seyed hojjat zamani sani

The socioeconomic status of the family is one of the most important environmental factors that affects the fetus, newborn, and child at different periods. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the ability to predict the socioeconomic status of the family from various perceptual-motor skills of 7-8-year-old girls. In this retrospective study, 113 7-8-year-old girls were examined in two groups with appropriate (55 people) and inappropriate (58 people) socioeconomic status. The socioeconomic status assessment questionnaire, Stay in Step screening test, part of the Broninek-Ozeretsky test, and visual search test were used. Data analysis was also performed with discriminant analysis at a significance level of 0.05 and SPSS 23 software. Statistical findings showed that there was a significant difference between the groups with good and bad socioeconomic status in gross motor skills (all variables), hand-foot and hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills (only coins), and perceptual-motor skills only in items that measured mainly more difficult skills (with a large number of confounders = 64). Gross motor skills and motor coordination in girls with bad socioeconomic status were 93% accurate, while fine motor skills and perceptual-motor skills in girls with good socioeconomic status were 71% and 76% accurate, respectively. Gross motor skills and hand-eye coordination and hand-foot coordination were better accurate for children with bad socioeconomic status.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between neonatal health indicators and socio-economic factors with motor development and visual perception in children. Participants were children aged 7 to 9 years in Tabriz, from which 103 people were randomly selected from three public schools. To collect data, a demographic information questionnaire and information related to childbirth, Socio-economic background questionnaire, Bruininks-oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and Benton’s visual retention test were used. Analysis of data obtained from Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression showed, between the variables of mother education (P = 0.001), father education (P = 0.001), place of residence (P = 0.03) and type Birth (P = 0.01) with motor development, in children at the age of 7 to 9 years, a positive and significant relationship was observed. Also, a positive and significant relationship was observed between the variables of income (P = 0.04) and birth weight (P = 0.001) with visual perception. Also, the two variables of mother's education (33%) and father's education (32%) have the power to predict children's motor development and variable of birth weight (46%) can predict children's visual perception. Therefore, it can be said that neonatal health indicators (except birth weight) do not have the ability to predict children's motor and perceptual development; While socioeconomic factors of parents can predict motor and perceptual development. Therefore, it can be said that emphasizing the role of socio-economic status in motor development and visual perception of children is very important.

Research evidence indicates that the environment is an important factor in improving children's development. However, little research has been done in the rural children population regarding the effect of motor affordances on cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the developmental environment affordances of rural children and their executive functions enhancement.

The present research was an ex-post facto correlational study, which was conducted as field research with applied research purposes. The statistical population of this study was 8 to 10-year-old primary school children (Mean age = 9.10) of East Azerbaijan province from which 93 children were selected through random cluster sampling method as the study samples to participate in the study. To measure the motor development affordances in the home environment, the AGMDQ-1, and to measure the executive functions,  BRIEF test were used.

Based on the results of the multiple linear regression test, a positive significant relationship was observed between motor affordances and inhibition (P=0.042) and between motor affordances and initiation (P=0.008) in 8 to 10-year-old children. Also based on the results, no significant relationship was observed between motor development affordances including stimulants, home environment and active toys, and other components of executive functions (P>0.05).

Based on the results of the present research, children's living environment is an important factor in predicting the components of their executive functions. Accordingly, it is suggested that to improve executive functions during childhood, children should be in richer environments (in terms of the presence of affordances such as active toys).

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of cognitive styles on the amount of explicit and implicit learning, in order to find out whether cognitive style can be effective in the superiority of people's performance. This research was semi-experimental and its design included four pre-test and post-test groups. The participants of the present study were undergraduate physical education students of Tabriz University with an age range of (18-23) years. As a result of classification into four groups (12 people in each group) 1. Filed dependent-explicit learning 2. Filed dependent-implicit learning 3. Field independent-explicit learning 4. Field independent-implicit learning were. Hidden images group test was used to identify cognitive styles, and sequential reaction time was measured to study learning functions. In this study, ANOVA was used to examine the possible differences in pre-tests and learning stages and to investigate the possible differences within the group in the learning stages, analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of 0.05 was used. The results showed that in the filed dependent-implicit learning and filed independent explicit learning groups there was a significant difference between the pre-test stages with other stages and also in filed dependent-explicit learning and field independent-implicit groups there was a significant difference between the pre-test and retention stages. Comparing the results of the pre-test, acquisition, retention and transfer stages, it was observed that all groups performed better in the retention stage. According to the studied variable, individuals needed more time to perform the movement in the pre-test or the speed of movement had improved in the memorization stage, and also the exercise had improved the performance in all groups.

