saleh rahmati-ahmadabad

Menopause is associated with an imbalance in the expression of atherogenesis genes in the motor nerve terminal. However, the effect of resistance training on the gene expression affecting the inhibition of sarcopenia in the neurotransmitter plate is not well understood.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of increasing resistance training on the gene expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate of the quadriceps muscle of post-menopausal wistar rat.

In this experimental study, 20 female Wistar rats (8 to 12 weeks old) with an average weight of 235 to 265 g, were randomly divided into 2 groups including Resistance Training (RT) and Control (C).Ovariectomy was performed after anesthesia with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine/Xylazine mixture with a bilateral incision in the lumbar region. incremental resistance training was performed for 8 weeks, 5 days a week on an 85 degree incline ladder. After 24 hours of the last training session and afterward recovery, animals were sacrificed and their quadriceps muscle was extracted. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression of AKT and mTORC-1 genes.T-test was used at alpha level of 0.05 to compare the independent groups.

Genes expression AKT and Mtorc-1 were increased in the training group compared to the control(P=0.001 and P=0.003 respectively).The rats body weight did not show significant change in any of the groups(P=0.151).

It seems that increasing resistance training reduces sarcopenia by increasing the genes expression of AKT and mTORC-1 in the motor end plate.

Alteration in cholesterol homeostasis is a consequence of overweight and obesity induced by diet, with the liver being one of the key organs in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Since the effect of rice bran and aerobic exercise on the hepatic cholesterolsynthesis pathway is not well understood, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and ethanolic extract of rice bran on the expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and HMGCR genes in the liver tissue of rats fed with a high-fat diet.In a preclinical trial, 30 eight-week-old female rats were randomly divided into five groups (6 rats per group): control with normal diet, control with a high-fat diet, aerobic exercise with a high-fat diet, and aerobic exercise with rice bran and a high-fat diet. The aerobic exercise program included running on a treadmill at moderate intensity (50-60% Vo2max), 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks. The ethanolic extract of rice bran was administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg via gavage to the supplement and exercise-supplement groups.The expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the control group with a normal diet significantly increased compared to the control group with a high-fat diet (P = 0.000), while the expression of HMGCR significantly decreased (P = 0.050). Additionally, the expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the aerobic exercise group with a high-fat diet showed a significant increase compared to the control group with a high-fat diet (P ≤ 0.034), and the expression of HMGCR showed a significant decrease (P = 0.000). Furthermore, intergroup comparisons revealed that the increase in the expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the rice bran diet group was significant compared to the control group with a high-fat diet (P ≤ 0.001), while the expression of HMGCR significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.028). Similar changes were observed in the aerobic exercise-rice bran group compared to the control group with a high-fat diet, showing a significant increase in the expression of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P ≤ 0.002), whilethe decrease in HMGCR expression was significant (P = 0.000).

 Testosterone enhances athletic performance in men and women, but its consumption has several side effects and is banned from most competitive sports. This study aimed to examine the effect of date palm pollen extracts (DPPE or Phoenix dactylifera L.), testosterone enanthate (T), and resistance training (RT) alone and in combination on hepatic damage and mitochondrial function of adult male rats.

 Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control (C), RT-treated, DPPE-treated, T-treated, DPPE+RT-treated, and T+RT-treated. The DPPE-treated animals received 100 mg/kg DPPE by gavage (five days/week for four weeks). T was injected subcutaneously into the target groups at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily (five days/week for four weeks). Moreover, the RT program was performed using a vertical ladder with weights (five days/week for four weeks).

 RT, T, and DPPE significantly reduced collagen degradation, apoptotic cells, dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) protein expression, and increased mitofusin-1 (Mfn-1) gene and protein expression in liver tissue. RT with T/DPPE showed a synergic effect regarding present study variables.

 It seems that DPP, which is a natural compound, has less damaging effects than T on liver tissue. It can be used as a safe alternative to T injection for the enhancement of athletic performance and T deficiency.

Context: 

Resistance training (RT) and vitamin D are both utilized as interventions for muscle hypertrophy. Multiple studies have examined the impact of RT with and without vitamin D supplementation on muscle hypertrophy. There is currently no existing review study that has specifically investigated the combined effect of RT and vitamin D supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This review article compiled studies examining the impact of both RT and vitamin D interventions on muscle hypertrophy.

