saeed ebrahimi

The disordered fibrous networks provide load-bearing and main structural to different biological materials such as soft tissues. These networks display a highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship behavior when subjected to mechanical loads. This nonlinear strain-stiffening behavior is dependent on the network microstructure and properties of constituting fiber. We conduct a comprehensive computational study to characterize the importance of material properties of individual fibers as well as the local connectivity or coordination number and bending rigidity in the overall nonlinear mechanical response of a 3D random fiber network. The presented model shows the nonlinear stiffening with increasing applied shear strain more than critical shear strain. We determine the amount of strain-stiffening as a function of network microstructure parameters and the amount of nonlinearity of the fibers. The results show that the constitutive behavior of fibers displays much more strain-stiffening than networks made up of linear fibers. We find that the importance of the nonlinear reaction of individual fiber materials in the general mechanical behavior of networks becomes more important with increasing network connectivity. Furthermore, the amount of stress created in the network under shear increases with the enhanced connectivity of the network due to an increase in the network stiffness. Our model points to the important role of the mechanical response of individual fiber as well as the microstructure of the network in determining the overall mechanical properties of the 3D random network, which could be used to design and better understand the complex biomimetic network systems such as biological tissues and artificial engineering networks.

The Trading Tomorrow market is one of the informal markets in the country, which is still considered one of the important sources of determining the exchange rate in the open market. The purpose of this article is to investigate the prohibition of tomorrow transactions in the light of jurisprudence, Islamic Penal Code and the regulations governing foreign exchange operations.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings showed that the jurisprudential challenges, such as being fake, formal, and gambling, are certain and undeniable in tomorrow's transactions. Nevertheless, in the legal prohibition of tomorrow trading in Article 13 of the regulations governing currency exchange operations, reasons such as destroying the stability of the exchange rate, intensifying inflation and negative economic growth have been addressed, and no attention has been paid to jurisprudential challenges.

The deterrent lever of the sharia prohibition of these transactions has been neglected due to its gambling nature and the possibility of criminal prosecution, citing articles 710-705 of the Islamic Penal Code.

The ornamental plant industry faces many environmental constraints, such as drought due to climate change. Therefore, the use of materials that mitigate these stresses is essential. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium silicate on the physiological and biochemical responses of marigolds under water stress. Four water deficit treatments were applied, including 90, 80, 70, and 60% of field capacity and potassium silicate at three concentrations (0, 1, and 3 mM). Results showed that the water deficit at 60% FC significantly reduced leaf relative water content (10.6%) and plant vegetative characteristics (height, leaf area, dry weight) compared to 90% of crop capacity in the no foliar spray condition. Increased ion leakage was observed in plants under water stress as an indicator of oxidative damage. In response to oxidative stress caused by a water deficit, the amount of chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and proline increased compared to the control. Foliar spraying of potassium silicate at a dosage of 3 mM increased the amount of chlorophyll a (92%), chlorophyll b (74%), and total chlorophyll (73%) under 60% FC stress compared to the control. The number and diameter of flowers increased by 39% and 16%, respectively, in the 3 mM treatment compared to the plants without foliar spraying. According to the results, foliar spraying with potassium silicate at a concentration of 3 mM reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the growth characteristics of marigold, such as leaf area and dry weight, and increased the amount of essential oil in the plant. In this way, the use of 3 mM potassium silicate before transplanting plants into environmental conditions can prevent damage caused by a water deficit.

Today, compulsory insurance plays an important role in the economic and legal system of countries, and the current status of this institution indicates its high capacity to cover various dimensions of damage to people. Therefore, the importance and position of compulsory insurance is undeniable. Explaining the monopoly of compulsory insurance territory is very important in certain cases, and according to these explanations and foundations, a fundamental question is raised. This article examines the basics and scope of compulsory insurance with analytical and descriptive methods and relying on library studies. And it seeks to answer this question: Is the scope of liability insurance in compulsory insurance limited to the cases that are covered by civil liability in Iranian law, or should other cases be included? And this result was obtained that according to the principles that are mentioned for compulsory insurance, by presenting a new theory, in order to preserve and protect property and respect people's lives, cases that do not have a codified law of compulsory insurance in Iranian law can be examined. are. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a mechanism to require compulsory insurance in order to achieve a balanced interpretation of the compensation of the injured people.

