seyed mohammad tabatabaei

To determine the prevalence for anxiety disorder among patients with glaucoma in Tehran, Iran, while assessing the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and anxiety.

In this cross-sectional study, patients with glaucoma age 40 and above with a known diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma or primary angle-closure glaucoma were recruited from a tertiary care hospital. This study excluded patients with other types of glaucoma, as well as coexisting ocular or psychiatric disorders. Ophthalmic examination was carried out on all participants. This examination included Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), Intraocular Pressure (IOP), standard automated perimetry, andoptic disc evaluation. Sociodemographic information was also carried out. The anxiety questionnaire derived from questions in DASS-21questionnaire, the Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ25) were administered to evaluate anxiety and the impact on QOL respectively.

A total of 204 patients were included in this study. The mean (SD) of age was 58.9 (11.96) years (range, 40 to 85). The frequency of anxiety among our patients was 51.0%. The mean (SD) of Anxiety score was 9.13 (8.724) (range, 0 to 36). The mean (SD) score of VFQ25 was 79.83 (19.77) (range, 8.19 to 100). The poorest subscale on the VFQ25 was general health with a mean (SD) score of 66.36±19.44 (range, 0.0 to 100.0).

this study found that 51.0% of patients with glaucoma had anxiety disorder, which significantly affected their QOL. The VFQ25 indicated the general health subscale had the poorest score, suggesting its impact on patients' well-being

This paper is part of a study that tries to offer a description of the Arbaeen March and explains its socio-anthropological and media and cultural studies significance. The march attracts people from various parts of Iraq and across world and ends in Karbala. The welcome and participation of people in the Arbaeen March as a field of study and a cultural space encouraged us to get involved in the Arbaeen March in 2015 and 2016 for 21 days in the company of others. The March took place at a distance of 240 km. the question here is why has Arbaeen become an extra-national phenomenon. we will use Turner’s approach, to explain how the marchers separate from everyday-life and experienced a limen and ‘threshold’ status within the social context. This is a state of liberation from the symbols of modernized life, followed by the unity and being together in conditions. Such condition is the same for every participant, a condition that is free from social constraints and monotonous conditions of daily life. Such separation is not experienced in normal social situations. The field research of the present study consists of rituals and how they can reflect power and resistance relations.

In the post-Soviet era, the Caspian Sea region changed the nature from a pure geographical region to a geopolitical region with vital importance for the coastal states. Considering the mutual relations among geography, politics and power in this region, the geopolitical foundations with a spectrum of constant and variable factors can influence the national security of each of the coastal states. Considering the fact that such geopolitical foundations would increase the regional states confrontation with the opportunities and challenges of the region, the main question in this article is what opportunities and challenges does the geopolitical foundations of the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran entail for this country? The hypothesis of the research is that the geopolitical foundations of the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran would bring the opportunity of convergence and co-supplementation with the Caspian coastal states from one hand, and the challenge of being impacted by the constant and variable geographical factors, from the other. This paper will adopt the descriptive-analytical method to verify the hypothesis.

When it comes to diplomacy, it is generally believed that entry into this field is possible only by experienced diplomats and through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in most countries. But modern international relations, due to the increasing complexity and the variety of different issues, in the process of political dialogue and negotiations, need something more than what has been common before. Professional politicians must know all the tools of national power and use them as leverage to influence other countries to advance their interests. Military power is one of the most important components of national power and plays a vital role in pursuing the policies adopted by states. In fact, it hasbecome an inseparable part of diplomacy because of the many capabilities that military power creates for foreign policy. In this regard, military diplomacy is a way for presenting military power to achieve peaceful ends, avoid violence, and increase deterrence, which has become a tool for achieving foreign policy goals, especially among the great powers. This article aims to study the role of military diplomacy in the foreign policy of states. Studies show that "adopting such an approach increases the ability of countries to pursue foreign policy goals through increasing the scope of action,  providing a positive image, increasing the sphere of influence, shaping the security environment, expanding the operational environment and etc. "In light of the realization of these cases, we will see an increase in their power and roleplaying in international developments." Efforts have also been made to outline the prospects for Iran's military diplomacy.