Evidence Acquisition: 

Three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) were searched until September 9, 2022. Only original articles written in English were included. The findings of the studies were analyzed and categorized into two sections: cross-sectional areas and muscle performance.

 Very limited studies examined the effect of RT and vitamin D on hypertrophy and skeletal muscle function. The impact of RT and vitamin D on signaling pathways of protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy was investigated separately, and the simultaneous effect of these two interventions was explored in a few studies.

 The proteins involved in the signaling pathway of muscle hypertrophy were examined in only three animal studies. Therefore, more field/clinical trials in the human model should investigate the effect of these two interventions on the degree of hypertrophy and muscle function. Besides, both in human studies using muscle biopsy and in animal studies at the cellular level, the expression of genes and proteins involved in signaling pathways affecting protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy should be studied further to determine the simultaneous effect of these two interventions.

 Obesity causes skeletal muscle metabolic disorders by altering the expression of the genes involved in lipid metabolism. One of the genes that play an important role in lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle tissue is sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP).

 Since the interacting effect of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet on the expression of this gene has not been well studied, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of the SREBP-1c gene in skeletal muscle in obese female rats.

 Eighteen female Wistar rats in the weight range of 180 - 200 grams were selected and randomly divided into three groups: (1) control fed with a normal diet; (2) control fed with a high-fat diet; and (3) aerobic exercise plus a high-fat diet. The high-fat diet contained 40% fat (20% soybean oil and 20% animal fat), 13% protein, and 47% carbohydrates. The rats were initially fed with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks, and then they performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill 5 times a week for 6 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session and after eleven hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Quadriceps tissues were removed to determine the SREBP-1c gene’s expression by real-time PCR.

 Feeding with a high-fat diet significantly increased the weight of rats (P = 0.001). The expression of the SREBP-1c gene in the group fed with the high-fat diet decreased significantly compared to the group fed with the normal diet (P = 0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression of the SREBP-1c gene in the quadriceps muscle (P = 0.001), contradicting the effect of the high-fat diet on the expression of this gene.

 Aerobic training may alleviate lipid metabolism disorders in muscles by increasing the expression of the SREBP-1c gene. Therefore, aerobic exercises can be used to contradict the metabolic complications caused by the high-fat diet in skeletal muscles.

Apoptosis is a protective cellular process and physical activity and curcumin may affect some signaling pathways related to apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin consumption on mitochondrial caspase 3 and 9 gene expression of cardiomyocyte in male rat of the stroke model.

In this experimental study, 32 male rats with myocardial infarction were assigned randomly into 4 equal groups (n=8) of HIIT, supplement, control, and supplement+HIIT. The HIIT groups were subjected to high-intensity interval training (10 bouts of 4-minute activity with an intensity of 85-90% of VO2max) for 8 weeks. The amount of 15 mg of pure curcumin per kilogram of body weight was given by a gavage to the supplement and HIIT+supplement groups, 5 days a week. All rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine, 48 hours after the last training session, then surgery and dissection of the rats were performed.

The results showed a significant decrease in the expression of caspase 3 and 9 genes in the HIIT and HIIT+supplement groups compared to the control and supplement groups.

It seems that HIIT and curcumin consumptions lead to a reduction of mitochondrial apoptosis in cardiac muscle. The present findings show that the expression of caspase 3 and 9 in cardiac tissue is a trainable factor.

The use of testosterone enanthate has increased among athletes, especially in resistance disciplines. Considering the side effects of using testosterone enanthate, it seems necessary to find alternative methods. The present study compared the independent and interactive effects of resistance training, testosterone and palm pollen extract on mRNA expression of MFN2, FISS and DRP1 genes in male rat liver.

In a experimental study, 30 male rats were divided into control groups, resistance training, date pollen extract, testosterone ethanate, consumption of date pollen extract + resistance training and testosterone etantate + resistance training. The interventions were applied based on the group name for four weeks. 48 hours after the last intervention, the liver tissue was investigated to measure the expression of MFN2, FISS and DRP1 genes.

Exercise, testosterone and date pollen, each independently, increased the expression of MFN2 gene and decreased the expression of FISS and DRP1 genes in the liver. The simultaneous use of exercise and testosterone/palm pollen strengthened the effect of independent interventions; however, the synergistic effect was observed only on liver FISS gene expression compared to independent interventions.