Today, criminal intervention in the domain of private law is deemed unavoidable. Despite facing opposition, Iranian legislators firmly hold the belief that merely imposing restrictions on individuals' volition is insufficient. Through the implementation of criminal enforcement measures, they strive to safeguard the broader societal interests. Criminal intervention in contractual relations between contracting parties serves two primary purposes firstly, to ensure compliance with established legal procedures, and secondly, to prevent the misuse of contracts as a means to evade debt obligations. However, it is crucial to recognize that criminal intervention in individuals' private relations is restricted by the principles of freedom and self-determination. Appealing to criminal enforcement should be considered a last resort. Therefore, the application of criminal enforcement requires a reasoned approach. This research aims to elucidate the foundations and principles underlying the criminalization of legal actions by employing the analytical-descriptive methodology. The research findings indicate that the rules pertaining to the preservation of order, the principle of non-harm, and the principle of exigency and emergency can be regarded as the textual and theoretical foundations for the criminalization of legal actions.

There are disagreements between jurists and lawyers regarding the minimum and maximum duration of temporary marriage (Nikah mut'ah, Arabic: نکاح المتعه, Romanized: nikāḥ al-mutʿah, literally temporary marriage or Sigheh, Persian: صیغه، ازدواج موقت). There is no stipulation in the civil law that specifies the duration range of this legal institution. Accordingly, we are going to explain different opinions in this article and choose a view that is based on the rules of civil jurisprudence and legal principles. This research has been collected in a library method. The results show that the minimum duration in temporary marriage is long enough to allow sexual satisfaction and enjoyment. The maximum duration should not be more than the life of the couple or one of them. It can be finally said based on the interpretation of the will of the parties according to their custom and their obligation to observe customary affairs that a marriage which has been concluded for a long time is a permanent marriage (Arabic: النکاح الدائم, Romanized: nikāh ad-Dā'im) all the effects of permanent marriage such as divorce, inheritance, iddah (Arabic: العده, Romanized: al-ʿidda; “period of waiting”), right of sexual intercourse (Arabic: حق القسم, Romanized: qasm, the right to sleep together, and the right to sleep at night during marriage in Islam) and alimony are considered.

The evaluation information mainly relies on expert’s subjective judgment, which is imprecise and uncertain, and this issue is also true in the supplier selection. In order to improve and achieve reliable results, this study provides a systematic framework for selecting suppliers based on sustainability dimensions in which a hybrid fuzzy- rough AHP-WASPAS approach is proposed for sustainable supplier selection. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated through its application in Kurdistan Gas Company supplier selection. First, the sustainable supplier selection criteria are determined by reviewing previous research. After screening the sustainable supplier selection criteria with the fuzzy Delphi method, AHP based on fuzzy rough numbers is used to determine the weights of criteria. Finally, a developed version of Waspas method, namely the Waspas method based on rough-fuzzy numbers, is introduced which can be applied in the environment of vague and uncertain decision making. This proposed approach is used to rank sustainable suppliers of Kurdistan Gas Company.

The phone subscription agreement is one of the most important contracts between the subscriber (customer) and telecommunication companies to receive the communication services that has a vital role in human life today. This paper which has been provided with analytic-descriptive, the nature of the oldest meanwhile the most important and current subscriber agreement with telecommunication means the postpaid phone subscription agreement has been examined. Based on this with analyzing the purport of this contract, it has been challenged the way of the relationship between the subscriber and telecommunication and customizing the telecommunication equipment (instruments) to it and how calculating the expenses relating to this contract, the opinions which think that the subscription agreement is inclusively leasing (Arabic:اجاره ijarah) and sale (Arabic: بیع bay') contract and it is accepted the opinion of the composite (compound) contract for determining the nature of this contract. Also for the clarification of the quality and nature of the compound contract, meanwhile accepting the Islamic traditional report about the sale of rights and interests (benefits) and stating that the inadequacy (lack) of the uncertain (brief) knowledge to the consideration for avoidance of the doubt of gharar (Arabic: غرر meaning risky transaction) in the sale of the benefits, for the solution of the doubt in the consideration in the section of the inconstant (variable) expenses of in this contract (printed in periodic bills), the title of sulh (meaning: settlement and resolution) contract is suggested and accepted. Lastly, the acceptable opinion of this research for the nature of the postpaid phone subscription agreement is a contract composed of the sale of subscription fee, the sale of the constant contact and the settlement (sulh) on interests (benefits).

