samira alirezaei

Faculty members can provide services in the university in the best way when they have knowledge and awareness of the goals of the organization and their role in determining those goals. Therefore, the organizational socialization of this group at the beginning of entering the university is one of the most important issues to take advantage of this power. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the need for socialization in the new faculty members of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

This study was conducted using a qualitative method by semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 6 educational managers and accessible sampling with 10 new academic faculty members, and the challenges and solutions of this field in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences were determined. The data was analyzed using the directed content analysis method. The data were analyzed using the framework content analysis method.

The most important problems identified for new academic staff members include: lack of knowledge of work and administrative issues of the university (work processes, rules and regulations, etc.), lack of familiarity with teaching methods and interaction with students, and insufficient ability in this field, and lack of familiarity with the duties of the academic staff.

The findings of the research showed that the existence of a codified and comprehensive program to acquaint faculty members with the structure and function of the university, rules and regulations, priority programs of the university, communication with students and improving teaching ability in the early years of the faculty member's entry into the university is necessary.

Objective (s):

 The outbreak of Covid-19 induced many psychological consequences on various segments of society, including nurses. Fear and anxiety caused by the Covid-19 epidemic in nurses, in addition to triggering mental disorders, could reduce the quality of services and increase the costs of the health system. Therefore, this study was performed to assess anxiety of Iranian nurses during the corona epidemic.

This meta-analysis included all published papers reporting on anxiety in Iranian nurses during the corona epidemic. Heterogeneity of studies was evaluated using theI2 index and the probability of diffusion in diffusion by Egger test and meta-regression model to evaluate the variables suspected of heterogeneity at a significance level of 0.05. Finally, 15 articles were analyzed using CMA software.

Based on the random-effects model, the mean and standard deviation of the anxiety of Iranian nurses during the corona pandemic was equal to 21.96 ± 3.18 (10.17-15.71; 95% confidence interval).  The highest mean and standard deviation of nurses' anxiety in 2020 was equal to 44.08 ± 0.76 (42.58- 45.57; 95% confidence interval) and the lowest mean and standard deviation of nurses' anxiety in 2020 was equal to 4.37 ± 0.38 (3.60 -5.13; 95% confidence interval). There was also a significant relationship between sample size and anxiety of Iranian nurses during the corona epidemic (P <0.05).

The results showed that nurses suffered from anxiety during the corona epidemic. The findings suggest there is need to take appropriate preventive measures among nurses during such crisis.

The importance of Accountable education and the necessity of its existence in medical sciences universities is so important that one of the major policies of transformation and innovation packages in medical sciences education is the institutionalization of the approach of responsive education in the health system. The aim of the current research was to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the field of medical science education and provide implementation solutions in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

The present research was carried out qualitatively in two stages in 2021 at Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. At first, a review of literature in Persian and English databases was done, and in the second stage, 21 managers of the university education field were purposefully selected to participate in the expert panel, and then findings were theoretically saturated. Data analysis was done using the Kruger method.

In this study, strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in the field of responsive medical science education in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences were identified, and then implementation strategies to deal with the challenges using existing opportunities were investigated.

Based on results the coordination and strengthening of the common attitude between the different vice-chancellors of the university and staff managers, the revision of the curriculum and training programs, the emergence of a common understanding of the concepts of accountability in medical science education among the various stakeholders and determining sufficient motivations in the university can provide the basis for improving social accountability in medical science education.

In this century, there is a need to new methods and tools of learning due to the development of technology and communication. Communication networks including internet along with advanced educational facilities have caused a transformation in educational methods and on the other hand have made education possible for students all over the world, far and near area, without necessity of face-to-face education. The novel educational learning identified as the virtual learning that has been one of the most advanced educational methods in the world. In this method, all the educational materials were transferred to student through multimedia contents. Therefore, blended or hybrid learning prepare opportunity to both methods of education either traditional or new virtual methods for students. Moreover, medical education should adapt along to the new educational methods due to its great role in human health.  Regarding the importance and status of teaching in higher education, the present study was conducted and targeted to design, imply and evaluate the blended learning courses in Zanjan University of Medial Sciences.

