seyed ali kimiaee

This research conducted with the aim of investigating was the mediating role of marital intimacy in the relationship between marital virtue and empathy with the quality of marital relationship.

The current research was a developmental research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of its method. The statistical population of the current study was all non-clinical married people living in Mashhad in 2023. Based on Cochran's formula, 400 people were selected as a sample. The sample individuals were selected by available sampling method. The tools used in this research were empathy interest questionnaire of Baron-Cohen (2003), marital intimacy questionnaire of Busby et al (1983), marital virtue questionnaire of Mousavi and Dehshiri (2018), marital relationship quality questionnaire of Thompson and Walker (1995). The data was analyzed by the statistical method of structural equations.

The marital intimacy has a mediating role in the relationship between marital virtue and empathy with marital relationship quality (p<0.5). Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between marital virtue and empathy with marital intimacy and marital relationship quality.

The marital virtue and empathy Through marital intimacy, they can predict the quality of marital relationship.

Based on the lived experience of couples, the current research was conducted to investigate the maintaining factor of marital conflicts. The present study was a qualitative phenomenological study. The statistical population included all couples referred to counseling centers in Bojnourd City from July to October 2020. Twenty-two who had marital conflict were selected by the convenient sampling method. The number of participants could not be predicted from the beginning, and the researcher finally reached saturation by regularly checking the data and asking questions. Also, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using the coding method of Strauss and Corbin (1996) in three stages open, axial, and selective coding. The information obtained is based on the data from the research questions raised in the form of interviews. Thematic analysis of the maintaining factors of marital conflict was classified into three main components and 12 sub-components: intergenerational factors, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors.

Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intergenerational factors are the main factors that cause conflicts between conflicting couples. Finally, qualitative research leads to a more detailed and deeper understanding of couples' marital problems. This way, providing appropriate counseling solutions to improve marital life is possible.

One of the most important developmental stages of every human being is childhood, because during this period personality is formed. Children in the family learn to respect others’ rights, to pay attention to people, and to recognize social values and norms. Many studies have shown the adverse impacts of child abuse and the cognitive and emotional misbehavior on the child. Among the long-term psychological effects of physical abuse are major behavioral and psychological problems in adolescence and adulthood. Adults who recall maltreatment are significantly at risk of developing psychological trauma. Retrospective reports of maltreatment experiences up to age 12 have shown that at the age 18, these individuals have several psychiatric problems, including depression, anxiety, self-mutilation, alcohol dependence and conduct disorder. These results show a strong connection between childhood maltreatment and suffering from the mentioned disorders. Research has proven that early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adulthood psychological trauma. Although the tissue damage of physical abuse heals over time, its psychological effects often continue throughout a person's life and leave disastrous results. Some studies have shown that mental and physical abuse during childhood can lead to a decrease in mental well-being in adulthood. As a result, one of the things that needs to be considered is psychological well-being.Reef and Case (2002) presented the theory of psychological well-being or positive mental health. According to the theory, psychological well-being consists of six factors: self-acceptance (having a positive attitude towards oneself), having a positive relationship with others (empathy and intimate relationship with others), autonomy (feel of independence and ability to resist social pressures), purposeful life (having purpose and meaning in life), personal growth (feel of continuous growth), and mastering the environment (ability to manage the environment). The theory has been widely used over the world. One of the most important methods that can be used for improving the various psychological aspects of adults is therapeutic forgiveness approach. Forgiveness therapy can be effectively used alone or combined with other approaches for changing an individual’s view towards others and managing emotions correctly in communication. Examining the Quranic verses and traditions in Islam also shows the emphasis on forgiveness and forgiving others’ mistakes. Forgiveness is a process in which a person moves past the wrong done to him and gives up his right to be angry about the hurtful act committed. The aim of forgiveness can be improving relationships, achieving inner peace, empathizing with the wronged person, or performing a valuable behavior. This study, then, sought to explore the impacts of implementing forgiveness therapy on the mental well-being of mothers experiencing abuse in childhood.

This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Available sampling and random assignment were used for this study. The statistical population consisted of mothers visiting Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Counseling Center in the second quarter of 2018, who were subjected to behavioral, linguistic and psychological abuse during their childhood. The people were recruited through invitation to participate in the research project and after screening by means of mental well-being questionnaire (score less than 168), 30 of them were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people for the experiment and 15 people for the control group. Data were collected through Reef's psychological well-being questionnaire (Reef, 1989). The data collected from the pre-test and post-test questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to infer the data to control the pre-test effect.