 Asthma is the most common chronic airway disease in children. We aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on improving the asthma symptoms in children.

In a double-blind clinical trial: sixty 2-12-year-old children hospitalized with the diagnosis of asthma attack in the Ghaem and Dr. Sheikh hospitals, Mashhad, Iran were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention (receiving vitamin C tablets 500 mg every 12 hours, n=29), and control (receiving placebo, n=31). In each group, at the beginning and end of the hospitalization, one blood sample (3ml) was taken to evaluate the serum level of vitamin C and for other necessary tests. A pediatric resident recorded clinical symptoms at the beginning and every 6 hours until discharged including tachypnea, wheezing, retraction, and hypoxia every six hours until discharge from the hospital. Eventually, the data in the two groups were compared.

The mean age of the hospitalized patients was 33±24 months. There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding the serum level of vitamin C at the beginning of hospitalization and at the time of discharge. A significant difference was found in tachypnea of the hospitalized patients of both groups at 24, and 36 hours post hospitalization. Existence of wheezing in the patients of the intervention and control groups had a significant difference at 18, 36, and 66 hours post-hospitalization (p<0.05).

According to the results, oral vitamin C prescription in patients with acute asthma symptoms leads to improved respiratory status (tachypnea and wheezing) in 2-12-year-old children. Also, it is effective in reducing the duration of hospitalization of these children.

Estimating the future risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and conducting primary prevention interventions in the high-risk groups are effective strategies.

This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of CVD risk factors and the results of CVD risk assessment in Kerman in 2017.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 middle-aged participants referring to health care centers using the multistage random sampling method. The risk prediction chart developed by the WHO and International Society of Hypertension was used for risk assessment. We used middle-aged population surveillance forms to extract the risk factors of CVDs. The prevalence of different risk factors was reported. Besides, we reported the CVD risk classifications and the prevalence of some risk factors.

The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia were 20.9%, 9.6%, and 8.6%, respectively. Moreover, 64.1% of the participants were overweight or obese. Abnormal waist circumference was observed in 57.5% of the participants. The prevalence of smoking was 12.9%. The prevalence rates of a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate fruit consumption, inadequate vegetable consumption, saturated fat consumption, and high-salt food consumption were 47.7%, 28.3%, 40.7%, 23.1%, and 25.3%, respectively. The prevalence rates of low, moderate, and high or very high risks of CVD were 90.3%, 5.3%, and 4.4%, respectively.

There was a high prevalence of CVD risk factors in the middle-aged population. Policymakers should design effective interventions for modifying the main risk factors. Risk management is the main step to conduct strategies targeting high-risk groups.

The sanction of imprisonment of the husband who cannot pay the dower is one of the problems that can harm the couple’s relationship. This will cause divorce in some cases. On the other hand, payment of dower at the right time can consolidate such relationships. This descriptive-analytic article is to answer the question that whether the preliminary detention of the husband claiming insolvency from paying dower according to Islamic law, the Family Protection Law 2012 and the Execution of Financial Penalties law 2015, is allowed? Islamic law sources state that investigation of insolvency claim is urgent and imprisonment of the insolvent is not permitted. They also do not regard imprisonment as a sanction for not paying dower. According to the above-mentioned laws, as well as Islamic law, if the husband had had or has enough wealth, he will be imprisoned.

