saideh garousi

Surrogacy is a process in which a woman undertakes to carry and give birth to a baby for another couple. In the process of formation of surrogacy relationships, we see a complex network of mothers who are eager to have children through surrogacy. In contrast to the women who are willing to provide their uterus, mediators, medical team, contract law firms and family members of other parties are actors in this process. The exchange relations that are formed along the path of the substitution process are a function of the exchange actors, which can represent a symmetric or asymmetric exchange. The purpose of the present study is to examine the concept of replacement by surrogate mothers. In this way, women who rent their wombs, how do they interpret the matter of replacement. The research method is grounded theory. The participants are: women in Kerman city who have rented their uterus at least once. The key categories obtained are commodification of the body in the replacement process, stigma in surrogacy, control of the ordering mother, defamiliarization of pregnancy and transfer of pregnancy, fragmented identity and the core category is: alienation from pregnancy.

Exercising and physical activity is one of the ways to promote physical and mental health, so it is important to study the sport participation of different social groups from a sociological perspective. People's participation in sport activities is related to various social, political and economic factors. The study of leisure characteristics, types of participation, and the sport participation of young girls as a large social group is particularly important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social factors on the level of sports participation of female students. The theoretical framework used in this research is a hybrid framework. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The population of this research are 7700 female students of Shahid Bahonar University. 381 people were selected as a sample. The results showed that among general, championship and professional sports, general sport has the highest level of participation. Only 19.9% of students have a high level of participation in professional sports. Based on the results, social capital, sports socialization, sport costs and social support are the most important variables affecting the sport participation of female students. The result of multivariate analysis indicates that the independent variables predict 70 percent of the variation of the dependent variable. Also, the results indicate that reducing the burden of work and family responsibilities plays an important role in improving the sport participation of young girls.

The word surrogacy or hosting refers to the process in which a woman carries and gives birth to a baby for another person or couple, called commissioning parents. The main goal of the current research is to compare the phenomenon of surrogate motherhood from the point of view of fertility ordered mothers and surrogate mothers, the method used is grounded theory. The participants consist of two groups of surrogate mothers (12 people) and commissioning mothers (10 people). The participants were introduced through medical centers and then interviewed. The main categories obtained in the phenomenon of surrogate motherhood from the point of view of the ordering mothers are: 1_ family triangle: motherhood and wife, 2_ remaining unresponsive to previous treatments, 3_ continuity of generation and having genetic children, 3_ interactions and communication in substitution, 4_ stress and Worrying about the future and the liberation of the child, 5_ Reducing the role of a substitute to being a carrier, 5_ Emphasizing genetics, 6_ Pregnancy control and management, 7_ Continuity of maternal identity and the perception of a complete family.The key categories obtained in the phenomenon of surrogacy from the point of view of surrogate mothers are: 1- severe financial problems and need, 2- social economic limitation, 3- easy pregnancy experience, 4- previous familiarity with surrogacy, 5- doing something big and lasting, 6- neutral Creating pregnancy, 7_ Interactions with the original mother, 8_ Surrendering to the doctor, 9_ Unfulfilled expectations / growing intimacy / 10_ Feeling valuable or regret and abandonment.

Given the importance of healthy and active aging and the key role of elderlychr('39')s social participation, it is required to conduct studies to evaluate the social participation of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of social participation of the elderly in Kerman, Iran and its relationship with peoplechr('39')s perception of social and physical characteristics of the neighborhood.

This research was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. The study population was consisted of people aged 65 years or over who live in Kerman. The studied population size was reported as 38840 based on census results. A total of 380 people were included in the study. The data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was established by face validity and its reliability was determined by internal correlation method. The obtained CVI was 0.93 and the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.952. The questionnaires were completed by the researcher after obtaining informed consent from the elderly. The data were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests using SPSS v.21 software.

The social participation of the elderly was moderate, which decreased as the age increased (R= -0.496, P < 0.001). The independent variable, trust in the neighbors, was the most important variable affecting the social participation (P < 0.001, Beta = 0.521). Afterwards, the neighborhood facilities (P < 0.002, Beta = 0.461), age (P < 0.001, Beta = 0.493), and the sense of belongingness to the neighborhood (P < 0.001, Beta = 0.253) had the greatest effect on the social participation, respectively.