According to the results of the groups consuming date pollen and testosterone, it seems that the use of each of them has caused a similar pattern of change in the variables of the present study; therefore, the use of date pollen may be a natural alternative to testosterone.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and coriander seed extract with two doses of 5 and 10 mg on oxidative stress markers and cardiac muscle ATP levels of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

42 healthy adult male rats were randomly divided into 7 groups. During one week, the groups were poisoned intraperitoneally by receiving 100 mg/kg of hydrogen peroxide. In the following, the target groups were subjected to intervention on the treadmill for eight weeks (5 sessions of 60 minutes per week) with doses of 5 and 10 mg per kilogram of coriander seed extract. At the end, the concentration of ATP, MDA and PAB indicators was measured using ELISA method.

The results of analysis of variance test showed the decreasing effect of aerobic exercise on MDA and PAB values (P<0.05), while it had no significant effect on ATP concentration (P>0.05). On the other hand, consumption of two doses of coriander seed extract had no significant effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (P>0.05), while their consumption caused a significant increase in ATP concentration (P<0.05).

Despite the fact that eight weeks of aerobic exercise is considered a suitable solution for modulating the changes in oxidative indices caused by hydrogen peroxide poisoning, this intervention does not have a significant effect on the amount of myocardial cellular energy. On the other hand, the effects of coriander seed extract are probably dose-dependent in some cases.

The menopausal process causes degeneration of motor nerve neurons in fast-twitch fibers. However, the effect of resistance training with vitamin D supplementation on the inhibition of genes involved in atrophy is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training and vitamin D with chitosan coating on Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1genes of neural junction in quadriceps muscle of postmenopausal rats.

In this experimental study, 42 femal of wistare rats with ages 8 to 12 weeks with an average weight of 230 to 260 g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 7 numbers; normal control (NC), menopause control (OC), estrogen (E), resistance training (RT),vitamin D white chitosan (Vit D+Ca+2), resistance training+Vitamin D with chitosan (RT+Vit D+Ca+2). Training group performed resistance training five days a week for eight weeks. Vitamin D with chitosan was gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg before exercise. PCR Real time was used to determine the expression of Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1genes.

The gene of Semaphorine-a3 in the resistance training group+vitamin D with chitosan compared to the postmenopausal control group and the training group had a significant decrease (P=0.001) and (P=0.002), respectively.  NLRP-1 gene in the resistance training group+vitamin D with chitosan was significantly reduced compared to the training group (P=0.043).

The results showed that resistance training decreased the  genes expression of Semaphorine-a3 and NLRP-1. Decreased expression of NLRP-1 gene under the influence of resistance training combined with vitamin D with chitosan coating could possibly improve neuromuscular function in postmenopausal people.

Date Palm Pollen (DDP), which is found in the male date tree, actually fertilizes the female date tree, which is necessary for the growth of date fruit. It is consisting of sugarcane, protein, calcium, vitamins (B, C and E) and minerals. It has long been used in traditional medicine as a medicinal plant with fertility effects and increased libido. The information obtained from the studies shows that this pollen, due to its antioxidant and gonadotropin-stimulating compounds, can increase fertility and sexual potency in both women and men with two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is this effect on the stimulation of gonadotrophic hormones and the second is a reduction of oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and consequently a protective effect on the testicular tissue. Due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, the consumption of this pollen also applies its health-enhancing effects to other tissues such as the liver, intestines, and heart. As same as DDP, regular Physical Activity (PA) stimulates gonadotrophic hormones and also beneficially affects antioxidant status and redox balance. In recent years, researchers have paid attention to this pollen as an important factor to strengthen the health-enhancing effects of PA, and researchers have investigated the simultaneous effect of this pollen and PA. Despite the few studies done, it seems that this pollen can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of regular PAs. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to further studies in this area.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins alter the expression of genes and cause cell damage in the body. Due to the high consumption of these compounds in rice fields and citrus orchards and their potential harm, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on GAP43 gene expression and myocardial damage in rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. In this study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control, sham, poisoned control, aerobic training poisoning, eugenol poisoning, and toxic + aerobic training+ eugenol. The interventions were performed based on the name of the group and 48 hours after the last intervention, a biopsy was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and P less than 0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the present study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of this gene and the destruction of collagen in heart tissue. Collagen degradation was trained in poisoned rats and consumed less eugenol, while GAP43 gene expression in poisoned rats did not change significantly due to exercise and supplementation alone. The interaction of exercise and supplementation increased the expression of the GAP43 gene in the hearts of poisoned rats and decreased the collagen degradation of their hearts. In general, the simultaneous use of exercise and supplementation caused more beneficial effects on the heart tissue of poisoned rats in the variables of the present study