The purpose of this study was to survey and compare physical competencies (self-report and objective) and nutritional attitudes among active and inactive women. A sample of 100 adult women from Tabriz was selected for this study. They were divided into two homogeneous groups: an active group (n=50) and an inactive group (n=50). Cluster sampling was used to select the participants. The variables of this study were measured using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), the short form of the physical self-descriptive questionnaire developed by Marsh et al. (PSDQ-S), three physical readiness tests, and body mass index. Independent t-tests were used to compare eating attitudes and physical self-perception between the two groups. MANOVA was used to compare the subscales of these variables. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the Z scores of objective and subjective physical-motor fitness. The results showed that the active group had significantly lower rates of eating disorders (P=0.0001), higher mean scores of physical self-perception (P=0.001), higher levels of physical readiness (P=0.0001), and a stronger correlation between objective and subjective physical-motor fitness. Based on the significant differences found in the results, it can be concluded that physical activity can be effective in reducing eating disorders and promoting positive and realistic physical self-perception in adult women.

Cognitive interference means disturbing thoughts experienced by athletes while performing tasks, which damaged their performance. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cognitive Interference Questionnaire in Sports. The population consisted of Iranian athletes who had the experience of participating in sports competitions in 2021. A number of 207 athletes were selected in clusters and completed the mindfulness and cognitive interference questionnaires in sports. To examine psychometric properties, construct validity and convergent validity were investigated by exploratory factor analysis through calculating the correlation of the cognitive interference scale with the sports mindfulness scale. To measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. The findings showed that the thought of escape, situation-irrelevant thoughts, and performance worries explain 59.08% of the relevant variance. The results also manifested that the significant correlation between the scales of sports mindfulness and cognitive interference indicated the convergent validity of the construct. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the whole questionnaire and sub-scales: thoughts of escape, situation-irrelevant thoughts, and performance worries confirmed the internal reliability of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis results (CFI=0.96 and NFI=0.93) also indicated the appropriate fit of the structure. According to the findings, the cognitive interference questionnaire in sports had acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian athletes. Sports coaches, psychologists, and researchers can use this tool in their research.

Motor proficiency is a broad concept that refers to the ability to perform various motor skills in a consistent and proficient manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor skills and multiple intelligences and academic performance. The statistical population consisted of 7 to 10 year old children in Tabriz in the academic year of 1998-99 that 114 children were selected as a sample by random cluster sampling. To measure motor proficiency test Ozertsy Bruininks to measure multiple intelligences Gardner's Multiple Intelligences questionnaire and to measure academic performance scores were used to at the end of the school year. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of multiple intelligences with academic performance and motor skills in a number of cases. Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between academic courses and subtests of motor proficiency And there was a significant relationship between academic scores (cognitive aspect) with motor skills that have more cognitive motor aspect than skills that have mainly motor aspect. By involving multiple intelligences in educational and motor environments in which children are active and exploratory, it will have a significant impact on children's academic performance and motor skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between neonatal health indicators and socio-economic factors with motor development and visual perception in children. Participants were children aged 7 to 9 years in Tabriz, from which 103 people were randomly selected from three public schools. To collect data, a demographic information questionnaire and information related to childbirth, Socio-economic background questionnaire, Bruininks-oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and Benton’s visual retention test were used. Analysis of data obtained from Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression showed, between the variables of mother education (P = 0.001), father education (P = 0.001), place of residence (P = 0.03) and type Birth (P = 0.01) with motor development, in children at the age of 7 to 9 years, a positive and significant relationship was observed. Also, a positive and significant relationship was observed between the variables of income (P = 0.04) and birth weight (P = 0.001) with visual perception. Also, the two variables of mother's education (33%) and father's education (32%) have the power to predict children's motor development and variable of birth weight (46%) can predict children's visual perception. Therefore, it can be said that neonatal health indicators (except birth weight) do not have the ability to predict children's motor and perceptual development; While socioeconomic factors of parents can predict motor and perceptual development. Therefore, it can be said that emphasizing the role of socio-economic status in motor development and visual perception of children is very important.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dark personality traits and athletes' mental skills with the moderating effect of emotional intelligence.
The statistical population of the present study was Iranian athletes with personal pages on social networks, from which 195 people were selected by convenience sampling. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and applied research. Data collection was done by questionnaires of dark personality traits (DD), emotional intelligence in sports, and Ottawa mental skills (OMSAT-3). Results were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression at a significance level of 0.05.
The results showed that dark personality traits have a significant negative relationship with athletes' mental skills; and emotional intelligence moderates this relationship and reduces the negative effects of dark personality traits on athletes' mental skills. On the other hand, the results of regression analysis showed that the subscales of self-regulation, psycho-pathy, optimism, and appraisal of own emotions were significant predictors of athletes' mental skills.
The present study supports the previous findings based on the importance of coaches' attention to athletes' emotional intelligence levels. The findings of the present study were explained using findings based on the effect of personality traits and emotional intelligence on the stress process.