In this paper, an innovative mobile platform is presented which is equipped by three new wheels. The core of the new idea is to establish a new design of rigid circular structure which can be implemented as a wheel by variable radius. The structure of wheel includes a circular pattern of a simple two-link mechanism assembled to obtain a wheel shape. Each wheel has two degrees of freedom. The first is to rotate wheel axis and the second is to change the wheel radius. As the first step, after definition of the new model, its spatial kinematics and constraints will be formulated. The well-known Newton-Raphson algorithm is implemented to find the current response of the kinematic model. A semi-dynamic formulation is further utilized to find the torque of motors for adapting the required wheel radius for maneuverability improvement on rough surfaces. The principles of virtual work will be used to extract the torque values numerically. The ability of the proposed robot for performing the required tasks will finally be checked by some simulations.

: in the present research, ZnSe:Cu nanoparticles with different Cu-dopant content were synthesized by aqueous method, and their antibacterial properties on two Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram negative bacteria were investigated. Results of XRD and UV- Visible spectroscopy, show the range of 1.94-2.14 for particles size and 3.50-3.65 eV for energy gap. To study the antibacterial properties, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas bacteria were used as strain tests. Results of this research imply on that these nanoparticles have considerable antibacterial activity against the mentioned gram-negative bacteria, and have the usage ability in the field of antibacterial drugs. The highest antibacterial activity is devoted to the 1.5 Cu-doped nanoparticles on Escherichia coli. Also the undoped sample prepared under 6 min microwave irradiation had the highest antibacterial activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This paper deals with the sensitivity analysis and optimization of system parameters for a classical slider-crank mechanism as a multibody system which includes a clearance between the joints of coupler and slider. Due to the nonlinearity involved in the dynamics of clearance joints, the base reaction force, exerted on the base from the crank, changes roughly and does not vary as smooth as the case of the mechanism with ideal joint. Variation of the base reaction force can be a measure of the undesired vibrations induced due to the effect of clearance joint. After deriving the equations of motion and modeling the clearance, the direct differentiation method is used to conduct a local sensitivity analysis to assess the sensitivity measure of the base reaction force on some kinematic and contact parameters. The results show that the reaction force is more sensitive to the variation of link lengths and link masses compared to the variation of contact surface characteristics such as Young’s modulus, restitution coefficient and contact generalized stiffness in most parts of the motion cycle. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the base reaction force to the clearance size is very higher than its sensitivity to the above-mentioned kinematic and contact properties. Finally, based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, an optimization procedure is used to reduce the amount of the maximum base reaction force by choosing the optimized link lengths.

Identifying and analyzing the future is one of the basic needs of today’s organizations in order to survive in very competitive and unpredictable environment. Isfahan municipality is a key organization in urban development, so it needs to gain new skills for facing rapid
Changes in the future. The objectives of this research are to introduce the most suitable futures studies approaches for using in planning and urban management and to design organizational structure based on foresighting. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Information was collected based on documental analysis method. For reaching organizational structure based on futures studies, different approaches such as participative, strategic, and corporate were studied by expert panel.
The results reveal that corporate approach, is based on the assumption of implementation in an organization, is rooted in strategic notion, and emphasizes participation and exchange of views. Considering the characteristics mentioned, the corporate approach is more extensive than the other two approaches, and is therefore selected. Then due to characteristics of the corporate approach, the organizational structure of the Isfahan municipality futures studies group was suggested.

Due to the importance of the emergency department of hospitals, section three of health sector evolution plan emphasizes on the specialist residency program in governmental hospitals. The purpose of this study was the comparison of performance indices of Emergency Departments before and after implementation of specialist residency program under the health sector evolution plan in the hospitals of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
This was a descriptive-analytic study performed at the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences public hospitals. The researcher collected performance indicators of the emergency ward during 2013 and 2014 period by visiting the university’s deputy of health. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and differences were presented descriptively.
The result of comparing performance indicators using paired t-test showed that the difference observed in performance indicators including the percentage of patients who processed in 6 hours, the percentage of patients discharged from the department within 12 hours, patients discharged against medical advice and the average duration of triage in emergency was significant (P Instructions in healthcare evolution plan for specialist residency in public hospitals were successful in improving performance indicators of emergency ward except for the unsuccessful CPR percentage which showed no significant change. In general, this plan has improved the performance indicators of emergency ward and, if continued and continuously improved, can lead to the improvement of other hospital indicators and ultimately the improvement of healthcare as a whole.