In Islamic hadiths, the issue of love and affection for one's spouse has been raised under the title of "love for a woman". These narrations are seen with two seemingly different expressions. On the one hand, some narrations praise "love for women" and on the other hand, some hadiths consider it a reprehensible thing. These two seemingly different phrases lead to differences in the hadiths and a kind of apparent conflict between them. Some scholars have suggested two commonalities between these two groups of narrations: First. The meaning of praising "love for a woman" is proper love for one's spouse, and the meaning of sin in this love is excess. The second. The purpose of the narrations is to praise in order to confront the ignorant culture in which the female gender has been humiliated and oppressed. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the author first examines the accuracy of the narrations. Then, by criticizing the above two aspects, he has raised the third possibility, which is that the meaning of praising "love for a woman" is heartfelt love for a couple, and the sin of loving a woman in other narrations is a metaphor. Interpretation and meaning of the subject is lust. Is.

Foreign policy is considered as the outermost part of the state, which, in addition to introducing macro policies to other actors, pursues all national goals and interests at the international level.In general, an extensive set of internal and external factors shapes the principles of foreign policy. The physical and internal structure of the state and society form an important part of the internal factors, and the international system, its structure and its evolution are among the environmental factors. This paper examines environmental factors and how they affect foreign policy. The main question is: "What effect do the international system developments have on foreign policy patterns of states?" Studies show that states display three distinct behaviors in proportion with internal developments of the international system, from the beginning to decline which include: Self-extension, Self-preservation and Self-abnegation." The main purpose of this paper is to study these behaviors according to the various stages of the international system.

Optimizing and reducing the fuel consumption and thus preserving national economic resources is one of the important goals in the economy of any country. Using the natural gas instead of liquefied petroleum fuels and reducing energy consumption in industries such as cement can be a practical solution to meet the above-mentioned goals. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to enhance combustion and calcination processes in the Hormozgan cement plant calciner. To such aim, various optimizations are carried out to replace highly pollutive expensive, mazot fuel with natural gas and to improve calcination and combustion processes. Obtained results show that proposed modifications give the calciner the capability to be operated by 100% natural gas, while they reduce the energy consumption and pollutant emissions significantly. Finally, the best proposed case is implemented in the cement calciner to replace mazot by natural gas and reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Site data clearly validate the proposed modifications to be effective enough to achieve all the objectives of the project.

Geopolitical character of Caspian basin as well as opposing views among coastline actors, stemming from post-Soviet developments, have paved the way for the interventionist and peripheral actors to hold their influence over the basin. As an important part of Caspian geopolitical system, thus, the interventionist and peripheral actors are increasing their influence over the basin, through politico-security relations with coastline actors. Meanwhile, actors such as USA, European Union, Israel and China, being in the interventionist circle, as well as countries like Turkey, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Armenia and Afghanistan, being in the Caspian peripheral circle, might impact the mutual relations among each other or relations among the coastline actors. This survey is based on the question how the geostrategy of interventionist and peripheral actors in the Caspian basin may impact the I.R.I national security. The hypothesis is that the interventionist and peripheral actors, through developing military-security relations with the coastline actors play a part in militarizing the basin and will challenge the I.R.I national security. Here the method is a descriptive-analytical one, and through data collecting methods like library research and internet surfing, this article examines the security-military attitudes and measures of four main interventionist actors and five peripheral countries in the Caspian basin and their impact on I.R.I national security.

One of the challenges of multidisciplinary disciplines such as Medical Informatics, is the lack of familiarity with research fields. Due to the specializations and clinical facilities concentrated in each university, research is being done differently and with variety. Therefore, in this study, in order to identify the most researched fields and the neglected fields of research, the dissertations done in the field of medical informatics in Iranian universities were studied based on the health informatics framework.

Defended dissertations available to master and doctoral students of medical informatics during 2011 to 2019 in the universities of Tehran, Iran, Tarbiat Modares, Shahid Beheshti, Shiraz, Tabriz and Mashhad were collected. Three medical informatics expertsassigned dissertation titles to a competency and an area of skill based on health informatics competencies framework. The second stage of the study was performed by two other experts (different from the previous three experts). Each dissertation title was assigned to a specific competency anda specific area of skill by the majority opinion method.

The results showed that the most of master and doctoral dissertations were in the field of information science and methods, in which area of skill of data analysis and visualization, whichdecision support systems and informatics for participatory healthwere more than others. AmongPhD students, the area of skillof decision support system and architecture of health information systems weremore popular. PhD students at the universities of Mashhad, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti worked in the field of methods and basic principles of activities more than other areas, information and communication technology, biomedical science and health were not considered.

Results of this research could be helpful forfield researchers in terms of conducting new research in the field and can help to design useful, scientific and effective research projects.

Cement augmentation in vertebrae is used to promote mechanical strength after spinal fracture and recently vertebroplasty gaining popularity as a treatment for patients. The numerical simulation could be helpful to enhance the quality of treatments such as vertebroplasty via exact modeling of the lumbar spine.