The results showed that most of the elderly in Kerman had a moderate level of social participation. Among all the predictors of social participation of the elderly, trust, perception of the neighborhood facilities, the sense of belongingness, and age were determined as the most effective variables. Considering the important role of social participation to improve the quality of life of the elderly and to promote health, the findings of this study can be used to optimize the living conditions (social, structural, and physical conditions) of the neighborhood of the elderly.

No epoch like the present era has been considered the danger of dissolution of the family center and its adverse effects, and in no epoch like this era has human beings ever had this danger and its adverse effects. The most complex relationship is the relationship between a husband and wife, so access to information in this area will be extremely difficult and in some circumstances impossible. Much research has been done to find the most important causes of divorce, but they have yielded different results. For this reason, the vacuum caused by the lack of methods for organizing, displaying, linking and ultimately integrating research is felt. The present study aimed at combining quantitative results (meta-analysis) with research on the causes of personality and effective communication in divorce. 36 studies were conducted through Internet search in internal databases and hand search in the Iranian Institute of Science and Technology between 1999 and 1395. Identification and information were analyzed through a comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2). The combined effect index of r for personality variables in the fixed model is 0.042 and in the randomized model is 0.08 and for the communication variables in the fixed effects model is 0.034 and in the random effects model, 0.057 which according to Cohen’s criterion, the effect size, In both cases, it was low. However, in examining the size of the effect of separation of personality causes, the variables of doing the wrongdoing, and in the causes of the relationship between lack of attention and love, had a large effect and a positive relationship with the divorce. Due to heterogeneity in studies, modulator analysis was carried out.

Satisfaction is an emotional and cognitive reaction to environmental factors. Two aspects of environment affects satisfaction; the social environment and physical environment. This study aims at investigating the impact of the quality of the residential neighborhood on residents' satisfaction. The population of study included all residents of over 18 years old of Kerman city. A Sample of 396 individuals were selected from the selected neighborhoods. The findings show that satisfaction is moderate among all participants. The social quality of the neighborhood has an influence on satisfaction of residents. In addition, physical quality and social aspects of neighborhood, access to urban services and urban risks and hazards, all affect satisfaction directly.

Physician-patient relationship is one of the effective factors in satisfaction with medical services. One of the key elements of this relationship is the patient's trust in the physician, which can increase patient satisfaction with the physician. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of patient trust on satisfaction with physicians. This cross-sectional study recruited 400 diabetic patients. Data were collected by using questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire was validated through face validity and internal consistency of its items. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between trust in the physician and satisfaction with the physician. Regression analysis showed that the variables of global trust, dutifulness, honesty, confidentiality, and competence had the greatest impact on the variable of patient satisfaction with the physician, respectively. According to the results of the study, it is recommended that more emphasis be placed on how to create and maintain mutual trust in medical education, such that more patient satisfaction is achieved in the competitive and customer-oriented care system, and also prepare the patient for better response to the treatment.

Hemodialysis is a selective therapeutic approach in patients with chronic renal failure, which creates tension and limitations in daily and lifestyle activities. Social support may reduce the outcomes of this disease and increase social health. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between social support and social health of patients on hemodialysis in Kerman city.
In this descriptive-correlation study, the population consisted of 170 patients on hemodialysis in Kerman, who were selected based on Cochran's sample size formula by the simple random sampling method. Data were collected using "Keyes Social Health Questionnaire”, “Social Support Questionnaire of Yan and Sellick", “Social Support Questionnaire of Sarason and Levin” and the “Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire”. Validity and reliability of used instruments were confirmed. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 21 software.
Results showed a significant relationship between social health and emotional support variables, service support, information, financial support, and cause of illness. Therefore, among the dimensions of social support variables, emotional support and information support variables could explain and predict social health changes among patients (P The significant correlation between the two variables of social support and social health in patients on hemodialysis showed that greater social support is associated with increased social health. Therefore, it is suggested to offer training programs, such as emotional and informational support, empathy, kindness, and information support for solving daily and disease-related illnesses.