Descriptive results show that the average psychological well-being of the experimental group increased by 20.87 in the post-test phase, while no noticeable changes were observed in the control group from the pre-test to post-test phases. The results in the inferential statistics section, using covariance analysis, showed that the averages of the experimental group due to therapeutic forgiveness are significantly higher than the averages of the control group, which means that therapeutic forgiveness increases the psychological well-being of mothers who have been abused in childhood.

Data analysis showed that therapeutic forgiveness increased the mental well-being of mothers abused in childhood. Forgiveness includes six psychological components: the absence of emotion, judgment, and negative behavior towards the wrongdoer, and the presence of emotion, judgment, and positive behavior towards the same mistake. Therapeutic forgiveness emphasizes the importance of the injured person not allowing the traumatic incident to continuously affect the his/her sense of self or ruin his personal relationships and go beyond the natural response to the injury. This is necessary for self-development and as well as for the emotional and moral development of the injured person. When forgiveness takes place completely, the person psychologically feels being healed. Forgiveness is considered an individual characteristic that is done to show a positive and socially friendly reaction to human and environmental errors. To increase mental health and improve resentment, which is necessary for a people’s communication and their emotional, spiritual and physical growth. In other words, forgiveness is an emotional transformation that is freely chosen, during which the desire to take revenge and avoid the wrongdoer decreases, and as a result, improves physical and mental health.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the structural equation model of factors influencing marital intimacy in newlywed couples. The present study used a quantitative approach. The study employed a developmental research design using descriptive correlational method and path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all the couples who participated in the marriage workshops of the Ministry of Social Justice and the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Shahrekord in the summer of 2019. The research sample included 200 couples (M=200 & F=200) who were selected by the convenience sampling method. The couples completed the Couples Intimacy, Marital Empathy, Self-Disclosure, and Marital Trust Questionnaires. The results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between empathy and its components, self-disclosure and its components, and trust in marital intimacy (p<05). Furthermore, when investigating the modeling of the research variables with marital intimacy, the results showed that, with the mediating role of trust, self-disclosure and empathy are able to predict marital intimacy. Finally, regarding the results of the study, it can be said that exploring components affecting couples' intimacy can be important in improving the quality of their relationship and is effective in developing practical plans to improve the newlywed couples' relationship.

The water crisis is one of the potentially important potentials for conflict and security challenges, which has the potential to become a major crisis on a local, regional and trans-regional scale. The intensification of the water crisis has endangered the living health of the human ecosystem and its continued habitation due to population growth, industrial development, increasing pollution, deforestation and vegetation and drought and it has had consequences for the economic, political, military and security conditions of the countries. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the security drivers of the water crisis in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical-structural in nature. Due to the nature of research, collection and analysis of information in the descriptive part, through the study of library documents and in the analytical part of the expert methods, structural analysis was used. Documentary and expert findings of the study of factors and challenges affecting the water crisis and its consequences in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province showed that these challenges can be categorized in the dimensions of "economic security, environmental security, social security and institutional security." The results of the structural analysis also showed that drivers of water governance, inter-basin transfer projects, local and regional tensions and conflicts, political discriminations, government political authority, migration, poverty and deprivation, social capital, unemployment, psychological security, social trust, social cohesion and Participation of local institutions, public participation, are the most important drivers of effective water crisis security in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province based on the priority of effectiveness.

It is hard to ignore attractive people. Paying attention to attractive individuals is a criterion that can estimate further motivation to make extramarital relationships. This whitethorn a threat to the stability of the marital relationship. The present study aimed to investigate the role of motivational and cognitive structure in the temptation to pay attention and communicate with attractive alternatives in married individuals.

With an available sampling method, the statistical population of the present study has consisted of married men and women who completed research questionnaires in an online design. That is, two hundred individuals met the research criteria and completed the questionnaires and the results were based on hierarchical multiple regression.

The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that among the covariate variables, gender was able to predict extramarital relationships. However, men were more inclined than women to be tempted by attractive alternatives and engage in extramarital affairs. In addition, the variables such as memory, inhibitory control, planning, and adaptive motivation provided a significant prediction of the temptation variable of extramarital relationships.

Based on the results of the present study, it appears that improving cognitive abilities (e.g., executive functions) and motivational structure, improve the degree of resistance to the temptations to make extramarital relationships with attractive alternatives.