In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model created from CT images of L1-L3. According to clinical observation and recent studies, we consider that L2 augmented with two different volumes in 10 different distributions. Loadings were assumed to be pure momentum which applied in three anatomical directions (axial rotation, flexion, and lateral bending).

Our results were validated with experimental data which shows segments range of motion, ligaments forces, and intradiscal pressure had good agreement with our results. Cement augmentation increases max Von Misses stress in L2 cancellous bone and Increment in Cement volume has the same result. Cement augmentation increases L1-L2 intradiscal pressure. Cement augmentation decreases segments range of motion. Finally, Cement augmentation increases total stiffness of model.

Taken together, vertebroplasty as a well-known method to treat the fractured vertebra, could be optimized to enhance patients' range of motion and decrease the complication of treatment.

For many years, the influence of regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East and their struggles to dominate the region has become one of the most important debates among international relations scholars. China is one of these emerging powers that has always been trying to compete with the United States by entering and dominating this strategic region. Accordingly, China has launched the Belt and Road Initiative as a step towards achieving this goal. Chinese experts repeatedly emphasized on the importance of the development of connecting infrastructures in the Middle East and their role in integrating the Middle East countries. Many of them believed that developing these infrastructures can deepen integration in this region. What is missing in many analyses in different think tanks, even in the Belt and Road news research centers, is the existence of many obstacles for the regional integration. Therefore, the basic aim of the study is to examine the impact of these infrastructures on the development of integration in the Middle East while considering various obstacles. In this regard, this piece of research work seeks to address this important question as to what are the main obstacles for the realization of Belt Road Initiative in the development of integration in Middle East? The hypothesis to answer the question is that conflicting cultural, ethnic and political values, religious and ethnic divisions, competition of member states, dominance of security discourse and rivalries of trans-regional powers, security dependence of member countries on trans-regional powers and most importantly the lack of complementary economies are among the most important obstacles to the realization of this economic project.

Due to the cultural and geographical characteristics of the actors, the Caspian Basin is prone to affect many actors. The special importance of this region in the international system has attracted the attention of many trans-regional powers, each of which somehow wants to participate. Caspian littoral actors have also redefined identity and national interests within their territorial boundaries in the years since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Each of the coastal actors in the Caspian geopolitical structure can improve their position and influence others. In addition, the genomes of each are negative in two ways: basic nature - basic human and positive - some are active and some are passive. Therefore, the main question of the research is what effect does the structure and geopolitical genomes of the Caspian littoral states have on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The present study has studied the subject with a practical purpose and in taking a descriptive-analytical approach and collecting information in a library. The results show that each of the Caspian coastal actors has their own socio-political characteristics, through which they shape the mindset of the agents and make decisions in this geopolitical structure. In addition, the geopolitical genomes of each of them are different from each other, which can differentiate the type of geopolitical approach of each of them based on the type of power distribution and the pattern of friendship and enmity towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although Iran's military and security challenges in the Caspian region have diminished in recent decades, the cultural, social, geographical, and economic potential of coastal actors suggests that they have become a real competitor to Iran. Although Iran's military and security challenges in the Caspian region have diminished in recent decades, the cultural, social, geographical, and economic potential of coastal actors suggests that they have become a real competitor to Iran.

With Trump coming to power as President of the United States and his resignation from the JCPOA, tensions have escalated again, putting relations between the two countries in crisis. The problem for the author is how these relationships can move towards resolving problems - not complete elimination of hostility. The purpose of this study is to determine the future making of the Iran's political relations with the US and categorize the possible future of US-Iran relations by constructing favorable, undesirable, acceptable, and tolerable future scenarios.

This research uses the present-future extension method (Exploratory approach), which is one of the futures studies methods, by adopting the principles of qualitative-interpretive method. Research strategy is inquiry, application type, case study and process study.

The findings indicate that the probable futures in Iranian - American relations include a spectrum that can lead to military confrontation, and on the other hand, the negotiation and agreement that Iran will achieve its interest in it depends on the performance and implementation of the prescriptions presented in this study.

In order to achieve the favorable scenario and to avoid the unfavorable scenario as much as possible, a two-step diplomacy approach based on threat and allurement should be implemented simultaneously. These threats and allurements complement each other, and their use independently and individually not only does not help to achieve the favorable scenario, but can also lead to its non-fulfillment.