Date palm pollen (DDP), which is found in the male date tree, actually fertilizes the female date tree, which is necessary for the growth of date fruit. It has long been used in traditional medicine as a medicinal plant with fertility effects and increased libido. The information obtained from the studies shows that this pollen, due to its antioxidant and gonadotropin-stimulating compounds, can increase fertility and sexual potency in both women and men with two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is this effect on the stimulation of gonadotrophic hormones and the second is a reduction of oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and consequently a protective effect on the testicular tissue. Due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, the consumption of this pollen also applies its health-enhancing effects to other tissues such as the liver, intestines, and heart. In recent years, researchers have paid attention to this pollen as an important factor to strengthen the health-enhancing effects of physical activity (PA), and researchers have investigated the simultaneous effect of this pollen and PA. Despite the few studies done, it seems that this pollen can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of regular PAs. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to further studies in this area.

Aerobic training and green tea consumption affect fat metabolism via a change in several elements. Adropin is a unique hormone, which is related to fat metabolism. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and green tea consumption on adropin and lipid profiles of overweight-obese women.

32 overweight-obese non-athletes (age: 20-40 years) were included in this study and divided into four groups (n=8 each group): 1) green tea and exercise, 2) green tea, 3) exercise, and 4) control. The exercise training program was three days a week, 60% to 70% of the maximum heart rate each session, for 8 weeks. The green tea supplement dose was one 500 mg capsule of green tea, consumed three days a week for 8 weeks. BMI as well as serum levels of adropin, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL, were determined before and after the interventions. The collected data were analyzed via covariance test at a significance level of P<0.05.

8 weeks of aerobic training and tea consumption had no significant effect on adropine, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in overweight-obese women (p>0.05). However, 8 weeks of aerobic training and green tea supplementation had a significant beneficial effect on the LDL, HDL, BMI, and weight of overweight-obese women (p<0.05).

8 weeks of aerobic training and consumption of green tea significantly improved the weight, BMI, HDL, and LDL of the participants.

Osteoporosis is one of the most important problems associated with aging. Genetic and environmental agents affect the process of reducing bone mineral density (BMD). As environmental agents, mechanical load (something which exerts an opposing force on the system; hence system needs more power to perform that work) is the important factor, which affects BMD. Studies show that a variety of exercise programs, depending on the amount of mechanical load they apply to the bone, activate the signaling pathways involved in the process of osteoblast activation and reduce osteoclast activity. The effect of physical activity (PA) on BMD is a function of the intensity, duration, and type of program used. Although the existing literature shows that regular PA increases BMD and subsequently develops its strength, there are conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of exercise programs that confirm the need for further study in this area.

Hormone therapy is one of the most effective treatments for menopausal disorders, but it may increase the risk of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, and pulmonary embolism.

The present study investigated the effect of resistance training with and without vitamin D calcium (Ca++) chitosan nanoparticles on apoptosis markers in ovariectomized rats.

42 female Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups (n = 6/each). One group was assigned as the healthy control to show the induction of menopause. The other 6 groups comprised ovariectomized (OVX) animals including: 1) vitamin D + calcium + chitosan + resistance training, 2) saline + estrogen + resistance training, 3) saline + resistance training, 4) vitamin D + calcium + chitosan, 5) saline + estrogen, and 6) OVX + control. 48 hr after the last intervention, the hippocampus tissue was extracted to measure the BCL-2-associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and caspase-3 gene expression as well as the percentage of dead cells.

OVX rats demonstrated increased BAX gene expression, the ratio of BAX gene expression to BCL-2, caspase-3 gene expression, and percentage of dead cells of hippocampal tissue, but decreased BCL-2 gene expression. Resistance training and vitamin D Ca++ chitosan nanoparticle supplements seemed to reverse these changes.

The combination of resistance training and vitamin D Ca++ chitosan nanoparticle supplements may be considered a non-pharmacological treatment for OVX-induced apoptosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and pumpkin seed supplementation on pulmonary oxidative stress indices of H2O2 poisoned rats. 