The aim of this study was to identify the family dynamics of children with learning disabilities.

The research method was qualitative descriptive phenomenology. The statistical population was the parents of children with learning disabilities. Purposeful sampling method used to select the sample. Data collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Considering the theoretical saturation criterion for determining the sample size, the interviews continued and, the number of participants reached 20. Data analyzed by Colaizzi descriptive phenomenology.

The results showed that the lived experience of parents of children with learning disabilities consisted of three main themes and 9 sub-themes including child issues (comorbid disorders, developmental history and behavioral challenges of the child), school issues and family issues (developmental -educational functions, economic and environmental challenges, impact on the family, social challenges, parental challenges and limited parental literacy).

The findings of this study expand the past literature on family dynamics and the factors extracted in the field of family dynamics can have many practical implications for therapists of learning disabilities.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Training in Marriage Enrichment (TIME) plan on increasing marital intimacy and psychological security of married women. 

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study subjects (40 married women living in Mashhad City, Iran) were selected for the TIME plan with the available sampling method and according to the criteria for accepting couples. Then, they were randomly allocated to two equal groups. Of these, 20 were in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. The experimental group, along with regular medical care, received TIME plan for 8 weekly sessions of 2 hours (from May up to the end of July 2021) in the Psychology Clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad City, Iran. The control group received only regular medical care in this period. Both groups responded to the Iranian version of the Bagarozzi marital intimacy needs questionnaire, and Maslow’s psychological security-insecurity questionnaire before the intervention (pretest) and immediately after the intervention (posttest).

After controlling the subjects’ age and education, the results of the statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the TIME plan on increasing the marital intimacy of women who were in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Nevertheless, this plan did not increase women’s psychological security (P>0.05).

The findings of this research show the importance and impact of the TIME plan training on increasing women’s marital intimacy, but it does not increase women’s psychological security. Therefore, in marriage counseling and interventions, it is possible to use the educational package of the TIME plan to improve the relationship of couples and increase their intimacy.

All the basic theories of committed relationships refer to the availability of attractive alternatives as a negative factor that undermines the commitment and survival of the relationship

The present study aimed to compare adaptive motivation and cognitive activism within individuals with and without the temptation to engage in a relationship with an attractive alternative.

The study population consisted of the married men and women in Mashhad among which 200 individuals were selected as the study participants via convenient sampling procedure who responded to the temptation and likelihood of infidelity questionnaires. Out of 200 participants, 40 individuals were selected via purposive sampling (10 males and 10 females with high rate of temptation as well as 10 females and 10 males with low rate of temptation) who were required to respond to other research questionnaires of the study.

A significant difference was detected between the two study groups (high temptation to infidelity vs. low temptation to infidelity).There was a significant difference in the average scores of adaptive motivation (p<0.05, t=3.05) and also in the average scores of all components of cognitive abilities except for the component of social cognition (8.46, F=p<0.05).

It can be concluded that the participants of the high temptation group had higher temptation rate, less adaptive motivation and more cognitive problems (based on the Cognitive Ability Questionnaire, n-back task, Hanoi Tower task and Go / No go task) in comparison with the low temptation group, which seems to increase the likelihood of infidelity in these people

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Dattilio cognitive couple therapy on interpersonal cognitive distortions in conflicting couples in Mashhad. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2017 and the participants included all conflicting couples  admitted to Psychology Faculty Clinic of Ferdowsi University; also, among them  28 subjects (14 couples) were randomly selected, using convenient sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups, including  experimental  (7 couples) and control groups (7 couples). The couples in the experimental group received Dattilio Cognitive Couple Therapy for 10 sessions, each  lasting  90 minutes. The sessions were held individually in the presence of the couples. During this period, the control group did not receive any treatment. The research tools included interpersonal cognitive distortion scale (ICDS) and marital conflict inventory (CCI), implemented in pretest and posttest stages. Data were analyzed using single-variable analysis of covariance and Chi-square; the data were analyzed using  SPSS- 22 The research results revealed that interpersonal cognitive distortions as well as marital conflicts decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to those in the control group in the posttest. (P>0.05) Thus, it can be concluded that Dattilio Cognitive Couple Therapy is effective in reducing interpersonal cognitive distortions and marital conflicts of conflicting couples.