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of government fiscal policies on income distribution. For this purpose FAVAR method and quarterly data for the time period of 1393:q4-1369:q1 for 99 macroeconomic variables have been used. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock as size one standard deviation in government current expenditure, increases Gini coefficient and as result worsens income distribution. While, government development expenditure as well as direct and indirect taxes shocks reduce Gini coefficient and improve income distribution. According to the Findings, the government can reduce income inequality by reducing unproductive costs, increasing targeted development spending and improving tax system.

Periodic piezoelectric beams have been used for broadband vibration energy harvesting in recent years. In this paper, a periodic folded piezoelectric beam (PFPB) is introduced. The PFPB has special features that distinguish it from other periodic piezoelectric beams. The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is used to calculate the first two band gaps and twelve natural frequencies of the PFPB. Results show that this periodic beam has wide band gaps at low frequency ranges and the band gaps are close to each other. Results also show that the PFPB can efficiently generate voltage from the localized vibration energy over the band gaps. The natural frequencies of the PFPB are close to each other and most of them are out of the band gaps. Therefore, the PFPB can also generate the maximum voltage over a relatively wide frequency range out of the band gaps. In order to show these features better, the voltage output of the PFPB over a wide frequency range is calculated using the ANSYS software and compared with that of a conventional piezoelectric energy harvester. The ANSYS is also used to validate the analytical results and good agreement is found.

In this study, a portable upperlimb exoskeleton is designed for the purpose of rehabilitation and helping the disabled people to do their daily activities. This exoskeleton has two active and one passive degrees of freedom for the shoulder joint. In this system, the idea of cable transmossiom mechanism and guidance pulley with the ability to change the force direction is used. The two active DOFs of the shoulder joint is achived only by pulling one cable for each axis based on the novel design of this mechanism. Each axis of the shoulder is driven independently which implies that a single axis can be installed on the arm. This exoskeleton does not impose any limitation on the vertical motion of the scapula. In addition, it is inexpensive, lightweight and can easily be used. In this paper, after introducing the exoskeleton system, the required motor torques for generating a prescribed task are obtained. In the next step, the kinematic and dynamic equations of this system are derived. By simulating the exoskeleton in CATIA and MATLAB softwares, and presenting the results, the performance of the exoskeleton is evaluated. The results show that this novel exoskeleton system posses an excellent capacity to perform the rehabilitation excersises for shoulder joint.

In this research, the nonlinear rolling motion of ships is studied. After obtaining the governing equation of roll motion, the method of multiple scales perturbation technique is applied to solve the nonlinear differential equation. The ship response is studied with and without harmonic excitation. In order to validate the responses obtained by the method of multiple scales, the response was compared with the numerical solution. Finally, the effects of damping coefficient and restoring arm on the frequency response function and resonance frequency have been studied.

In this paper, crashworthiness analysis of a tapered sandwich column under oblique impact loading against a rigid wall is investigated by nonlinear finite element analysis.The energy absorption characteristics of honeycomb sandwich cylindrical columns in oblique crushing process depend greatly on the amount of material which participates in the plastic deformation. The interaction effects between the honeycomb and column walls greatly improve the energy absorption efficiency. The response surface method with cubic basis functions is employed to formulate specific energy absorption and peak crushing force, which reduces considerably the computational cost of crush simulations by finite element method. Based on the results of crash modeling, it is observed that the specific energy absorption has a decreasing trend by increasing the impact angle and decreasing the column thickness. On the other hand, the peek crushing force reduces when the impact angle and the column thickness are increased. Therefore, multiobjective optimization is done to maximize the specific energy absorption and minimize the peek crushing force at the same time. Furthermore, maximizing the specific energy absorption and maximizing impact load angle is performed. Finally, both local and global sensitivity analyses are employed to assess the effect of impact angle and thickness on the specific energy absorption and peak crushing force. The global sensitivity of the specific energy absorption with respect to the impact angle is observed to be more than the column thickness, while the peak crushing force has more global sensitivity to the column thickness compared to the impact angle.