 42 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: control, poisoned, poisoning+ 1 g pumpkin, poisoning+ 2 g pumpkin, poisoning+ aerobic exercise, poisoning+ 1 g pumpkin+ exercise, poisoning+ 2 g pumpkin+ exercise. Induction of oxidative stress by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg/ kg of hydrogen peroxide for 3 days per week, receiving pumpkin seeds at 1 and 2 g per kg of body weight and exercise program including increasing running on a treadmill for 8 weeks (3 days Per week with a minimum speed of 8 meters per minute and a slope of 10 degrees). Specialized kits were used to measure cytochrome c, ATP, MDA and PAB indices and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that H2O2 poisoning caused a significant decrease in ATP and significant increase in pulmonary cytochrome C, MDA and PAB (P <0.05). Pumpkin seed doses had no significant effect on MDA, cytochrome c and ATP concentrations (P> 0.05). On the other hand, receiving 2 g of pumpkin seeds caused a significant decrease in PAB concentration (P <0.05). Eight weeks of aerobic exercise had no significant effect on pulmonary MDA concentration (P> 0.05), but significantly increased ATP concentration and decreased cytochrome c and PAB concentrations (P <0.05). Interaction of aerobic exercise with pumpkin seed doses increased ATP and decreased concentrations of MDA, cytochrome c and PAB (P <0.05).

The single effects of pumpkin seeds seem to be dependent on tissue and dosage. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise is also a good antioxidant solution in hydrogen peroxide poisoning, depending on the factors. The combination of aerobic exercise and high doses of pumpkin seed supplement has additional effects on oxidative indices of lung tissue in rats poisoned with Hydrogen Peroxide.

Complementary methods such as physical activity (PA) and fasting are particularly important for cancer patients. The present study reviewed the effects of regular PA and fasting on cancer patients and attempted to explain the relevant mechanisms.

Several electronic databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar were searched for keywords. After reviewing, 412 articles were identified until February 1, 2021. The inclusion criteria included meta-analysis, clinical intervention studies that considered different effects of fasting and various types of exercise on health indicators. After carefully reviewing and eliminating duplicates, 68 articles were identified based on the PICO format (participants, intervention, comparison, and results).

The short-term fasting (STF) before chemotherapy (48-72 hours) or rehabilitation exercise could be modulating fasting blood sugar, growth factors, oxidative stress (OS), and inflammatory pathways. In addition, physiological metabolic stress induced by STF or rehabilitation exercise could regulate sex hormone-binding globulin, fat oxidation, leptin secretion, hyperinsulinemia, maintaining mass muscle, and bone density, boosting the immune system, and improving the therapeutic index of cancer.

Metabolic stress in cancer cells leads to the intake of high doses of chemotherapy. The rehabilitation exercise prevents the complications of the disease and improves the patient’s quality of life. Thus, these interventions can be used to improve the cancer-based therapeutic index on individual differences.

Nowadays, circular training has become more common than traditional training in wrestling.

This study aimed to compare the effects of 6 weeks of traditional and circular wrestling trainingonblood lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, and insulin concentrations in young male wrestlers.

Twenty-seven young male wrestlers were randomly divided into 3 groups (ie, traditional wrestling training, circular wrestling training, and control groups) and performed interventions based on the group name for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from all subjects 48 hours before and 48 hours after the interventions and sent to a laboratory for analysis. Blood concentrations of lactate, LDH, glucose, and insulin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and suitable post hoc test.

Traditional training significantly increased plasma lactate concentrations of wrestlers (P = 0.01) and had no significant effect on their serum LDH, insulin, and glucose concentrations (P > 0.05). Circular training significantly increased plasma lactate (P = 0.03) and serum insulin (P = 0.004) concentrations and had no significant effect on serum LDH and glucose concentrations (P > 0.05).

These 2 types of training have a similar effect on the measured variables; however, it seems that circular training has a more significant effect on the measured variables than traditional training, which can probably be attributed to the use of more lactic energy resources and apparatus in circular training, which in turn can be used in preparation.

Due to thesevere side effects of using or exposure to chlorpyrifos toxin (CPF) on the lungs and respiratory system, in this study, the effects of aerobic exercise on improving the effects of CPF poisoning on the level of lung tissue changes and gene expression in Rats were examined.

Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: healthy control, dose 1-poisoned control group, dose 3-poisoned control group, dose 1-poisoned training group, dose 3-poisoned training group, and DMSO control. CPF was injected intraperitoneally in two different doses to the target groups. After intoxication, exercise was given to the target groups according to a specific exercise program. Histological assessments, evaluation of oxidative stress markers (SOD and MDA), and expression changes of Spa and Cop-1 genes in all study groups were performed.

Results from histological evaluations showed that the rate of mucosal destruction of lung tissue was increased in the control groups poisoned by dose 1 and dose 3 of CPF (P=0.001). SOD and MDA levels were reduced and enhanced, respectively, in poisoned control groups. After aerobic exercise, the severity of tissue damage was significantly reduced. SOD and MDA levels were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in trained groups. At the molecular level, it was also observed that the expression of Spa and Cop-1 genes in the CPF-poisoned control group was significantly reduced, which increased significantly compared to the control groups after aerobic exercise.

According to the results of this study, aerobic exercise seems to play an effective role in reducing tissue damage due to oxidative stress and regulating the expression of tissue-specific genes by reducing oxidative stress induced by CPF.

The use of testosterone enanthate has increased in athletes, especially in resistance trainings. The present study aimed at comparing the independent and interactive effects of resistance training, testosterone, and Phoenix dactylifera extract on the expression of adiponectin and GLUT4, as well as some oxidative stress indices in brown adipose tissue in male rats.

Thirty-six male rats were divided into different groups, including a control group, exercise training, phoenix dactylifera extract, testosterone, phoenix dactylifera extract + exercise training, and testosterone+ exercise training groups. Resistance trainings were done for four weeks (5 sessions/week) in experimental groups. On days of exercise, the rats were fed with phoenix dactylifera extract and testosterone (100 and 2 mg/kg, respectively). Forty-eight hours after the last intervention, the animals were sacrificed and brown fat tissues were removed. Then, the gene expression of adiponectin and GLUT4, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured.

Resistance training increased the expression of adiponectin and GLUT4, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA level. Testosterone also increased SOD activity and decreased MDA level in brown adipose tissue. Phoenix dactylifera increased the expression of adiponectin and the activity of SOD, and decreased MDA level. Exercise and simultaneous use of testosterone/phoenix dactylifera have synergistic effect on adipose tissue MDA compared to testosterone and phoenix dactylifera intervention alone.

This study reinforces the hypothesis of using phoenix dactylifera as a natural substance instead of synthetic testosterone.

Using testosterone by athletes (especially in resistance training) to improve recovery and muscle growth has become common. But considering the side effects, it seems necessary to find alternative methods.

Thirty male rats were divided into six groups (n=5): exercise training, phoenix dactylifera extract, testosterone, phoenix dactylifera extract + exercise training, and testosterone+ exercise training. The exercise training groups performed a resistance training program (five sessions per week, each session, starting with 50% of a maximum repetition and increasing the intensity of training to disability) for four weeks. Phoenix dactylifera extract (5 days a week at a dose of 100 mg per kg body weight) was fed to rats in the phoenix dactylifera groups for four weeks. Rats in the testosterone groups also received testosterone enanthate for four weeks (five days a week at a dose of two milligrams per kilogram of body weight). Forty-eight hours after the last intervention, the animals were sacrificed and the gastrocnemius muscle were removed to measurements of the FOXO3α and beta-catenin 1 (Ctnnβ1) gene expressions, as well as, the ratio of apoptotic cells.

Exercise decreased FOXO3α gene expression and the number of apoptotic cells in the gastrocnemius muscle (P=0.001). The combination of testosterone and phoenix dactylifera decreased the expression of FOXO3α (P=0.001) and Ctnnβ1 (P=0.004) genes as well as the number of apoptotic cells (P=0.001) in the gastrocnemius muscle. The rate of gastrocnemius muscle apoptotic cells in the interactive groups (exercise + testosterone and exercise + phoenix dactylifera) was lower than the independent groups (exercise, testosterone and phoenix dactylifera) (P=0.001).