Judgments regarding one’s beauty typically takes place based on their faces. Symmetry, youth, succulence and familiarity are the important aspects concerning biological standards of beauty. The results of studies show that a beautiful face is coded in our brain in a way that children, even during the first week after their birth, would gaze upon a beautiful face for a longer period of time. Beauty criteria regarding women’s faces are not of much difference in various cultures. Beauty standards are mostly under the influence of economic-social features in a society. The attractiveness of a man or a woman from the view of opposite sex is thought to bear implications of being healthier. The views of social constructivism assert that beauty standards are subject to social ideals which are represented through mass media as well as the fashion industry. Beautification of body and face is an approach for raising social acceptance for oneself. One of the undeniable consequences of dissatisfaction towards one’s body is the desire to alter the form of different body parts as well as changes in one’s weight and height. Such discontent toward one’s body may result in one’s inclination to inappropriate and unhealthy methods of weight change such as consumption of steroids along with weight loss and gain pills.
Theoretical Framework: Bourdieu regards body capital as a type of cultural capital or a form of cultural resource invested within the body. A beautiful face or body may act as a place for exhibiting one’s cultural capital. According to Bourdieu’s views, physical capital refers to human body being under the influence of society by means of exercising, attendance, etc. Giddens considers body as a part of the action system. Awareness towards body conditions in order to fulfill every moment of life, perfectly, is of essential importance and in fact, logical sequence of monitoring sensory input from the environment as well as supervision towards states and situations of body’s main organs and the body itself, is considered as a complex notion.
The concepts of control and power which are seen repeatedly in Foucault’s theories are used to analyze people’s efforts towards body beautification. Socialization of body is what Foucault had proposed as social control over body. Foucault analyzes human body in connection with the mechanisms of power. Erving Goffman’s concept of scene management shows how people desire to manipulate real conditions as they please and deem appropriate to exhibit towards others. Even though Bourdieu, Giddens and Goffman, each has looked at the body problem and the increasing tendency for changing it from a different angle, the important point is that all of them somehow demonstrate how individuals living in a society, would be influenced by social pressures on changing one’s body, regardless of their tendencies towards finding individuality as well as maintaining and presenting one’s personal identity.
The present study employs grounded theory which is among qualitative research methods. Participants in the study include male students of Shahid Bahonar University. Selection of the students has been done with regards to the importance and sensitivity of identity formation and youth. Purposive sampling has been done in order to select the participants. The main technique used to collect data was in-depth reviews. Three in-depth interview techniques proposed by Pathon were employed for data collection. The main structure of data analysis in Grounded Theory is based on three coding methods including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, which is also applied to this study. In order to reach reliability in this research, three techniques were used; First, validation through member check in which participants were asked to evaluate the overall findings and express comments regarding their accuracy. In the second technique, i.e. analytical comparison, we have referred to raw data in order to compare and analyze the theory structure with raw data. The third and final technique was auditing, during which writers had contributed in various phases of coding, conceptualizing and extracting the issues.
Following the extraction of initial, secondary and intermediate concepts, five main issues were identified which includes: 1. Fitness and balance regarding the multiplicities of beauty for men; 2. Sexual orientation and perception of beauty; 3. Simultaneous adherence towards conventional and unconventional sources of defining the norms concerning beauty and attractiveness; 4. Beauty based on lower cost, lesser continuity; 5. Achieving and reinstating power and dignity. From all the extracted concepts and issues, only one foundational or core notion has been obtained as: the continuity of traditional foundations in modern beautifying behavior.
Results and Suggestions: The present study shows that the dominant criteria in a patriarchal society would shape men’s attitude toward women’s attractiveness as well as their own; it is also demonstrated how such criteria can direct men to apply prevalent criteria of beauty and attractiveness, actualizing their tendencies toward maintaining power and dignity as a result. According to the participants’ views, a handsome and attractive man possesses softness and strength at the same time. The most important factor which has caused male students pay special attention to their bodies as well as comparing them to the ideal body type, is using visual media in which the ideal male body type are presented through athletes, actors and models.
The participants in this study, regardless of being young along with their presence in a modern scientific-cultural setting such as university, have remained faithful to traditional and conventional beliefs regarding women’s beauty to a considerable extent. Although paying attention to one’s body, especially among men, is a problem escalated from today’s society, yet we may see the fact that men would attempt to reinstate their traditional position (superiority of power and dignity) in the society through such means.