This was a quasi-experimental-interventional research. The total participations were 283 students in general medicine, dentistry, bachelor and masters of midwifery and nutritional sciences. All participants have proved informed consent. An inclusion criterion was the course selection in the recent semester. In addition, students who were absent for one or more sessions were excluded. At first, a call to organize virtual meetings was sent through the virtual education center of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Then, the goals and standards of electronic content preparation were fully explained to the professors who wanted to participate in the mentioned courses. According to the topics and the opinion of the professor, virtual sessions were determined in the number of four sessions in each lesson. While for every two virtual sessions, one face-to-face session was considered for teaching in a combined method. Then six sessions were also taught in a completely traditional education for the same students. And afterward, the educational level of the sessions in both traditional and combined methods was standardized by the respective professor. In order to produce electronic content, consultation with content production experts and software experts were done, and Storyline software version 5.3 was used to design and produce this educational content, too. In next step, package usage and virtual system were explained to the students in a brief session. To assess the learners' knowledge in two combined and the traditional sessions, a researcher-made questionnaire contained ten questions were designed in various levels of Bloom; next, the knowledge assessment test based on the curriculum was developed and approved by five expert professors of each field. The reliability of the tool was calculated by performing a retest on fifteen students from each group of students with a number of 0.84. Furthermore, students' attitudes to the combined compared to the traditional sessions were also assessed through a standard user satisfaction questionnaire; and attitude was carried out in the form of pre-test and post-test. The face and content validity of this questionnaire was also confirmed by ten professors. Its reliability was also determined through Cronbach's alpha method with an 89%. Moreover, this questionnaire contained thirty questions with two parts; the first part included three questions about the demographic characteristics of the participants, whereas the second part included 27 questions related to the motivation. The motivational questions in the questionnaire were designed based on the Likert scale; and in each of the questions, the answers were valued from 1 to 5 score.  The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was also used to normality assessment. To the end, data were analyzed using SPSS software (V.19).

To achieve goals of this study, content retention rate, content transfer speed, and interactive content-produced were compared in the two educational methods. Constant access to the educational contents and interactivity resulted in students’ satisfaction; findings showed that more than 90% of students were satisfied with the combined courses and acknowledged that this educational method increases the retention of content. The average level of knowledge (8.6±0.45 vs. 3.34±0.78 p<0.001) and attitude (100±5.45 vs. 55.2±10.5, p<0.001) of students significantly increased in the combined courses post-test compared to the pre-test. Moreover, number of knowledge (8.6±0.45 vs. 4.32±0.89, p<0.001) and attitude (100.5±5.45 vs. 78.7±6.5, p=0.009) were significantly higher in the combined compared to traditional educational method post-test. The obtained data revealed that combined education was preferred by students and the durability of the content increased due to constant access to the produced content. In addition, the interactive nature of the produced content was added to its effectiveness. Results of the present study were in accordance with previous studies that the convenience and easy access to educational content through the computer have led to an increase in the learning ability of students. Moreover, face-to-face teaching in a classroom bring about the fatigue and the requirement to learn at a specific and predetermined time which can cause to the limitation of the learner in learning process. In a systematic review on sixteen studies, online continuing education illustrated similar effects to the traditional method and only in six studies the effect of virtual learning was higher. Another research showed that the learner has been considered a key person in distance education and her/ his attitude, diagnosis, and learning style are important variables in education, and also attitude is the most important factor in this process. This was the first comparative study on traditional and combined education in students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Large sample size was one of the advantages, however participants were heterogeneous that was considered as a limitation; in addition, the present study was only designed for theoretical courses. Hence, it suggested that future studies should be carried out on practical-laboratory and clinical courses, taking into account the students' educational levels. Validity of the used tools and questionnaires must be also investigated in future studies.

This study showed that interactive combined education can be an effective way to increase knowledge and attitude in students.

By considering the importance and position of virtual education at higher education institutes, the present study was conducted with the aim of designing and codification of detailed roadmap, as well as the successful establishment of virtual education at Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was performed by directed content analysis method. Sources including books, articles, dissertations, and results of interview with 10 experts in this field were used to determine the effective components of successful virtual education. Data were collected by in-depth semi-structured interview and observation. The context of interviews was implemented word by word and analysis were performed at the same time. The detailed roadmap of virtual education was designed according to the strategic plan of virtual education center at Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

Four components including skills and knowledge of virtual learning, structure and process for virtual learning development, motivation and attitude, and finally standards were determined as the key components for establishment of virtual learning center at the university.