It is the basis of every human being's progress in learning, which is in fact one of the most difficult concepts to define. In a successful educational system, students' learning style is always considered as one of the factors affecting academic achievement. Knowledge of students' learning style helps teachers to make optimal use of various learning styles and adopt appropriate teaching methods.The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between learning styles and cognitive styles among male and female students with the moderating effect of academic levels and gender. For this purpose, 350 undergraduate and graduate students were selected by cluster random sampling method and completed questionnaires of Kolbe's learning styles (1985) and Whitkin's cognitive styles (1971). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that there is no significant correlation between cognitive styles and variables related to learning styles. Also, there was no significant correlation between age and cognitive styles and variables of learning styles, except in active experiments. However, there was a significant correlation between learning styles. The results of group differences showed that undergraduate students tend to be more dependent on the cognitive style than those of masters and boys. There was no statistically significant difference between educational levels and gender in learning styles. Undergraduate students are more inclined toward contextual cognitive styles than graduate students and boys than girls, and style and gender seem to interact with preferences.

In team sports, team efficacy is an important factor in success, Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between team efficacy and emotional intelligence among normal and disabled athletes.

This is a comparative research and the particiants includes healthy and disabled athletes of basketball, volleyball, football and futsal teams of Tabriz. 41 disabled athletes and 43 healthy athletes were selected as samples. Measurments has done by Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) (Salovey and Mayer, 1990) and Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (CEQS) was used to assess perceived team collective efficacy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using ColmogrophSmirnov, multivariate analyze of variance (MANOVA) significant level of p<0/05.

According to the results there is a significant difference between total emotional intelligence and total collective efficacy among normal and disable athletes (F(2,81)= 3.29, p<0.042). Further analysis showed significant differences only in factor of regulating self-relevant emotions from emotional intelligence between healthy and disabled athletes (F(1,82)= 8.12, p<0.006). However, according score of mean, disable athletes have score of mean more than healthy athletes. As well as, according to the multiple regression results emotional intelligence can predict 13% of disable athletes and 57% of collective efficacy validity.

Emotional intelligence has more ability of predict the collective efficacy variability in healthy athletes compared with devotee and disabled athletes. Results suggest that coach for healthy athletes must use mental training for management of emotion.

The growth of all aspects of the child's existential origins arises. Environmental affordances are considered as a provocative factor to exploit opportunities and promote developmental change. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of play in two space, natural outdoor and indoor space on the social and perceptual development of preschool children. For this purpose, semi-experimental research design with pretest–posttest design and two homogeneous groups was used by convenient method. Statistical sample of research were 30 pre-school children aged 4/5-6/5 that 15 of them at the Natural School (natural outdoor space) and 15 in kindergarten (indoor space) registered. To measure social development, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and to assess perceptual development, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration was used. Results of mixed ANOVA showed that activity in outdoor and indoor, had a positive and significant effect on the social and perceptual development of children, but playing in nature had a greater effect on the social and perceptual development of children than indoor space. So that 84% of changes in social age and 88% of changes in their visual-motor Integration were due to outdoor activities. Therefore, the natural environment has a greater improvement in the social and perceptual development of children.

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between visual search, some individual characteristics, and violations of vehicle drivers.

In this correlational study, 548 subjects aged 18 to 90 years, were selected by cluster sampling method. We used a questionnaire to assess the rate of driving violations and individual characteristics and CogLab software to measure visual search. Also, hyperactivity disorder in individuals was investigated through the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, partial correlation and multivariate regression at a significance level of 0.05 and SPSS-20 software.