Prisoners of War (POWs) undergo different physical and/or psychological tortures. According to the Third Geneva Convention, each government is obliged to protect POWs from any harm, especially torture. Although torture of POWs has been considered in international documents such as the 3rd Red Cross Convention for Prevention of Torture, this issue seems to have been ignored so far. Thus, the current article discusses this issue.

This review aimed to describe an important, yet neglected, way to protect POWs from torture.

The behaviors of Iraqi and Iranian authorities toward the soldiers that were selected to take care of POWs were compared. This review study is based on a narrative search that included articles published on the Iraq-Iran war (1980-88).

According to international laws, there is no ethical justification for the torture of POWs, especially after many years of captivity. During the Iraq-Iran war, Iraqi authorities recruited soldiers who had been harmed in some way by the war to handle Iranian POWs. The presence of war victims as care providers to POWs in detention camps may provide grounds for the torture and maltreatment of POWs.

Prohibiting the presence of war victims in detention camps could be one important and effective way to protect POWs from torture and maltreatment.

The position of transatlantic relations in the structure of the international system and the role of these relations in the processes of power structures is of great importance. The two power spectra that have the greatest degree of coordination in the international system structures, but the relations have taken on a different form during the Tramp era, and in some cases it has been instable. What has been pointed out in this study is the critical components of the relationship between the two sides, the United States and the European Union, during the Tramp era, which can be expressed in the Paris Agreement, the common security and defense ties and the Middle East peace process. Research question: What are the critical components of EU-US relations during the Tramp era? The research hypothesis; what is more apparent in the foreign policy of Trump is a divergence in various fields with the European Union that the most important components of the crisis in its foreign policy; defense and security policies, the nuclear agreement, the Middle East peace deal and the Paris agreement. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and for information gathering, it is mainly used in library and site studies.

The Syrian crisis is one of the most important crises in the Middle East that has experienced the arrival of regional and non-regional actors since 2011. One of the most important non-regional powers that showed effective participation in the Syrian crisis was Russia. Russia's military intervention in the Syrian crisis since 2015 has been Russia's first post-Soviet campaign outside of its privileged interests, altering the equations of the Syrian crisis and showing that Russia is and should not be an important player in the region. Less or ignored. Therefore, paying attention to the Russian model of behavior in the face of the international crisis in Syria is one of the most important issues that has been considered. Given the importance of the issue, the present study seeks to answer the important question of what Russia's behavioral pattern is in the Syrian crisis and what factors influence this pattern. In response to this question, a hypothesis is proposed that Russia's behavior pattern in the Syrian crisis has been influenced by the four factors of the structure of the international system, strategic culture, decision-making structure and geography, as a model of cooperation and competition.

The focus of this article is on the change and continuity in US policy in the Middle East during the Bush, Obama and Period of Trump presidency until 2017. His approach is too far from realism and is nationalist from foreign policy dimension. Trump’s views show that he has a different approach in international arena compared with two former presidents, Georg W. Bosh and Barak Obama. While Georg W. Bush focused on US superpower aspect with emphasis on some elements such as Unilateralism, Pre-emptive attack and even changing the government in Middle East, Obama considered Multilateralism, enjoying smart power and usage of diplomacy as an important tool to maintain American leadership in the Middle East; but Trump practically has focused on disregarding of US responsibility by negation of main past approaches and among them says:” I am just the American president and no the leader of the world. There is a dominant and primary idea from the “first US” slogan that is return to its own borders and a kind of isolationism possibly. Therefore, the idea of the superiority of America can reflect in political and strategic pattern space of Donald Tramp. In this regard, it is considered the change and continuity of US policy in the Middle East based on Realistic approach.

Following the national revolutions which caused the creation of a new formation of state known as nation-state, we have witnessed the practical implementation of Theories of Separation of Powers. Ever since, the functional principles of organizing power in the modern state were based on the new theories about the separation of powers and their different perceptions. As a matter of fact, in order to prevent the centralization of power and to build a better organization of political affairs on the basis of Theory of Separation of Powers, the nation-states tried to the divide political power into three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial powers and separate them on the basis of their structures and functions. The present paper will attempt to identify the cause and the extent of remoteness or closeness of the ternary shapes of the combination of powers, relative or complete separation of powers of the known principles of democracy. The basic argument of the present research is based on the point that the true and complete implementation of the principle of “check and balance” among the ternary branches has caused more limitation on the power and constructive interactions; as a result, in a lenient system of the contribution of powers we witness the creation of a kind of “power equation” and “democratic balance” through the relative separation of powers.