In recent years, with regard to the role of effective and undeniable role of, social and behavioral factors in the disease, health and mortality, many medical colleges in developed and developing countries hold social and behavioral sciences in training program of medical students. In addition, a doctor is at the direct interaction with the patients pants with different social, cultural and economic conditions, so some medical colleges aims to enhance and improve the interaction between the doctor and patients and it is related to social and behavioral sciences. Social and behavioral sciences include a wide spectrum are relatively: sociology, psychology, medical anthropology, demographics, medical ethics, the economy and health, health policy and urban planning. The aim of this study was determine the attitudes of physicians and social scientists about the need for social science education at medical school.
The information was collected by distributing a questionnaire among 126 persons.
The results showed that in terms of both physicians and social science specialists, social science education to medical students is necessary. Both groups agreed on key areas and priority. There was no significant difference between the two views.
The results of this research could contribute to the revision of the medical curriculum

There is increasing evidence that children are showing body image issues in recent years. Body image disturbances in childhood must be taken seriously. The thin ideal is becoming more prominent in Asian countries; however, there is little research examining how this issue affects Iranian children. This study explores body weight concerns and associated factors among children in Iranian elementary schools. This study was conducted in 500 elementary schools. An assessment of body image and antifat attitudes was undertaken using the figure rating scale. In addition, body mass index (BMI) and demographic variables were assessed. Nearly, 27.4% of children were underweight, and 13.3% were obese. There was a significant difference between the mean score of body dissatisfaction (BD) between boys and girls (P < 0.05). There were no differences between BD and education of parents, age, and academic grades. In girls, antifat attitudes were significantly related to BMI. The results of this study demonstrate the paramount importance of undertaking further research in order to identify the predictive factors of body concerns and its consequences among Iranian children. In addition, researchers must plan prevention and educational program for these children.

Field goal: Improving the economic status and health in the elderly population are growing. But we consider that only increased longevity is not symptoms of development, quality of life is more important. Quality of life of elderly people is influenced by several factors, one of the most important factors is support social. This survey was done among 380 elderly men and women have been living in the city of Kerman. The research tool was a questionnaire with interview; questionnaire and the SF36 was used for assessing the quality of life and for measuring social support; a questionnaire was used. The most important supporters were in the first degree was wife/husband and then son and in third grade daughter. Mean score of physical quality of life was more than average mental health score. The results showed that emotional support, financial services, advisory and information, and age relationship with both components of quality of life According to the findings by increasing the types of social support, especially emotional support can be a great help to improve the quality of life for seniors.

Mental health is an important aspect of wellbeing and general health. Today woman-headed families are increasing in number worldwide as it is the case in Iran. These household head women undergo special life experiences; thus experiencing particular mental health situations as well. The aim of this survey is to study mental health of women who are heading the family and are supported by the Welfare Organization of the city of Kerman, nationally known as ‘behzisty’. Some sociological concepts such as social capital and social networks are used here. The functions of these concepts are also looked at and discussed. The sample volume is 325 women heading households who are currently supported by the Welfare Organization. The main data gathering tool was a twofold constructed questionnaire which was accompanied by the interview. The results indicated that about 44% of women suffered unsuitable mental health. The variables such as age, social trust, social communication, sense of belonging, social capital, and size of social network, as well as frequency of meeting network members had strong relationships with mental health. The regression analysis showed economic, emotional, service supports and social communication/participation were among the most important variables for explaining mental health. Therefore, the network’s social capital, particularly taken in its functional aspect, is considered to be more explanatory vis-à-vis mental heath, than the general social capital.