In this study, the method of multiple scales is used to perform a nonlinear vibration analysis of a mechanical system in two cases; with dry and lubricated clearance joints. In the dry contact case, the Lankarani-Nikravesh model is used to represent the contact force between the joined bodies. The surface elasticity is modeled as a nonlinear spring-damper element. Primary resonance is discussed and the effect of the clearance size and coefficient of restitution on the frequency response is presented. Then, a frequency analysis is done using the Fast Fourier Transform. A comparison between the Lankarani-Nikravesh and Hunt-Crossly contact force models is made. The results obtained numerically and analytically had an acceptable agreement. It is observed that decreasing the clearance size changes the frequency response in the primary resonance analysis. Furthermore, Hunt-Crossly contact force model showed a slightly more dissipative effect on the response. In the lubricated joint case, a linear spring and a nonlinear damper based on the Reynolds equation veloped for Sommerfeld’s boundary conditions are used to model the lubricant behavior. It is shown that only the fluid stiffness has influence on the amplitude of the steady state response and the fluid does not make any effect on the response frequencies after the transient response vanishes. The steady state response frequency for both dry and lubricated cases depends on the linear natural frequency corresponding to the pendulum oscillation. In the primary resonance analysis, increasing the dynamic lubricant viscosity decreases the amplitude in the vicinity of the linear natural frequency as expected.

The problem of power loss in rotating machinery subjected to the angular misalignment and unbalancing faults are of great importance in relevant industries. Therefore, in this study, evaluation of the power loss and bearing forces of a typical coupling-disk-shaft system with angular misalignment and unbalancing faults is conducted using a novel approach based on the multibody dynamics. In this concern, the flexible coupling is modeled by linear and torsional spring-damper elements. After introducing the model, the kinematic constraints as well as the general form of Euler-Lagrange equations of motion are expressed. Then, the generalized forces are derived in detail. The equations of motion are then solved numerically by the 5th order Runge-Kutta method to evaluate the system power loss. In addition, the effect of angular misalignment and unbalancing faults on the disk displacements as well as the bearing forces are discussed. In the next part of this study, the theoretical results of the power loss are verified experimentally on a faulty simulator system. For measuring the power consumption, a digital power analyzer is used. The results of this research highlight clearly how the power loss is affected by increasing the amount of the system rotational velocity, the angle of misalignment, and the unbalance mass.

Analysis of multibody mechanical systems using computational dynamics has been greatly developed recently. When these systems operate at higher speeds and under impact conditions, the assumption that the links behave as rigid bodies does not lead to exact analysis and the energy dissipation due to the internal damping of flexible bodies can make considerable effect on the behavior of the system. This issue becomes more important under impact conditions. In this paper, considering the internal damping of the flexible coupler of a high-speed crank-slider mechanism under impact conditions, the effect of different parameters on the reduction of vibration – which is due to contact forces - is investigated using multibody system dynamics.
The internal damping of the coupler is described by Rayleigh’s proportional damping model. Having derived the constrained equations of motion by Euler-Lagrange augmented method, the effect of flexibility and internal damping is presented for the crank-slider mechanism with the flexible coupler under impact conditions. In addition, the effect of the material type on the internal damping and vibration reduction is carefully investigated.

According to popular juris prudental theory, reluctance to murder, murder is not licensed, but the steward reluctantly sentenced to death and impeller is sentenced to life imprisonment. This theory is based of the legislator in placing regulations about reluctance in murder in islamic crimial law approved in 1370 and 1392 and is based on some of reasons such as tradition about impermissibility of resevation in bloods , tradition about ordering to kill another . the reason of prohibiting of losses from himself harm to another, denote the tradition of "rafe" and consensus of jurists.
against the famous view there are unpopular views that havent unity in basics in this artcle the writer with review on the popular juris prudental theory and unpopular theories review relevant documentation to be discussed , and finally while entering the objection to popular vote and with emphasis on customary arbitration , the view of stronger cause to steward , and in consequence the necessity of quesas of cause and removing responsibility from stward is accepted