The results showed that there was no significant relationship between age some accidents and ADHD. There was a negative and significant relationship between age and self-reporting violations. Furthermore, a high index of ADHD positively related to self-reporting violations. In the following the results of correlation among the number of driving violations with visual search showed a negative and significant relationship among most of the variables. The results of linear regression showed that age negatively and number of accidents, ADHD, lack of conjunctive absent (number of distractors=4), and feature absent (number of distractors=64) positively can predict about 28% of driving violations variance.

As age increases, the amount of self-reported violations is reduced. The positive relationship between ADHD and the total number of accidents and self-reported violations indicates an inadequate ability to attention and focus, low control to conditions, and impulsive behaviors that could lead to this relationship. Also, with decreasing age, as well as the increasing people's visual search ability, the rate of self-reported violations increases.

People with intellectual disabilities receive lower scores on cognitive-motor tests compared with normal people due to impaired integration of sensory and motor information, and their balance status is more unstable than healthy individuals. Specialists also recommend programs for children with cognitive-motor deficits that are consistent in structure and tailored to their needs and problems. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic exercises with music on the gross motor skills development and visual perception among educable mentally retarded children.

A semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and experimental and control groups was conducted. The research sample included 30 educable mentally retarded students, aged 7-11 years old (15 in experimental group and 15 in control group). To evaluate gross motor skills, Test of gross motor development-2 (TGMD-2) was used and Benton test was used for the assessment of visual perception. In order to analyze the data, the mix ANOVA (2×2) was used at the significance level of 0.05 to examine the differences between the two groups between the pre-test and post-test.

The results of mix analysis of variance showed that rhythmic exercises with music (experimental group) had positive and significant effects on gross motor skills development (P = 0.24) and visual perception (P = 0.049) among educable mentally retarded children.

According to the results, rhythmic exercises with music may improve gross motor skills and visual perception of children with educable mentally retarded, so it is better to use these exercises for this children in rehabilitation centers.

The environment is an essential element for human development, and children are more affected by the environment other than age groups. Considering the importance of childrenchr('39')s motor and social development and the type of teaching method on different aspects of development,, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of task and exploratory teaching methods in outdoor space on motor and social development of pre-school children.

This research was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The sample study consisted of 45 girls and boys aged 4-6 years old in Tabriz in 2018 that selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups. Experimental groups received intervention in 12 sessions of 4 hours, while the control group did not receive the intervention. The dependent variables were measured using the Peabody Motor Development Test (1983) and the Social Skills Observation Matrix (Walker, Calvin & Ramsay, 1995). To analyze the data, covariance analysis was used.

The results showed that the use of exploratory teaching method led to improvement of the gross (F= 22/34), fine (F= 47/70) and social development (F= 76/70) of pre-school girls and boys (P≤0.05).

According to research findings, it can be concluded that the educational method and living environment play an important role in their development, and if the environment is richer and focuses on exploratory learning in the natural environment, this impact is greater and will improve childrenchr('39')s motor and social development.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks physical and mental rotation training on the balance and falling of elderly women.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and two-way ANOVA, which is also t-test designed. Tools included: mental rotation questionnaire and functional reach test. The participants included: 36 patients (12 subjects in three groups of physical training, mental rotation and control group) have been randomly selected among the elderly women of an elderly Centre in Tabriz. The training program was administered in two groups of physical training and mental rotation for eight weeks, at three sessions in a week and a group of control with no intervention. For data analysis, the SPSS software, version 21 was used.

One-way ANOVA showed, the mean balance among the elderly women was significantly different from the physical training group. The relationship between post-test mental rotation and pre-test physical training was significant at the 0.01 level. Also, the relationship between the post-test mental rotation group and the pre-test mental rotation group was significant at the level of 0.05 and the relationship between mental rotation and balance among elderly women is significant at the 0.01 level, at the end the relationship between mental rotations and falling in the elderly was significant at 0.05 level.

The results of this research indicates that the physical training and mental rotation training had a positive effect on the balance of the elderly women and it also showed that the elderly women of the physical training group had more improvement on balance than mental rotation groups. So, this research indicates that, cognitive abilities and movements could be facilitating and effective in this way.