Definitive diagnosis of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in adults is challenging because many of the symptoms of ADHD overlap with other disorders and little research has been done on ADHD couples. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare emotional disturbances (anxiety, stress and depression) and quality of life in couples with ADHD and normal couples.

In this causal-comparative study, out of all ADHD and normal couples in Mashhad, 87 cases were selected. Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV) was used for diagnosis of ADHD along with clinical interview. The participants fulfilled Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and Marital Relationship Quality Scale (RDAS). Data were analyzed by SPSS software and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

Emotional disturbances (anxiety, stress and depression) showed a significant difference between the two groups. In other words, the levels of anxiety, depression and stress in ADHD couples were higher compared to normal couples (p < 0.001). But regarding the quality of the life and relationship and its components (marital agreement, marital satisfaction, marital cohesion), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).  

This study showed that couples with ADHD suffer from emotional disturbances (anxiety, stress and depression) more than the normal couples.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of rational emotive behavior group therapy on the executive functions and the irrational beliefs in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a quasi-experimental study, 30 mothers of children with ADHD referred to counseling centers in the city Bojnurd were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into three experimental, placebo and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of rational emotive behavior group therapy, while placebo and control groups were not in any treatment. The participants completed Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT, 1969) and Tower of London Test (TOL, 1982). Data were analyzed by SPSS22 software, using analysis of covariance. The results showed that REBG leading to improving the executive functions and decreases irrational beliefs in experimental group than placebo and control groups (P<0.05). The result showed that REBG might be an efficient way to improving executive the functions and decreases the irrational beliefs in mothers of children with ADHD. Also, therapists can use this therapeutic approach for decreases irrational beliefs and improving executive functions.

The aim of this study is investigating the effectiveness of Bowen Systemic Approach to promoting self-differentiation and marital satisfaction among Tork and Turkmen women.

The design of this study is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The participants included 150 Turkish and Turkmen women who were clients of Taemin-Ejtemaei Hospital of Bojnord. They were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control groups with 8 and 7 members. The experimental group received 8 sessions of transactional of Bowen while the control group was not offered any intervention. Before and after the intervention, "Marital satisfaction" and "differentiation" questionnaire was completed by the participants.

Bowen's system education has a significant effect on marital satisfaction and the distinction between Turkish and Turkmen women. But there is no significant difference in regard to effectiveness. The findings also confirmed that the training of the Bowen system approach improves the marital differentiation and satisfaction in the experimental group.

Marital commitment has always been recognized as one of the fundamental principles of marriage, and extramarital relations have led to irritable consequences, although the reasons are not well known. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the factors is related to the extra marital relationships of Iranian females through a qualitative analysis. The statistical population consisted 17 women who referred to health centers in Mashhad city. Sampling conducted via purposive method. The main method of collecting data in the present study was a deep semi-structured qualitative interview, documents and interview with experienced professional psychologist. Data were analyzed using qualities method. After extracting data’s, the content was adjusted in to four categories of individual, family, social and religious-beliefs. Each of these categories has been considered as a factor for extra marital relationship of participants. The results of the survey showed that the factors associated with extra marital relationship is explainable in the four categories framework. According the findings, suggestions are presented in the article.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Group (REBG) therapy on the executive functions and mental health in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

In a quasi-experimental study, 30 mothers of children with ADHD referred to counseling centers in the city Bojnurd, during four months, were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into three experimental, placebo and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of rational emotive behavior group therapy, while placebo and control groups were not in any treatment. However, the placebo group participated in 8 sessions of Word-Windows software training. The participants completed General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Tower of London Test (TOL). Data were analyzed by SPSS22 software, using analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The findings showed that REBG leading to improving the executive functions and increase mental health in experimental group than placebo and control groups.

