frequent complaint was about blood donor rejection. Blood donation department was the target of the highest percentage of complaints. In 91.5% of cases, complaints were followed. The highest level of follow up was seen for blood donation complications (98%). Since the highest percentage of complaints was addressed to blood donation department and pertained to the donor rejection, awareness raising attempts about eligibility criteria would remove most complaints.

The radiation doses resulting from diagnostic X-ray examinations are routinely measured in terms of entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED). In this study, for the purpose of radiation protection, the radiation doses received from Digital chest X-ray examination were evaluated in terms of ESD and ED. The ED was calculated by using the MCNP Monte Carlo code and an adult hermaphrodite mathematical phantom. The effects of both operating high voltage and projection geometry on the effective dose were investigated. The absolute values of the ED were calculated for digital and conventional Posterior-Anterior (PA) and Lateral (LAT) projections of chest radiography. The results show ED for PA projection in digital chest radiography in some major hospitals is higher than National Diagnostic Reference Level (NDRL). Therefore optimization process should be considered seriously at national level to reduce patient exposure in digital chest radiography in Iran.

The shocking consequences of disasters and natural hazards have already proven the urgency and necessity of disaster management and emergency response. Preparedness of Responsible Organizations Plays an Important role in mitigating impact of natural hazards. Timely and Updated environmental information is so helpful in effective response and efficient actions in disaster management systems. With the ongoing development of cheaper miniature and smart sensors; abundant fast and ubiquitous computing devices; wireless and mobile communication networks; and autonomous and intelligent software agents, the Sensor Web is rapidly emerging as a powerful technological framework for geospatial data collection, fusion and distribution. In this research we present a Standard framework based on sensor web concept to monitor and analyze Sensor data and notifying responders when alarming condition occurred. We design this frame work in an interoperable way to satisfy necessities of disaster management systems.

The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel prepared by Er:YAG laser with two different powers and conventional acid-etching. Forty-five human premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly assigned to three groups based on conditioning Group 1- conventional etching with 37% phosphoric acid; Group 2- irradiation with Er:YAG laser at 1 W; and Group 3- irradiation with Er:YAG laser at 1.5 W. Metal brackets were bonded on prepared enamel using a light-cured composite. All groups were subjected to thermocycling process. Then, the specimens mounted in auto-cure acryle and shear bond strength were measured using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm per second. After debonding, the amount of resin remaining on the teeth was determined using the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scored 1 to 5. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare shear bond strengths and the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to evaluate differences in the ARI for different etching types. The mean and standard deviation of conventional acid-etch group, 1W laser group and 1.5W laser group was 3.82 ± 1.16, 6.97 ± 3.64 and 6.93 ± 4.87, respectively. The mean SBS obtained with an Er:YAG laser operated at 1W or 1.5W is approximately similar to that of conventional etching. However, the high variability of values in bond strength of irradiated enamel should be considered to find the appropriate parameters for applying Er:YAG laser as a favorable alternative for surface conditioning.

The frequency of invasive opportunistic mycoses has increased significantly over the past decades especially in immunocompromised patients. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality among these patients. As bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples are generally useful specimens in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), this study was designed to evaluate the incidence of fungal elements in at-risk patients by direct microscopy and culture of BAL samples. In a 16-month period, 400 BAL samples were obtained from several groups of different patients with pulmonary and respiratory disorders and examined by using both direct microscopy and culture. Of the 400 samples, 16 (4%) were positive direct examination with branching septate hyphae and 46 (11.5%) were positive culture: 25 (54%) Aspergillus flavus, 6 (13%) A. fumigatus, 5 (10.9%) A. niger, 1 (2.2%) A. terreus, 3 (6.5%) Penicillium spp. and 6 (13%) mixed A. flavus/A. niger. A. flavus was the most common cause of Aspergillus infection or colonization. Bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients were the most susceptible group to fungal infection and/or colonization. Among Aspergillus species, A. flavus was the most common isolate in both infections and colonization in Iran. More studies are needed to clarify the epidemiological aspect of aspergillosis in Iran.

The planning and decision making processes to reduce the effects of natural disasters are depends on the spatial data and making efficient decisions without these information is impossible. On the other hand by increasing the sources of spatial data production and different attributes of the datasets, standardization in the field of production, sharing and processing of spatial data has been taken into consideration. Nowadays GIS is the representation of GIS functionalities through the web as autonomous and interoperable services. Systems that implement OGC standards reduce the time required to find, analyze and update crucial information, as a result of open standards is that Emergency Response and Disaster Management stakeholders have more information available to them before, during and after an emergency or disaster occurs. In this paper, some of the OGC's common web service standards, that used in the modeling of fire detection use case, are presented. The used services are data access service, WFS and WCS, portrayal service, WMS, and processing service, WPS.

Organophosphorous compounds have been employed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. Toxicity of organophosphorous compounds is a result of excessive cholinergic stimulation through inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase. Clinical manifestations include cholinergic syndromes, central nervous system and cardiovascular disorders. Organophosphorous pesticide poisonings are common in developing worlds including Iran and Sri Lanka. Nerve agents were used during the Iraq-Iran war in 1983-1988 and in a terrorist attack in Japan in 1994-1995. Following decontamination, depending on the severity of intoxication the administration of atropine to counteract muscarinic over-stimulation, and an oxime to reactivate acetyl cholinesterase are indicated. Supportive and intensive care therapy including diazepam to control convulsions and mechanical respiration may be required. Recent investigations have revealed that intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate to produce mild to moderate alkalinization is effective. Gacyclidine; an antiglutamatergic compound, was also proved to be beneficial in conjunction with atropine, pralidoxime, and diazepam in nerve agent poisoning. Intravenous magnesium sulfate decreased hospitalization duration and improved outcomes in patients with organophosphorous poisoning. Bio-scavengers including fresh frozen plasma or albumin have recently been suggested as a useful therapy through clearing of free organophosphates. Hemofiltration and antioxidants are also suggested for organophosphorous poisoning. Recombinant bacterial phosphotriesterases and hydrolases that are able to transfer organophosphorous-degrading enzymes are very promising in delayed treatment of organophosphorous poisoning. Recently, encapsulation of drugs or enzymes in nanocarriers has also been proposed. Given the signs and symptoms of organophosphorous poisoning, health professionals should remain updated about the recent advances in treatment of organophosphorous poisoning poisonings.