The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of psychological training on mental profile and performance of teenager soccer players in pre-competition season. 16 students of soccer players were selected by purposive sampling and were assigned homogeneously in two groups of eight subjects control and experimental. In addition to the physical training, the experimental group accomplish relaxation, goal setting, imagery, and the self-talk, that was conducted over 12 sessions 45 min (in-person teaching and training) and 12 session 15 min (cyberspace). Data were collected by Ottawa mental skills assessment tool-3 and Slalom dribble test in pre and post-tests. Results showed that experimental group improved in eye and head coordination, stress reaction and fear control than control group. It seems that mental skills training in preparation period to competition could affect in some task oriented training conditions and also in coping with stress and reduce of fear among teenager soccer players.

The present study was done to construction and validation of sport status for drug abuse prevention questionnaire. To do this, 200 student aged 18-32 were assessed by research product questionnaire based on research literature and handbook of using sport for drug abuse prevention, United Nations office for drug control and crime prevention, published by United Nations organization. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results showed that social, sportive, family and individual factors were preferred as addiction prevention factors from student viewpoint, respectively. Also, exploratory factor analysis supported factorial capacity of questionnaire items of sport status in drug abuse prevention in two factors including Socio-Sportive and Individual-Sportive. The results of indexes including CFI (0.93), NNFI (0.92) IFI (0.93), PNFI (0.81) and RMSEA (0.07) showed that in this questionnaire two factors of social sportive 12 items and individual sportive 16 items suitably confirmed. Internal consistency and internal stability of questionnaire were confirmed. Also, Sport for drug abuse prevention questionnaire had acceptable validity and reliability from student viewpoint. Constructed questionnaire could be used in the field of investigation of same group’s point of view in about sport status in the prevention of addiction.

Mental skills are defined as a set of trainable mental abilities and methods that are held to underpin successful learning and performance.

The aim of the present research was to study and compare the mental skills of adolescent elite and competitive volleyball and soccer players.

The sample consisted of 100 players (54 elite soccer, 13 elite volleyball, 18 competitive soccer and 15 competitive volleyball) selected via a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool-2 (OMSAT-2).

Elite and competitive volleyball players had higher scores for stress reactions than elite soccer players. In addition, elite soccer players had more self-confidence than competitive soccer and volleyball players. Also, competitive volleyball players had higher levels of fear than elite soccer players. There were no other significant differences in mental skills between soccer and volleyball players.

It seems that adolescent volleyball players stand in more immediate need of learning strategies for coping with stress, fear and self-confidence management than soccer players. Results are discussed in terms of an athlete’s levels, the nature and characteristics of the sport and choking during performance.

Physical activity is associated with diverse physical and psychological benefits that influence the quality of life. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between physical activity and life satisfaction of women using path analysis model.
In this descriptive -correlational study, 200 women who participate in aerobics and Pilates classes in Tabriz and Miyaneh completed the “Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire”, “Sport Self-efficacy Questionnaire”, “Satisfaction with Life Scale” and “World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire”- BREF. Data is analyzed using SPSS. 23 and Amos 20.
Results show a significant relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy, self-efficacy and mental health, self-efficacy and physical health, mental health and physical health, life satisfaction and mental health; life satisfaction and physical health among women participating in aerobics and Pilates classes (0.14 ≤ r ≤ 0.53). Moreover, the path analysis model extracted from the relationships among physical activity, self-efficacy, physical; mental health and life satisfaction model was comprehensively explained (RMSEA = 0.087, NFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.97 and GFI = 0.98).
This study indicate that aerobics and Pilates classes had positive effect on self-efficacy and thereby improving mental and physical health status of women. This ultimately enhanced the life satisfaction among women. As such, to improve the life satisfaction, it is suggested to encourage women to participate more in physical activities specially aerobics and Pilates classes.

Body image is an important factor in women’s lives..
The purpose of the current study was to explore the association among body image, perceived physical fitness and its subscales, physical activity, body mass index and age in women..
Patients and This cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 82 women from University of Tabriz staff and masters. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Individual characteristics, physical activity rate, body image and perceived physical fitness questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression..
The results of the study indicated a significant linear association of body image with body mass index (r = 0.769, P = 0.0001), body composition (r = 0.587, P = 0.0001), and aerobic endurance (r = - 0.229, P = 0.038). In addition, there was no significant linear relationship between physical activity and other variables, except for flexibility (r = 0.258, P = 0.019) and age (r = 0.418, P = 0.0001). Regression analysis showed that physical self-perception, aerobic endurance, body composition, muscular strength, flexibility, and body mass index could predict 64% of the variance of body image..
Physical self-perception and its factors along with body mass index are important to build up body image. Some interpretations and limitations about physical activity motives and measurements were also cited..