The results showed that REBG might be an efficient way to improving executive functions and increase mental health in mothers of children with ADHD. Also, therapists can use this therapeutic approach for improving executive functions and increase mental health.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of transactional analysis group therapy on decreasing aggression in addicted couples.
The design of this study was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest control group design.The participants included 40 addicted couples from the camp of 'Life Expectancy' in Sabzevar.They were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of transactional analysis group therapy while the control group was not offered any intervention. Before and after the intervention, aggression questionnaire was completed by the participants of the study.
Findings: The results of ANCOVA revealed that, in the post-test, the experimental group's aggression decreased significantly in comparison with that of the control group. The findings also confirmed that transactional analysis group therapy can reduce aggression in addicted couples.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation couple therapy on marital satisfaction, identity styles and family problem solving. For this purpose, in a quasi-experimental study, 20 couples referred to psychiatrists, neurologists and counselling centers in the city of Kashmar were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into tow experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of self-regulation couple therapy (Halford, 2004), while control group was not any treatment. The participants completed ENRICH Couple Scales (ECS), Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (OMEIS-II) and Family Problem-Solving Questionnaire (FPS). Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software, using one way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings showed that self-regulation couple therapy increases the couple’s marital satisfaction and problem-solving skills. In addition, self-regulation couple therapy decreases the mean scores diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium identity styles. In contrast, this therapy increases the mean scores achievement identity style. In sum, result showed that self-regulation couple therapy might be an efficient way to improve marital satisfaction, and family problem solving. Also, couple therapists can use of self-regulation couple therapy for improving marital satisfaction, identity styles and family problem solving.

Despite the fact that women and men are equally the cause of infertility, however, due to social prejudices, infertility is considered a female problem and that is why even in male factor infertility, women usually face with more social and family problems and bear the main burden of infertility. Therefore, recognizing their issues in this field would be of the utmost importance and may determine the social consequences of this phenomenon for women; so, this study was performed with aim to determine the psycho-social effects of male infertility in Iranian women.
This qualitative study was carried out using conventional content analysis. Data collection was conducted using 30 individual in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling until reaching to information … among the women who their husbands were infertile. All interviews were recorded and typed word by word. Data were analyzed using MAXqda software and conventional content analysis.
Data analysis emerged one main category: "Perceived family and community stresses" and 3 sub-categories of "Abusive behavior of family and others" (including subcategories of "Spying and interference", "Reception label and blame", "being rejected", "facing with misunderstandings of family and others" and "The sense of discrimination"), "The presence in specific populations" and "feeling of lack of social support.
The women whose husbands are infertile experience much tension in their social communications. What is more thinkable in this issue is that in male factor infertility, the woman is responsible for infertility and her childlessness causes negative behaviors and beliefs from the family and society which can have adverse consequences for women.

Abstract: Divorce is one of the most stressful events in children and parents'' life. Divorce is a major change and reorganization of life that influences children`s adjustment over time. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Children of Divorce Intervention Program (COPID) on decreasing internalized and externalized problems in children. In this experimental research، with pre-test post-tests with control group، twenty five 10-12 years old children from divorced families in Kashmar were selected as sample. For 13 children in experimental group 15 sessions of CODIP was administrated in 3 days per week and 5 consecutive weeks، but 12 children in control group received no program. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was the research measurement tool. Results showed that CODIP has significant effect on decreasing externalized problems; but no significant effect on internalized problems in children from divorced families. Since children of divorced parents are more at risk of behavior problems، attention to group programs and teaching problem solving skills is important for this children and empowering them in life. In addition to reducing some problems، the skills that were taught are in such a way children and their parents can easily implement them in the real life and benefit from their positive effects.

The most important underlying cause of death in diabetic patients is poor self-care. The effect of education on self-care promotion has been widely investigated; however, the advisory role and impact of the treatment team have been scarcely investigated.

Determining the effect of group counseling on the psychological aspect of self-care and level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the patients with diabetes type II.

In a randomized clinical trial, 73 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, who had been referred to Parsian Diabetes clinic of Mashhad in 2014, were divided into two groups of intervention and control. The group counseling program was performed in five 1.5-hour sessions with 3-day intervals, and each groups consisted of 8 to 10 people. The content of the meetings was problems in nutrition, exercise, diabetes mellitus disease, diabetes-related mental health problems, diabetes medications, and self-control of blood glucose. Researcher-made diabetes care questionnaire was filled and HbA1c test was measured before and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11.5 using paired sample and independent t-tests.

In this study,27.3 percent of the subjects were male and 72.7 were female with the mean age of 49.1 ± 8.3. The scores of physiological aspect of self-care and HbA1C of the diabetic patients before the intervention was not significantly different between the groups; but in the post-intervention phase, the self-care in intervention group (49.1±5.8) significantly increased compared to the control group (31.8±12.2) (p<0.001). In the post-intervention phase, HbA1C in the intervention group significantly decreased (8.3±0.9) compared to the control group (9.1±1.4) (p<0.006).

Group counseling might help to improve the diabetes self-care. Therefore, it can be added to the conventional training programs for better management of this chronic illness.