The present study suggests the positive effect of phoenix dactylifera on the expression of FOXO3α and Ctnnβ1 genes, as well as, the amount of apoptotic cells in the gastrocnemius muscle. So, phoenix dactylifera may be considered as a natural alternative to testosterone.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins cause oxidative stress and apoptosis in various tissues of the body, including the heart. SERCA2a and NKX2-5 are genes that regulate contractile function and heart growth. Previous studies have shown a positive effect of physical activity on the expression of these genes in heart failure, but so far, changes in these genes following the use of physical activity in chlorpyrifos poisoning have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and interactive effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the heart tissue of rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Thirty-six Wistar male rats were divided into six groups (six in each group) with the names healthy control, sham, poison control, aerobic exercise poison, eugenol poison, and toxic + aerobic exercise + eugenol. Aerobic training was performed on a rodent treadmill (five sessions per week, each session lasting 20 minutes at a speed of 26 meters per minute) for four weeks. Eugenol at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight was fed to the rats of the supplement groups (five days a week for four weeks using gavage). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test and P <0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the current study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in cardiac tissue. Exercise (no supplementation) increased the SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the hearts of poisoned rats. Exercise-eugenol interaction did not cause a synergistic effect. Overall, in the present study, exercise seems to be a more important factor than eugenol in reducing the effect of chronic intoxication on the heart. Further studies with higher doses of eugenol supplementation are needed.

Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in addition to increase in the oxidative stress can alter mitochondrial function. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of training with coriander seed consumption on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in the lung tissue of rats exposed to H2O2. Thirty-five rats were divided into 7 groups, including (i) saline healthy control, (ii) saline toxic control, (iii) coriander toxic control (500 mg/kg), (iv) coriander toxic control (1000 mg/kg), (v) coriander toxic training (500 mg/kg), (vi) coriander toxic training (1000 mg/kg), and (vii) saline toxic training groups. During eight weeks, groups 2-7 received 1 mmol/kg H2O2 for three times per week and groups 5-7 performed training three sessions per week. Training and coriander significantly increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and decreased caspase-3, cytochrome-C, O-6- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and prealbumin (PAB) (p≤0.05). Also, interactive effects of training and coriander on increase of ATP and decrease of caspase-3, cytochrome-C, and PAB at a dose of 1000 mg/kg were higher than 500 mg/kg (p≤0.05). Although training and coriander alone could enhance the mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers, training simultaneously with coriander had more favorable effects compared to each one alone.

Impaired energy balance causes various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, etc. Many peptides are involved in regulating energy balance in the body, of which ghrelin is one of the most important. This study investigates the effect of endurance training and Pistacia Atlantica extract (Baneh) (as a plant rich in fatty acids) on ghrelin gene expression in the intestinal tissue of female rats.

In this experimental study, 20 adult female Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups: 1) saline control, 2) saline training, 3) Baneh control, and 4) Baneh + training. Groups 2 and 4 trained on a rodent treadmill for eight weeks (five days a week, each session for 60 minutes at a speed of 25 m / min with a zero slope) while groups 1 and 3 did not. Groups 3 and 4 received Pistacia Atlantica extract and groups 1 and 3 received saline solution before exercise as a gavage (1 mg per gram of body weight). Rats were anesthetized and biopsied 72 hours after the last training session in the fasting state. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and P<0.05 was considered significant.

Eight weeks of aerobic training decreased ghrelin gene expression in rats intestinal tissue (P<0.001) but its expression increased in response to Pistacia Atlantica use (P<0.001).

The use of a high-fat diet (Baneh extract) increased the expression of the ghrelin gene in intestinal tissue. Eight weeks of aerobic training moderated this increase.

Physical activity (PA) and obesity are effective interventions for hypertension. The current study is a review to explain possible mechanisms related to the effects of PA and obesity on hypertension. To this end, several scientific databases were searched using the keyword "hypertension" and also some English articles related to obesity and PA were investigated. Then, the mechanisms of obesity and PA associated with hypertension were extracted from the collected articles. Overall, obesity causes an increase in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) systems, harmful changes in lipid and lipoprotein profile, a decrease in insulin sensitivity, as well as harmful changes in adipokines, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors. PA improves the above-mentioned changes caused by obesity. Overall, PA mainly via an effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial cells, the elasticity of arteries, body weight, the activity of the RAA system, activity of parasympathetic and renal function as well as improve the insulin sensitivity has positive effects on hypertension. It should be noted that the effects of PA against hypertension is highly variable and they are related to PA modes, environmental and genetic factors.