Findings could be used as a basis for other universities and institutes regarding the development of virtual learning and is useful for setting and establishing the virtual education centers.

To respond to the growing expectations of the public and to meet the needs of the society, health systems have always tried to improve their performance. This study investigated the changes in the performance and quality of emergency department (ED) after implementation of the health transformation plan (HTP) in Iran.

This was a before–after study that was conducted in Tehran’s Lolagar General Hospital in 2016. The data related to the performance indices and patients’ satisfaction indices were collected in the two periods of 6 months before and 6 months after the implementation of the HTP. The data were gathered by a checklist designed by the researchers.

Among performance indices, the maximum positive change was related to the failure in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which had a reduction of 18.27%. Discharge against medical advice had a reduction of 1.11%, which is considered to be significant. Among the factors related to patients’ satisfaction, the maximum changes belonged to the out‑of‑pocket payment, access to medicines, and giving information to the patients, which were 0.87%, 72%, and 61%, respectively.

HTP and its supporting packages have led to positive changes in the performance of the ED of the hospital. Therefore, based on the results of this study, the continuation of this plan is recommended.

The educational system of any organization is actively and potentially one of the most important aspects of that organization in human resource development. It is necessary for any system to benefit pathology in order to function properly. The goal of this study is to investigate and identify the weaknesses of staff education systems of the country's medical universities based on 7 S McKinsey model.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase through key criteria, seven elements of the model were extracted using expert ' opinions and selection criteria was converted to measures and distributed in the form of a questionnaire among 113 officials and experts from Medical Sciences universities. Cronbach's alpha questionnaire was 0.931. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics for the frequencies of demographic data and means and standard deviation and analysis statistics such as t-test.
The results showed that the state of education in the country's universities is undesirable respectively in dimensions of the structure (P-value = 0.401), management practice (P-value = 0.69) and strategy (P-value = 0.473). However, the average of overall pathology (141.07) was higher than the interested average (138) and showed that there is generally no serious damage in the country's medical universities training.
Manager's support, clarification of educational rules and regulations, determining specific hierarchy in training unit, goal setting and training strategies in a targeted form and by stakeholder's engagement are proper strategies to remove injuries in staff training systems.

With increasing rate of urbanization in the globe, the problem of marginalization and health status of marginalized group, although with a different severity has been turned to a big issue for all nations and countries, in a way that slums have been addressed directly in the 11.1 of Sustainable Development Goals. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme estimates that 863 million people living in slum areas (2014), According to the 2015 census of Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran 10,280,270 people lived in slum areas (2015) and again according to this census this rate for Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is about 505,356 persons. This article as an independent assessment intends to introduce and discuss the Tabriz experience in this regard in line with universal health coverage for marginalized groups.
This paper has been conducted through qualitative methods, interviews, documents reviewing, data comparison before and after the implementation of health transformation plan and field surveys by two separate teams (national and provincial).
By implementing the health complex strategy in marginalized areas the number of health institutions and healthcare workers has been significantly increased in these areas (a health team for 4000 persons and a 62000 population for a health complex, Diabetes cases detection has been increased from 30 to 621 and detection of heart diseases increased from 5 to 167, Meanwhile essential packages and supportive services provided to the population by governmental subsidy , as well as managerial practices and payment methods were used much more efficiently than in the past.
The implemented structures used to the health transformation plan were varied in different provinces. Recognizing the strengths of different structures and introduce them¡ will provide a structural design based on the experiences of all provinces.