The quality of life is the overall well-being of individuals and societies. This study aimed to compare the quality of life between students in Imam Hossein University and Iranian students’ norms and the effects of high and moderate physical activity on the quality of life.
This study was a cross-sectional, retroactive and comparative research. A sample of 227 scholar students of Imam Hossein University was randomly selected and asked to fill out WHOQOL-BREF and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.
The results pointed out that physical and environmental dimensions show the highest and the lowest scores, respectively, among quality of life domains. Moreover, it was shown that psychological (t = 7.75, P = .0001) and environmental (t = 6.33, P = .0001) domains of Imam Hossein University students were better than Iranian students’ norms. In addition, students with high physical activity had higher scores of Physical health (t = 2.94, P = .004), psychological well-being (t = 2.17, P = .031), and total quality of life (t = 2.57, P = .011) in comparison with those with moderate levels of physical activity.
Imam Hossein University students had a better perceived image of their body and appearance, more positive feelings, more self-esteem, more spiritual orientation, and religious and constructive personal beliefs. They also showed better learning potential, better memory, and better concentration powers while they had lower negative feelings. These findings were attributed to Imam Hossein University students’ monetary provisions, scholarships and the curriculum. Furthermore, it seems that high physical activity triggers better quality of life in young students, overall.

Nowadays, coaches were concerned to the plyometric as an effective way to strengthen the functions in fast and explosive athletes The aim of the present study, compared the effects of six weeks of plyometric training on anaerobic power of the lower extremities is the taekwondo and fencing Players. The statistical population this quasi-experimental study are taekwondo and fencing girls in Tabriz in 2013 years, of which 7 taekwondo and 7 fencer were selected by available sampling and were divided into two experimental groups. Both group for six weeks (three days per week) did plyometric exercises. For the analyze data used from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of data and the correlated two-way ANOVA test to examine the assumptions. The statistical results showed that plyometric training significantly increase the explosive power of lower extremity. There is no significant difference between taekwondo and fencing in effect of plyometric training on anaerobic power. It is concluded that plyometric exercises as a method of low-cost training, accomplished and fruitful along with other training methods can be used.

The purpose of this study was investigating the validity and reliability of Persian version of perceived benefits/barriers of physical activity in Iranian elderly. 388 elderly subjects (up to 60 years) completed demographic characteristics questionnaire, Exercise Benefits/Barriers (EBBS) and Yale physical activity scale. Persian version of EBBS showed nine components, and 31 items predicted 60.26% of variance. Cronbach''s alpha for internal consistency in total and subscales was respectively 0.75, 0.91 and 0.71. As well positive and significant correlation between total benefits and its subscales and between total barriers and its subscales were found. Research results showed significant and positive correlation between physical activity and the benefits of physical activity (r=0.178, P<0.05) and significant and negative correlation between physical activity and the barriers of physical activity (r=0.249, P<0.05). The results showed acceptable reliability and validity of Persian version of perceived benefits/barriers of physical activity in Iranian elderly.

The purpose of this study was investigating the validity and reliability of Timed Up & Go and Functional Reach tests in evaluating fall risk in elderly. This study was designed to include 200 subjects in each falling or no falling history group (100 subjects in each). Subjects were community-dwelling adults aged 60- 90 years of Tehran. All subjects performed TUG and FR. Data was analyzed by means of Pearson correlation, ANOVA, Cronbach’s alpha and t- test. TUG test had acceptable construct validity (Group difference, growth and clinical validity); Acceptable internal concurrence (Correlation coefficient of those items among 0.76 – 0.89); Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81; time stability was 0.98. Also, FR test had acceptable construct validity (Group difference, growth and clinical validity) and time stability was 0.97. Results showed that TUG, FR and Berg tests have the significant correlation coefficient. Results of this study demonstrated TUG and FR tests have acceptable validity and reliability in elderly. Therefore, these two tests can be used to identify the possible fall risk in elderly.