Pathological changes to endothelial cells of the vessel wall may lead to vascular stenosis. In this study, we investigate damages that appear following radiotherapy in two states, single fraction and fractionation irradiation, as an effective sign of cytoskeletal and nuclei structure of vascular wall endothelial cells.
We irradiated human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a Cobalt-60 therapy machine at radiation doses of 0, 2, 4, and 8 Gy. We stained the skeletal structure of the membrane and nuclei within 24 h after irradiation. This cell line received fractionation radiation therapy at doses from 0 to 8 Gy, in sub-fractions of 2 Gy, after which we stained the cytoskeleton. Morphological parameters such as area and perimeter of the cells and nuclei were determined, and we evaluated the cell shape index (CSI) for cells from each group.
Increasing the irradiation dose from 0 to 8 Gy led to a significant decrease of CSI (approximately 56%) and a significant increase of nuclei shape index (approximately 85%; p After irradiation, we observed broken the membrane filaments that resulted in a new configuration, which led to increased cell and nuclei sizes along with alterations in the cell shape. Radiation therapy led to dose-dependent changes in morphological behavior response of the endothelial cells. Hence, it would be considered as a prognostic factor for behavior of healthy vascular cells in the process of radiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of blended instruction on learning output (knowledge, skill & attitude) in the Quranic activities in Education office of district 2 of Tehran. Participants included 1200 male junior high school in the academic year of 2014-2015 in Tehran. Experimental and control groups were given the pretest and then, during 13 sessions experimental group trained blended instruction method ,next the post test was given to both groups. Both groups were organized by their school counselor were homogenized in accordance with their junior high school results. Three instrumentswere applied in this study: Raven Test for Intelligence variable control, Academic Achievement Questionnaire in Quranic activities made by the teacher, and Attitude Assessment towards Quran made by the researcher. To analyze the data and responding to the research hypotheses (research questions) descriptive and inferential statistics (mean and SD), multi covariance analysis of (MANCOVA) was utilized. The findings showed that there was a meaningful difference between the medium of the posttest of the learning output after the elimination of pretest effect. It means that the blended instruction improved the students learning output in the experimental group. Therefore, we can conclude that the blended instruction in learning output was of great help to the improvement of the learning of students in their Quranic activities.

The present study aims to investigate the cognitive styles of thinking (legislative، executive، and judiciary) based on the metacognitive components. The participants were 165 first graders of exceptionally talented high school students’ in Tehran who were randomly chosen through cluster sampling method. The thining Styles Inventory (Sternberg - Wagner، 1997) and the State Metacognitive Inventory (O’neil Abedi، 1996) questioners were used as means of measurement. The results show that each of the thinking styles and metacognitive components are meaningfully above the average amongst these talented students. It can be inferred that metacognitive components are predictive of thinking styles in general. The findings of this study show that students of exceptionally talented students schools use legislative and special thinking more than executive styles. and using of meta cognitive variables in cognitive strategies and planning have better status in comparison to self- knowing and studying.

The evolution of human societies has been accompanied by shaping political cleavages. The emergence of the nation state system and its development deepened and institutionalized political cleavages in their various aspects. These cleavages, if continue, can foster political rivalries and division and would have a great impact on the political destiny of states. In fact, political behavior and electoral competition result from active cleavages in different times in various political systems. Therefore, political cleavages are among important topics of politics and are considered as major problems for states. The processes of modernization and democratization are coupled with the emergence of new cleavages that the recognition of them is necessary for maintaining political stability and equilibrium and developing the civil society. Previously, in an article titled "European System and Active Political Cleavages", class, religious and climatic (territorial) cleavages discussed. This article tries to study new political cleavages in Europe. In fact, the main question is that how much tradition political cleavages still influence political behavior? Given the dynamism of human societies and the domination of pluralist models in European democratic regimes, we always witness the emergence and growth of new conflicts and cleavages apt for being politicized and influencing political structures. Therefore, this article studies new cleavage appeared in the post – Cold War era in European societies with their great potentials as active political cleavages.

Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behaviors and the manner of governments in the domain of international affairs.
This is to say that the contrast exists in this theory on power concept, could be considered as a scale for the governments facing with interests and aspirations that they have defined it before for themselves.
Now, if we consider the United States main strategy in the Middle East with this view and the U.S. soft and hard power, we can find three special periods since new century up to now. During these three periods, gradually the importance of soft power has been increased against the hard power.
The reason for the hard power declines is because of the limitations that U.S. has had in the Middle East from the beginning of his presence in this region. Therefore, the U.S. is left with no choice but to use soft power as a tool to overcome the hard power limitations.