Economic, physical, and human resources capitals played the most important role in the traditional views of management. However, for development in the current era, social capital is required more than economic, physical, and human capitals. Attitudes and performance of social capital in any organization is one of the important prerequisites for the success in that organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior among employees of selected hospitals in Tehran.
This research was an analytical and applied study that was conducted in 2015. Simple stratified random sampling was conducted based on organizational positions (administrative, financial, and para-clinic) among each class to a certain proportion and based on Cochran formula. Data collection tools included two questionnaires of Luthans psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior of Netmir. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression tests were used in order to analyze data in the form of Spss18 software at the significant level of 0.05.
Psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior were desirable among studied hospital staffs. On the other hand, altruism and self-efficacy had the highest mean scores, while chivalry and optimism had the lowest ratings. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that organizational citizenship behavior is able to predict the overall psychological capital (β = 0.285).
Given that citizenship behavior can clearly predict psychological capital in staff, hospital administrators should try to promote organizational citizenship behavior and consequently psychological capital by involving employees in decisions, consult with them, and hold training courses to motivate them.

This study aimed to use a mixed-method approach to investigate affecting factors on the performance of Community Health Workers (CHW) in Iran’s villages.
This study was conducted during 2014-2015 with a mixed method in three phases of literature review, Delphi technique and developing a rich picture. Overall, in order to finalize the affecting factors and their relationships between qualitative content analysis, Delphi technique, AHP technique and Focus Group Discussion were used, respectively.
Affecting factors on CHW performance were divided into four main categories, 10 sub-themes and 35 contents. Increase in the level of people’s awareness, disease patterns, demographic structure and lifestyle were placed in four priorities respectively on the basis of importance.
To the most extent CHW cannot face current needs of rural communities. It challenges equitable access to healthcare services and also conflicts with the primary philosophy of CHW presence in rural areas. CHW can be used in two forms; either as an assistant to rural family physicians or with the same previous functions.

The present study aimed to determine the asociation between organizational commitment of the nurses and quality of hospital services at Women's Hospital of Tehran.
This was an analytical, cross-sectional, and practical study in which 75 nurses and 187 patients were randomly selected from Women's Hospital wards. Data collection was done through two standard questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation tests and one-way ANOVA by SPSS20.
According to the results of this study, normative commitment was statistically associated with the quality of services (P = 0.03; r = 0.33) as well as its two dimensions of guarantee (P = 0.04; r = 0.35) and reliability (P = 0.05; r = 0.34). Also a significant positive relationship was found between the continuance commitment and reliability (P = 0.04; r = 0.30).
Considering the correlation of normative and continuance commitments with some dimentions of the quality of hospital services it seems that planning and action twards improvement of these commitments may lead to high-quality services.

Human resources, especially medical staff is one of the main components of health care system and organizational development. The purpose of this study was to estimate the required nurses for hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on the models of the World Health Organization and Levine.
This study was cross-sectional and descriptive. Seven hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected as research sample. After collecting data of the number and distribution of the nurses, the data were entered into Excel software. Then, according to the WHO and Levine formula, estimated numbers of hospital nurses were compared with the current situation.
According to the models, the number of nurses in all hospitals was different with standard values. According to WHO model, the correlation was negative and most hospitals but Amir Alam, Baharloo, and Farabi hospitals had insufficient number of nurses. Also, according to Levine model, all hospitals except Bahrami and Amir Alam hospitals had insufficient number of nurses.
According to the World Health Organization and Levine model, the number of nurses in the studied hospitals was inadequate. This imbalance requires proper planning and standards to rectify the shortage of manpower, especially nurses in studied hospitals.

Organizational commitment and its significant impact on the job satisfaction and performance has been the subject of many studies. Regarding the importance of organizational behavior and its role in service quality, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between nurses’ organizational commitment and hospital services in order to improve its quality. This study was a cross sectional survey and a total of 149 nurses and 237 patients from inpatient wards of hospitals affiliated to Tehran Social Security Organization were selected through cluster sampling. To collect data, two standard questionnaires (organizational commitment and quality of service) were used. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman and Pearson correlation test Our findings indicated that the nurses’ organizational commitment was moderate (x=3.02 out of 5) and service quality was higher than average, Continuance (r=0.3, P=0.04), affective (r=0.33, P=0.03), normative commitment (r=0.34, P=0.05), and overall commitment (r=0.35, P=0.04) were significantly related to total service quality. The enhancement of normative commitment through emphasis upon organizational values and recruitment, as well as enhancement of continuance commitment through career promotion methods and equal assessment will improve the service quality in hospitals.